What does it mean in the book?

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After Zhuge Liang recovered Wu and pacified South China, he prepared for the Northern Expedition of Cao Wei. In the spring of 228, the first Northern Expedition was established six years ago, which made Zhao Yun and others suspicious. They pretended to attack from (now the south of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) to attract Wei Jun, and led the main force to attack Qishan (now Qishan Fort, Xihe County, Gansu Province). Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding counties in Longyou successively rebelled against Wei and surrendered to Shu, and also pacified Jiang Wei, causing the Guanzhong earthquake. However, Ma Su violated Zhuge Liang's deployment, was defeated by Zhang He, and lost the street pavilion. Zhao Yun's invasion was also unfavorable, so Zhuge Liang had to return to Hanzhong. Soon, Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding rebelled against Han and annexed Wei.

The second Northern Expedition was in the same winter. Zhuge Liang took advantage of Lu Xun's defeat of Cao Xiuzhi in Shi Ting, left for the customs, surrounded Chencang (now southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) and attacked for more than 20 days. Wei's reinforcements arrived and he had to return to Hanzhong. The third Northern Expedition was in the seventh year of Jianxing. Liang attacked Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (now Northwest Wenxian County, Gansu Province), and defeated Wei reinforcements and occupied these two counties. Increased reinforcements, due to continuous heavy rain, roads such as Meridian Valley and Oblique Valley were blocked, and Wei Jun retreated. The fourth Northern Expedition was in the ninth year of Jianxing. The Shu army surrounded Qishan, and Sima Yi, commander-in-chief of Wei Jun, met Zhuge Liang who was preparing for a decisive battle. Sima yi knew that the Shu army was far away and there was not much food, so he insisted on not fighting. Zhuge Liang tried to lure the enemy by withdrawing troops, but Sima Yi pursued him very cautiously. When the Shu army stopped, he

The fifth northern expedition was in the spring of the twelfth year. Zhuge Liang led a hundred thousand troops out of Xiegukou, arrived in Yan County, and camped in Wuzhangyuan on the south bank of Weishui River. Sima yi also built a camp to stop and not fight the Shu army. Knowing that the Shu army has a long way to go and it is difficult to transport grain and grass, I want to drag it down. Zhuge Liang is also preparing to divide his troops in Weishui and make plans for long-term operations. Zhuge Liang had made an agreement with Sun Quan before the invasion. So the Shu army had to deal with Wei Jun unilaterally. In August, Zhuge Liang broke down from overwork and became increasingly ill, and soon died. After his death, Jiang Wei and others obeyed his will, secretly not mourning, and the whole army retreated into the oblique valley. Zhuge Liang made five northern expeditions, and only twice actually sent troops to Qishan; Another time, Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, not Zhuge Liang. In a word, later generations said it was "six out of Qishan".

In the official history, Zhuge Liang did not leave Qishan for six times.

Firstly, it introduces the fragments about Qishan and its geographical location in Lingyun Diaolong.

"Qishan is different from Qishan. Qishan is a mountain name, located near the northeast of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province. Gu's father led him to move here, and the buildings here opened the world of the Zhou Dynasty for 800 years. Qishan is also a mountain name, located in the northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province. From a bird's eye view on the map, one is in the south of Tianshui and the other is in the east of Chencang. The air distance between the two places is 100 kilometers, and the actual mountain road is curved and salty.

According to historical records, Zhuge Liang fought Cao Wei * * * seven times after his expedition:

In the spring (228) of the 6th year of Lite-Star, Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance to get a reward from Gu Jie Road, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspected soldiers to attract Cao Zhen troops. Lead an army to attack Qishan (northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu. Zhang He refused and defeated Ma Su in Jieting. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families from Xixi County and returned to Hanzhong.

2. In the winter of the same year (228), Zhuge Liang went through three passes (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and surrounded Chencang (east of Baoji City). He finished his food and sent it back to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded.

3. In the spring of 229, the seventh year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (Chengxian area in Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (Wenxian area in Gansu Province). Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops out to Jianwei (west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), and Guo Huai retreated. So he won the second county.

4. In the autumn of the eighth year of lite (230), Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong on the 3rd, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (northwest of Ankang County, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Woods Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Gu Jie Valley. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu (east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (20 miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). There is room for heavy rain, so Wei Jun retreats.

5. In the same year (230), Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu to Qiang, and defeated Wei Hou General Fei Yao and Yongzhou secretariat Guo Huai in Yangxi (now Nan 'an County, southwest of Wushan, Gansu).

6. In February of the ninth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan and began to transport it with wooden cattle. At that time, Cao Zhen was seriously ill, and Sima Yi, commander in chief of Guanzhong, refused. Zhuge Liang is cutting wheat in Shanggao (Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased Liang to Lucheng (between Tianshui City and Gangu) and dug a camp for defense. In May, Sima Yi mocked him for being "as afraid of Shu as a tiger".

7. In February of the 12th year of lite (234), Zhuge Liang led a great army out of Gu Jie Road. According to Wu Wuzhangyuan (south of Qishan, Shaanxi Province), Sima Yi settled in Weibin. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others came back with the army, and there was a story about "Zhuge died and was born in Zhong Da".

During these seven times, we only went out of Qishan twice. The fourth time was for defense, and Shu and Wei did not fight. The fifth time, we only went out of Hanzhong, but Zhuge Liang didn't. Therefore, people usually refer to Zhuge Liang's five northern expeditions according to Yu Yue's Gossip about Xiao Fu Li. Liang Qing Zhang Ju said Zhuge Liang had made four northern expeditions, but he didn't remember that he had sent troops for seven years.

First, Zhuge Liang's "six trips out of Qishan" is conducive to "setting the Central Plains in the north". There are many favorable factors, so choose one to discuss:

1, natural factors. Longyou East is connected with Qinchuan, and is connected with Weihe River along the Silk Road (namely Guanlong Avenue). It is said that the Qin-Long line is connected by lips and teeth, and Tianshui can go directly to Sichuan from Yin Ping Road and Jianghan Line, and connect to Jianghan in Sichuan in the south. Hanzhong and Longyou were the two gates of Shu Han and Cao Wei in the north at that time. Hanzhong has existed, and then take Longyou as Shu. Nothing was lost. It is difficult for Cao Wei to realize his dream of enjoying prosperous Sichuan. Hehuang in the west and desert in the north can be connected with the vast minority areas. Especially after the opening of the Silk Road, this is the first stop of Guanzhong's voyage to the Western Ocean. It is much easier to cross Longshan into Qinchuan than Qinling. Topographically, it is connected with Liupanshan and the Yellow River Basin in central Gansu. Weihe River Valley runs through it, with Jialing River and Qinling Mountains.

2. Economic factors. The total area of Tianshui is 14267m2, with 5.933 million mu of cultivated land and a population of 2.72 million. The average annual runoff of Weihe River is12.84 million m3. The average annual runoff of the main and tributaries of Jialing River is 547 million m3, the groundwater resources are 65.438+600 million m3, the aquifer thickness is 46.5438+05m, and the annual precipitation is 65.438+05.6 million m3. Therefore, it is known as "Tianhe water injection" in the world. The annual average temperature is 65438 00.5℃. It is the hottest in July, with the highest temperature of 38.2℃. There is no heat in summer, rain and heat are in the same season, and precipitation is concentrated; The temperature drops rapidly in autumn, which is lower than that in spring, and there are many rainy days. Winter is cold without severe cold, with dry climate, abundant rainfall and abundant water resources. During the Three Kingdoms period, the land was small and the population was large, and the grain output was abundant. It was a grain depot for garrisoning troops and providing military grain. So there was the story of Zhuge Liang's "going to Liu Mai, Gansu". At the same time, the mountains are vast, the vegetation is lush, the forest coverage rate is 27.42%, and the woodland area is 874.438+100000 mu. It is an oasis on the Loess Plateau. This is a natural pasture. In the 9th century BC, Qin Zufei once raised countless horses here for Zhou and Zhou Zhongxing, which played an important role. Therefore, Tianshui is a fertile land with a large number of horses, which is naturally a good breeding ground for horses needed by Zhuge Liang to cut the Wei front. In addition, the Silk Road also opened Changning Post Station, Gongmenzhai, Cheng Jianlong, Qin Ting, Jieting, Lueyang, Ji Cheng, Xianqin and Lu Qin.

3. Cultural factors. Tianshui has a long history and is an important place for the development of Chinese culture. It is said that Fu, the ancestor of human civilization, was born here, so it is called "the hometown of Huang Xi". The Book of Changes says: "The ancients loved to sacrifice to the king of the world, but looked up at the sky, looked down at the land of Dharma, and looked at the Ulu culture and the land, near and far. The addendum to Chronicle said: "The surname is Feng, and the descendant Sui Ren is the king. His mother's day is Bi Xu, and his ancestral home was born in (now in the water area). "According to the survey, there are more than 500 settlement sites of primitive ancestors in the prehistoric culture period on both sides of the Weihe River in Tianshui and its tributaries, and 1 10,000 pieces have been unearthed at the same time. The excavation of Fujiamen site in Wushan proves that the painted pottery vessels decorated with snake heads are completely consistent with the totem worship of Fuxi clan, indicating that clan, tribe and tribal alliance existed in Tianshui and Longyou in prehistoric culture period. Fuxi culture is the source of ancient culture in China, and Fuxi has made great contributions to later generations. Fuxi nationality rose in Longyou, then migrated, climbed Longshan, entered Guanzhong, followed Chen Lun and moved eastward along Weishui River. Chen Zhou (now Wanli) was appointed as the governor, which opened the civilization of the Chinese nation. Before Fuxi nationality entered the Central Plains, the patriarchal society took Yan Di nationality as its surname. The family name is Jiang, and the Huangdi family name is Ji. "Mandarin" says: "The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and Yan Di was made of ginger water". The words "Jiang" and "Ji" follow the word "female", indicating that they are descendants of the maternal line. Wei Shenlong is the sheep of Huayang, and the stone chamber of Shenlong Mengshan is born. "Wild West Trail" says: "There is a country with the people, the grandson of Emperor Yan, named Lingyi, and Lingyi gave birth to the people." This shows that the people are also a branch of the Qiang people. Then Longyou and Qiang are also descendants of Fu, Shenlong and Xuanyuan. From this perspective, Huang San originated in the West.

Secondly, the rise of the Yong emperor Zhou family combined with the development of production of ethnic minorities in the west. Inspired by Fu and innate gossip, it performed gossip the day after tomorrow, which laid a solid foundation for the Book of Changes. BC 1066, with the assistance of Lu Shang, a member of Jiang surname, he joined forces with Peng, Pu, Lu, Hui, Shu and Yong and joined forces with Konoha. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which were corrupt and unpopular, were destroyed. Gossip theory is a cosmology and dialectics created by our ancestors in production practice to understand and transform the world. It reveals the theory and method of people's understanding of the world, has been guiding various undertakings, is particularly important for military strategic thinking, and has undoubtedly inspired and influenced Jing Xiang intellectuals. As a famous scholar of Jing Xiang, Zhuge Liang must have learned a lot and used it flexibly in his later wars.

Third, Longyou is the birthplace of pre-Qin culture. The ancestors of Qin people are descendants of Zhuan Xu, the grandson of Levin, the Yellow Emperor, who taught the great cause of swallowing mysterious birds' eggs (namely Hao Tao). Hao Tao's grandson (that is, Bo Ming) was more involved in water conservancy, and Shun gave him a surname to show his victory. Fei Da's descendants lived in Yidi, the Central Plains, "to assist Yin, so they got more surnames and became princes". "Historical records? Qin Benji, about Yin weekend, among the descendants, "in Xirong, in Xicun." The Records of Clans in the Tang Dynasty said that the western frontier was "90 miles southwest of Shangguan County, Qin Zhou". Later generations thought it was the Red River Basin in Lixian County. Zhongmiao people are not children who live in Goushan. They are good at raising horses. Gouling people told Zhou, "Longyou Valley. Qin Benji said, "Wang Yue, the filial piety, was Shun's main livestock, and the livestock was full of interests, so his surname was Sheng. Today is also for me to rest my horse, seal the land as a vassal, and make it a vassal of Qin, so the surname won again. Therefore, in the thirteenth year of filial piety, the king named Longyou as a concubine, specializing in raising horses and building the city as a vassal of the Zhou royal family. "XiRong betrayed Qiu Qin, the dog. Zhou Xuanwang appointed Qin Zhong, the grandson of Qin Ying, as a doctor to attack Xirong and was killed by Xirong. Wang Xuan also sent Qin Zhong's five sons to attack Xirong to recover lost ground, and appointed his eldest son Qin Zhuanggong as Xirong doctor. Zhou Youwang died in the war of warlords. The son of Zhuang led troops to save Zhou, escorted Dong to move to Luoyi, made Xianggong a vassal, and gave the land west of Qi to Qin. Since then, Qin's power has developed to Gansu. After Rong entered the army, the troops quickly arrived at Qikou immediately. Qin Mugong selected talents and trained soldiers for 20 or 30 years, "benefiting the country for 12 years, exploring Wan Li, and then dominating Xirong". Qin Xiaogong adopted the method of Shang Yang, which has been greatly developed. Qin Shihuang conquered and destroyed the six countries in one fell swoop, completed the great cause of the reunification of the motherland, and established the first centralized feudal empire in the history of China. This can't be told to future generations.

Fourth, Xiao Wei, a native of Tianshui, was an official in counties when he was young, and later studied under Wang Mang and Liu Xin. After Liu Xin died, he returned to his hometown. Wang Mang's perverse behavior aroused national opposition. Newcomers Wang Kuang and Wang Feng raised the banner of the Greenwood Uprising, and the whole country responded. The disgraced aristocrat joined Chen's Lin Jun. Liu Xiu and Ada, the landlords and merchants of Nanyang, pieced together soldiers to attend the new meeting. Tianshui and Yukio joined hands. Claiming to be the general of Xizhou, relying on regional risks, he managed Longxi, Wudu, Jincheng, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Guo Huang and other counties. In the second year of Jianwu (26), Liu Xiuling made him * * * crusade against Gongsun Shu's failure in Sichuan, so he claimed to be a vassal in Gongsun Shu, made him King Ning of Crescent Moon, and sent reinforcements. So Liu Xiu led his relatives to crusade against Ban Long. In the ninth year of Jianwu (33), you can attack from the south. If people are not satisfied, they will be able to calm down and look back at Shu. There is a saying in the book to Geng that Longyou is really a military artery to enter Shu and a barrier to protect Shu. No wonder Zhuge Liang wants to "go out of Qishan six times" and let Shu take the dragon.

4. Human factors. Longyou is located in Liang Yong, where people are tough by nature, good at riding and shooting, martial arts and strong fighting capacity. Therefore, the west is cool and the soldiers are strong. So this place is a powerful base for supplementing troops in the battle. Due to this geographical and humanistic feature, many outstanding generals appeared before the Eastern Han Dynasty, among which the most famous were Qin Lixin, Han Fei generals Li Guang and Li Ling, later generals Zhao Chongguo, valiant general Ji Xin and the Western Regions. The proverb of "going out of Longxi". Li Guang can be regarded as a famous star in the Western Han Dynasty. Li Xin, the ancestor of the Qin Dynasty, once captured yan dan, the prince of Yan. Li Guang is brave and good at fighting, and the ape is good at shooting. Once he mistakenly shot a big stone in the grass as a tiger, and the arrow cluster actually plunged into the stone. In the 14th year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (before 169), the Xiongnu sent out140,000 to invade the south. He won more than 70 wars. Zhao Chongguo is a witty and calm general with rich military strategy. He can ride well and shoot well, which once quelled the rebellion of Miao people. He attacked the Huns and captured the king of Western Qi alive. In the first year of Shenjue (6 1), Zhao Chongguo, who was over 70 years old, made an expedition to the west and took effective strategies to defeat the Qiang people. He repeatedly wrote, "Let it be used in agriculture and on soldiers." Reconciliation with all ethnic groups in the western regions, consolidation of border villages and promotion of the reunification of the motherland. All this and so on. Zhuge Liangbing left Qishan and entered Longyou, which is still an important place to recruit talents and replenish troops.

5. Ethnic factors. Longyou has lived in Mianzhu, Lu 'an, Ji, Di, Di, Qiang and Lu since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Especially from the Eastern Han Dynasty to Cao Wei, Qiang people lived in Wuwei, Anding, Tianshui, Jincheng, Jiuquan and other counties in Liangzhou. They live in Wudu, Fufeng and Tianshui counties. Cao Cao did not relax the management here. "Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Birds Huan" said: "In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Cao Cao went north to kill the birds and Huan Wang Ta Dun. In the same year, it attacked the Qiang area in the northwest. The History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi records: "Twenty years of Jian 'an (2 15). Tianshui ". It can be seen that Longyou was a multi-ethnic area at that time, and the contradiction between ethnic minorities and the rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Cao Wei was firm and sharp. Zhuge Liang proposed in his book "Longzhong to the Times" that Longyou is appropriate under the ethnic policy of "West and Zhu Rong", which is an important reason why Zhuge Liang wants to "six out of Qishan".

6. Political factors. The politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty was based on the rule of powerful men. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished the supervision system of buying iron, and allowed private salt and iron to go unchecked. Strong people become stronger. Strong men and bureaucrats have become local separatist regimes. Eunuchs and consorts were autocratic, and the regime in the Eastern Han Dynasty was in turmoil, and they lost their dark corruption against the strongmen. Longyou is the birthplace of Xirong. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the western regions, and the Qiang people outside the region became increasingly prosperous, which aroused. In the second year of the Central Plains (57), the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (77), the second year of Yuanhe (86), the first year of Zhanghe (87) and the ninth year of Yongyuan (97), Party Qiang fought against Dou Gu, Ma Wu, the stable, Geng Lai and Zhang successively, especially in the first year of Yongchuan (107). Bones laid the foundation. Later, wars continued. It was not until the first year of Jiankang (145) that the Eastern Han Dynasty was ruled by the peasant uprising in the mainland that the war was temporarily suspended. Fan Wenlan's "General History of China" said that "the war cost more than 80 billion yuan, and most of it was swallowed up by officials. 159, the war broke out again. According to the Records of Qinzhou, it broke ... beheaded 23,000 people, seized tens of thousands of lives and lost more than 10,000, taking Duan Ying as its hometown. " "In the second year of Zhong Ping (185), General Pei Wen rode to Hanyang, making the general Dong Zhuo send 30,000 soldiers to win the first place." "In the fourth year of Zhong Ping (187), in the spring and March, Han Sui encircled Longxi ... and entered Hanyang ... Hanyang people's country rebelled." "In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Cao Cao attacked Ma Chao and Han Sui." In the 18th year of Jian 'an (2 13), Ma Chao led Shuai Hu to storm the counties in Longshang. Wang Agui, Wang, Wang, Wang led a thousand troops and followed. Xiahouyuan and Zhanghe Town saved Qishan and suffered a crushing defeat ... Wang went to Shu, but all those who could not go surrendered. Cao Cao attacked his good soldier and divided his troops into Tianshui and Nan 'an County. "Twenty-four years (26438+05). ..... Since Hank, Li Tezu has belonged to more than 500 families, worshipped as a general and moved to Lueyang (now Longcheng). " These frequent wars make the Han people levy endlessly, which often puzzles the distant garrison and war. Since the beginning of Emperor An, farmers have revolted all over the country. Fan Wenlan's General History of China contains 67 uprisings before the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. Class struggle will lead to border rebellion and peasant uprising. Local armed forces made a fortune by suppressing the uprising, and Han Sui, Marten, Ma Chao and Dong Zhuo went their own way. /kloc-In 0/69, Duan Ying only killed 40,000 people and spent 4.4 billion, so I became rich. Instead, Huangfugui helped the Qiang people, killing 50 or 60 corrupt officials and more than 100 small corrupt officials. The Qiang people attached more than 200,000 yuan, just because they offended officials and were powerful. In a few words, there is a cloud: "On the 28th, the great official of Situ Shou, Nong Guang, took up the official position from the people's family by imperial decree, and he was fortunate enough to serve the imperial decree. On February 1 day, 2006, ancient Zong Zheng was in the north. " Another cloud said, "On December 12 of the first year, the cabinet of the minister in charge of politics was the first to die, but it was still the first to die. On March 16th, three years in Shu County, Wen Yongshou was the first to show the imperial edict. Liu Huai and Liu Gen, who live in five families, are not allowed to be above the imperial clan. Invaded by townships and counties, but not superior to official positions, such as Huaigen and Luoyi. " From the fragmented essays and the storm of peasant uprising, we can see how sharp the class contradiction in Longyou was at that time. Isn't it such a political factor that Zhuge Liang went out to Qishan?

Second, the strategic significance of Zhuge Liang's "six trips out of Qishan" to "Beiding the Central Plains".

Based on the above, Zhuge Liang's wise and decisive decision of "going to Qishan six times" is a correct military measure and an important strategic policy to implement the policy of "Long Zhong Dui", determine the northern Central Plains, revitalize the Han Dynasty and dominate one side. It has important strategic significance:

1, "Six out of Qishan", you can get Shu and take Long, so that Shu and Long can be integrated, expand the territory, and establish a strategic base for Shu and Long, which can be attacked and retreated. This kind of strategic thought was designed in Longzhong, and Liu Bei Group has already included Liangzhou in the hunting territory. Ma Chaochuan: Yesterday, Sun Quan sent Zhu Gejin to recover the counties in Jingzhou. Liu Bei replied, "Our plan is Liangzhou, Liangzhou will be settled, and Jingzhou will be returned to Wu Er." Because of this, Liu Bei has long wanted to believe in the northern soil, the mighty and bright Ma Chao. "Biography of Ma Chao" said, "In addition to protecting all the glory ... Yang said that Cao Gong said that he had the courage to believe in cloth and he won the heart. If the army returns, it will not be prepared strictly, and the counties in Gansu will not be in the state. " . He was the former king of Hanzhong, the former capital of Hou Ting, and worshipped Chao as the left general. In the first year of Zhangwu (22 1), he moved to a title of generals in ancient times, led Liangzhou to pasture and entered the countryside. "Its purpose is to believe in the northern soil, reuse Ma Chao's" West and Zhu Rong ",take its Liangzhou, and then advance into the Central Plains. Especially in Hanzhong.

2. Take the dragon of Shu and protect it. Qin is connected with the dragon, and taking the dragon can break Cao Wei's dream of getting the dragon to look at Shu. Take Longyou and enter Qinchuan as an open road, which is safer than crossing the meridian valley and the inclined road. According to the strength of Shu Han in Jingzhou at that time, Zhuge Liang, the teacher of the Northern Expedition led by Shu Han, can be said to have left the country, and it is unlikely that the military adventure will cross the Qinling Mountains and leave Qinchuan. It is appropriate to "argue and speak martial arts." To establish a military base for the strategic rear defense of the Western Front, it is necessary to "be tried and tested, be brave and be good at fighting, spread to the world, encourage troops to talk about martial arts, think that the rear plan is simple, and the people will forget the defeat", "cease to persuade agriculture", "plant crops, and cultivate farmers", train soldiers, design and manufacture "horses and cattle", "stand in line to stop" and "wait for a big battle"

Zhuge Liang marched westward and occupied Longyou by surprise. After Cao Wei's defeat in Chibi, he put the main line of defense on the Yangtze River and Qinling Mountains, especially when Liu Bei occupied Jingxiang, so Cao Cao tightened the line of defense on the Yangtze River. Guan Yu lost Jingzhou. In 223, Shu ruled Wei. In order to restore Fuxi's clan, the eastern land is the town, and the Qin people entered the customs and destroyed the six countries. Zhou Wuwang attacked Zhou Xingzhi and sneaked into the Central Plains. So, in the sixth year of lite (228), Qishan was the first, Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding counties awarded Wei, and Jiang Weiwei was Shu, which made Cao Wei "afraid of both the government and the people". Cao personally drove Chang 'an to get the order and ordered Cao Zhen to lead the right.

4. Zhuge Liang's "six trips to Qishan" is of great practical significance for making use of many favorable factors in Longyou to form an anti-Wei United front, an anti-Wei United front and an anti-Wei alliance as soon as possible;

① Make use of the habits of residents in Longshang, such as practicing martial arts, being good at shooting and riding, and being brave and good at fighting, to supplement the army resources for Shu Division. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he retreated from Qishan for the first time, and "Laqianxi County returned to Hanzhong" to supplement the military resources.

(2) Take advantage of the fact that only a few people in Longshan can be widely used to recruit brave generals. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he first went out of Qishan and tried his best to enlist Jiang Wei, a resourceful loyal minister of the Han Dynasty, to make more use of it. "Liang and Zhang Yi joined the army, and Jiang Wanshu said," Be loyal to the current affairs and be thoughtful, and all of them will be tested. Yongnan Li Chang is not as good as. He knows the military well, and his heart belongs to the Han Dynasty, and only in the Han Dynasty.' When he has finished teaching military affairs, he will be sent to the palace to meet the Lord, and then transferred to the Chinese army to sign the biography of Jiang Weichuan, the general of the Western Regions. After Zhuge Liang's death in the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Jiang Wei really became the successor of Zhuge Liang's great cause of "setting the Central Plains in the north and rejuvenating the Han Dynasty with one heart".

(3) Make use of the fertile soil and abundant grain in Longshang to supplement the commissary of Shu Division.

(4) Use the lush aquatic plants in Longshang to raise horses for Shu teachers. Today's ancient battlefields, such as Mumen Road and Qishan Fort, are all called Mawan of Shu Army. At present, the salt official near Qishan in Lucheng during the Three Kingdoms period is a famous mule city in the northwest, and there is no detailed information about the Three Kingdoms in this city for the time being. What is certain, however, is that a good horse in Longyou is a necessary military supply for Shu Division.

⑤ Using the characteristics of numerous ethnic groups and sharp ethnic contradictions in Gansu, a national united front was established. In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Chen was sent to attack the five capitals. Guo Zhun, the secretariat of Wei Yongzhou, led many people to attack. After going through customs to Jianwei (now Xihe), he was allowed to return to Suiping County. He wrote a letter to Liang Yue ... to lower the Qiang. Brother Gong obviously ... Biography of Zhuge Liang ... Liang Jianxing surrounded Qishan for nine years (23 1) and recruited Xianbei to compete with it. Therefore, Shicheng in the north should light up the Biography of Zhuge Liang ... In the summer and April of the 14th year of Jianxing ... Fujian, the governor, and more than 400 households of his people were in Guangdu ". Shu. There are more examples than examples.

⑥ Use the prominent class contradiction in Longyou to mobilize the people in Longyou to unite against Wei. In the sixth year of Jianxing, Qishan first published Rebellion against Wei in Nan 'an, Anding and Tianshui Counties and Biography of Zhuge Liang.

⑦ Using the ancient traditional culture, Fuxi culture, Zhou culture, pre-Qin culture and Confucian cultural attainments left by Longyou residents, call on Longyou people to say that "Cao Cao's name is actually a Han thief", so as to make the emperor narrow, "When you are rebellious. "

⑧ Use the Silk Road Avenue to attempt to invade the Central Plains in one fell swoop. Zhuge Liang paid special attention to this. In the sixth year of Lite-Hing (228), he first went out of Qishan, and then sent Ma Su to seize the street pavilion in Longkou of the ancient Silk Road. As a result, Ma Su failed to complete the task and lost the street pavilion, which dashed Zhuge Liang's plan to leave Qishan for the Central Plains and lost his fighter plane. Therefore, Zhuge Liang Bing retreated to Hanzhong and "stabbed Xie Zhong".

Third, the reasons why Zhuge Liang's "six trips out of Qishan" failed to complete the great cause of reunifying the Central Plains.

Zhuge Liang's "six expeditions to Qishan" failed to complete the great cause of "northern expedition to the Central Plains", which was not a strategic loss, but an objective and subjective reason.

1 year, in the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang worked day and night in Wuzhangyuan Caoying, the frontier of cutting Wei, which was not only unfavorable to Shu Han's cutting Wei, but also a great loss to Shu Han's politics itself. Although Jiang Wei took over the front line command, there was always a shortage of talents and no successors.

2. Relatively speaking, the formation climate of Shu-Han regime was later than that of Cao Wei and Sun Quan, and its military strength was far less than that of Wei and Wu. Compared with Cao Wei, who gathered talents, it was far from enough.

The slogan of "Reviving the Han Dynasty" has long lost its appeal and appeal. The corrupt politics in the Eastern Han Dynasty has long been completely lost in people's minds. Peasant uprisings broke out one after another. "Heaven is dead, and Huang Tian is standing!"

4. Huang Hao, the courtier of Shu Han Dynasty, was extremely autocratic, and the late ruler was fatuous, defending against emptiness. Even if Jiang Wei worked hard at the front, it would be difficult to save his own destiny. His late Lord took Wei as a prisoner and entered the Palace of Happiness.

5. In the Northern Expedition, the key was profound human error, such as Ma Su's loss of street kiosks, Li Ping's loss of rations and excellent fighter planes.

6. After the capture of Longyou, a solid political and military base was not established, and grain and grass were often exhausted, land was recovered, and many favorable factors of Longyou were not fully utilized.

7. The measures of stationing troops and guarding the border are not effective, the supply of front-line munitions is not smooth, and food is often returned. At the same time, Cao Wei took effective reform measures, developed the economy and strengthened the national strength.

Summarize the success or failure of the relationship between Zhuge Liang's "Six Movements out of Qishan Mountain" and "Beiding Central Plains", and make it clear that if the country wants to be rich, the people want to be rich, the nation wants to prosper, and the cause wants to develop, it must rely on the people, seek their welfare, get their support and support, and strive to cultivate a large number of talents; Promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, fight corruption and punish corruption; Strengthen national unity; Seize the opportunity, lose no time, and rationally employ people; Develop productive forces, develop the economy and improve the comprehensive strength of the country. Otherwise it's hard to get what you want.