Characteristics of various climatic types in geography

Climate types and their characteristics:

1, tropical climate

Tropical rain forest climate. It is hot and rainy all year round, distributed near the equator (between north latitude 10). The reason is that it is controlled by equatorial low pressure all the year round and updraft prevails. Typical areas: Amazon River Basin, Congo River Basin, Indonesia.

Tropical grassland climate. High temperature throughout the year, rainy season (wet and dry season is obvious), distributed on both sides of tropical rain forests near Africa and South America (10 ~ 15), with low pressure (rainy season) and trade winds (dry season) alternately controlled. Vegetation type: tropical sparse grassland

Tropical monsoon climate. It is hot all year round, rainy in summer, with dry season and rainy season, and distributed in Indian Peninsula and Indo-China Peninsula (north latitude 10 to the east coast of 25). Thermal difference between land and sea and seasonal movement of wind zone in pressure zone. Vegetation types: evergreen broad-leaved forest, rice.

Tropical desert climate. The vicinity of the Tropic of Cancer and the west coast of the mainland (north latitude 15 ~ 30) are hot and dry all year round. Cause: subtropical high and trade wind control. Vegetation type: tropical desert.

2. Temperate climate

Subtropical monsoon and humid climate. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is mild and rainy. Distribution: 25 ~ 35 N east coast of mainland. Reason: Sea-land temperature difference. Plant type: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

Mediterranean climate. Summer is hot and dry, and winter is mild and rainy. The west coast of the continent is 30 north latitude to 40 south latitude. Cause of formation: the westerly belt and subtropical high are alternately controlled. Plant type: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (grapes, olives, etc. ).

Temperate monsoon climate. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. The east coast of the mainland is about 35 ~ 55 north latitude. Cause of formation: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

Temperate maritime climate. It is humid all year round, mild in winter and cool in summer. 40 ~ 60 latitude north and south, west coast of the mainland. Reason: It is controlled by the mid-latitude westerly wind all the year round.

Temperate continental climate. The temperature difference between winter and summer is large, and there is little precipitation throughout the year. The continent within 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Cause: Far from the sea, high latitude.

3. Sub-frigid zone

Coniferous forest climate in sub-cold zone. It appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, and is distributed in a strip shape, which traverses North America and Eurasia. Winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is very high.

4. Polar regions

Polar tundra climate. Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America, it has the same polar climate as the ice sheet climate. Because it is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, it is very cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1 ~ 5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss and lichen).

Polar ice sheet climate. It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.

5. Plateau and mountain climate

Plateau areas in mid-latitude areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Andes, have high altitude and low temperature all the year round (the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius every 100 meters above sea level), forming a plateau mountain climate. Plateau mountain climate has two most important characteristics: high altitude and low temperature.