Second, how did Zhuge Liang withdraw from Qishan?

The failure of the first felling of Shu had a great negative impact on Cao Zhen. As the planner and executor of the war, he had to take responsibility for it. Cao Rui didn't say anything, but there is still some psychological pressure. In addition, Cao Zhen's "It's hard to lead troops every time" [5 1], the heavy rain for more than a month did great harm to his health, and he fell ill as soon as he came back.

Cao Zhen is ill? ! Cao Rui even lost the idea of hunting. Most of the royal generals left by his grandfather died, leaving only one Cao Zhen, a giant of Wei. What's more, this is his buddy Cao Shuang's father, and both public and private have to visit. The little emperor hurried to the official residence, cordially consoled Cao Zhen and gave Cao Zhen a good rest. Reunification has not yet succeeded, and Fu still needs to work hard.

Cao Zhen is ill, but Zhuge Liang is still alive. He is thinking about a new thing. Signed a Covenant with Soochow to carve up the world, and the border between Shu and Wu was temporarily safe; The main forces of the Shu and Han armies, including Jiangzhou soldiers, are concentrated, and their strength exceeds that of any previous Northern Expedition. After several wars, the relations within the army have basically been straightened out, and the abilities of senior generals have also been clarified. "It's time for a showdown." Zhuge Liang sighed. Although he doesn't have time to look in the bronze mirror often, he also knows that there are more and more white hairs on his temples. However, there is still a key problem that has not been solved, and that is logistics. Although after the capture of Wudu county, the supply line of the Northern Expedition did not have to take those horrible plank roads in the Qinling Canyon, and the distance was also extended a lot. Wudu itself is sparsely populated and does not produce food. All military supplies must be transported through Hanzhong.

Where is the transportation line of 500-600 miles [52], a civilian worker can only pick 100 Jin of grain at most, and it takes ten days to pick such a heavy thing, so the grain that can be transported to the front is very limited and the efficiency is extremely low; You said ox cart and carriage. Shu Han, a small country with a population of one million, where did you get so many livestock? More importantly, livestock eat more food than people. In a deserted place like Wudu, it is obviously impossible to set up a relay along the way, and there are not so many civilian workers. It is impossible for the army to transport grain, and it is not cost-effective to waste it on transportation, because there are only tens of thousands of people. After all, Zhuge Liang is a "clever thinker", and he soon concocted a new type of transportation called "herding cattle". This thing was written in Zhuge Liang's anthology, but in those days, paper was not easy to use and the cost of silk was too high. It was written in wooden slips and bamboo slips, with only written descriptions and no schematic diagrams. According to those few words, future generations will never guess what this thing looks like and how it was made. Don't ask me, I don't know. I know this wooden cow can carry a person's food for a year and walk 20 miles every day. So, how much food does a person eat a year? My mother said that when food stamps are used, an adult can get 32 kilograms of food a month. I guess people in the three countries had similar appetites at that time. In other words, a wooden cow can hold three or four hundred Jin of grain and walk twenty miles a day. A civilian worker can't walk so far with 100 Jin of grain on his back. Even if the transportation route is as long as 600 miles, then the civilian worker who manipulates the wooden cow will eat 30 kilograms of grain, and more than 300 kilograms of grain will be successfully sent to the front, enough for ten soldiers to eat for one month. And in practice, wooden cows are transported to the front in groups, which is faster than a wooden Niu Yi walking alone (many hands make light work? ), the transportation cycle will be shorter and more food will be delivered to the front. This is really a great achievement!

23 1 year (the fifth year of Wei Taihe and the ninth year of Jianxing) In the spring and February, Shu Han sent troops to attack Wei. Li Yan, renamed Li Ping, arrived in Hanzhong last year and was appointed as the bodyguard of Zhongdu by Zhuge Liang, responsible for the daily affairs of the Prime Minister's Office. This time Zhuge Liang personally led the army to the northern expedition, and Li Ping, the second man in Hanzhong, stayed in Nanzheng to be responsible for logistics and transportation, with the cooperation of Prime Minister Jiang Wan. The staff committee includes the Central Military Guard, the Central Military Supervisor Deng Zhi, the Prime Minister Yang Yi, and Ma Zhong who joined the army. Commanders include former military advisers Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, Wu Ban and unsupervised army supervisor Wang Ping. Coupled with the supplement of twenty thousand Jiangzhou soldiers, the strength also exceeded the previous three northern expeditions, with an estimated 670 thousand people. After about two years' rest, the troops are indeed stronger than Mazhuang, and the momentum is like a rainbow, pointing directly at Tianshui County.

The news soon spread to Luoyang, and Cao Rui called his ministers to discuss. Fu is ill, so what should I do? Who led the army to attack Shu Lu? Perhaps the previous Northern Expedition was more thunder than rain, and the ministers of Cao Wei obviously made an empirical mistake. Contrary to what they heard about the first Northern Expedition, they didn't take it to heart at all. Some people say that Zhuge Liang has run so far, and his food and grass are limited. "If you don't beat yourself, you won't do anything" [53], we won't have to send people to fight, the local troops will not be able to persist, and Zhuge Liang will have to leave soon; Some people want to go deeper. Shangguan County, Tianshui County (now Dongbeidao District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province) is a rare grain-producing area in Longyou (relatively speaking, don't compare with the land of abundance). Local troops can only defend the city, not the fields. What should Zhuge Liang do if he gets these grains? Simply, cut the wheat before it is ripe and let Zhuge Liang drink the northwest wind!

Cao Rui sat there listening for a long time, and everything was at sixes and sevens. If the enemy doesn't fight when he comes, he can cut his own wheat and retreat. Everybody shut up and stay where you are! Sima Yi, the general of Jingzhou, was also called to stay in Chang 'an to take charge of the military affairs of Yong and Liang States. Sima Yi was unambiguous, and immediately rushed to Chang 'an with the military strategist Du, the general Zhang He on horseback, the later general Fei Yi, and the civil servant general Dai Ling.

At this time, the Shu-Han army has surrounded Qishan, a fortress in the south of Tianshui County, which is located in the east of Lixian County, Gansu Province, on the north side of the Western Han River, on the east side of Lucheng (now Yan Guan Town), on the west side of Sijiaoping (now Songkashan Mountain in the east of Lixian County), on the southwest side of Xishi County (now Yuefeijiazhuang Zone in Honghe Township, Lixian County), and on the northwest side of Sijiaoshan (now the junction of Yongping, Gucheng and Yacheng in Lixian County). Due north connects Tianshui County and Jixian County (now Gangu County, Shaanxi Province); The northeast is connected with a raft; "Even the mountains are beautiful, and the peaks are majestic" [54], known as "Kyushu is famous for its resistance, and the world is strange" [55], which gripped the throat of Shulong; Submarine control, attack and defense, rush. Therefore, in order to prevent Shu, Cao Wei built a city on the top of Qishan in the middle, and was guarded by General Jia Si and General Wei Ping (the first in the Ji of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty). Zhuge Liang learned the lesson that the second Northern Expedition repeatedly attacked Chencang but failed to resist. He planned to contain Cao Wei's reinforcements, so he put his idea on the energy department of Xianbei Bi Ke, which controlled more than 100 thousand riders. Kirby was one of the most powerful Xianbei people at that time. His name is Cao Wei, and he was named the righteous king. However, due to his disagreement with Tian Yu, the captain of the Tiger Bay, he often clashed with Cao Wei. So, when Zhuge Liang threw an olive branch, Bi Ke thought it was a profitable thing and ran to Beidi County (now Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province) to wait and see. There is stability in the north county west and Chang 'an in the south, and tens of thousands of Xianbei cavalry are running here, which is a great threat. Cao Rui quickly ordered the satrap of Yanmen to lead the troops to battle, but Kirby could make a gesture, and had not made up his mind to turn against Cao Wei completely, so he quickly returned to the desert south (now Inner Mongolia) and closed the door with an empty air.

Hamighidoton

Sima Yi soon received an urgent military report from Qishan, and now he is very worried. Economy must be saved, but what about food? Last year's war of cutting Shu wiped out the grain reserves in Longyou and Guanzhong, and this year's grain is not ripe yet. It will take time to collect from all over the country, but the military situation is urgent and waits for no one. At this time, good news came from Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou in Longyou. I have prepared food for the army to fight!

How did he do it? Guo Huai has been a secretariat of Yongzhou for more than ten years, and he is a local strongman in Longyou. He knows exactly how many men, women and able-bodied men there are in any tribe. Repeatedly suppressed the resistance of Qiang people and gained high prestige among ethnic minorities. He sent people to the Qiang and Hu tribes who took refuge in Cao Wei and said, "The country is going to war. This is to protect you from being robbed. You must make some contributions. In this way, the country has enough military forces, the people don't want you to go out, and every family has food! I'm not happy to pay less. You know what I'm unhappy about. " After what he said, did the people dare to pay food, and soon collected all the food needed by the army in the short term, which was greatly appreciated by Sima Yi.

With food, it will be easy. On the contrary, the army is the most indispensable war resource of Cao Wei, and it can assemble 100 thousand troops at any time. It is now possible to send troops, but the specific deployment of troops is controversial. Zhang He thinks Zhuge Liang is a sly guy. He didn't see how to attack around Qishan. Is it to divert attention? Didn't he make a diversion in the First Great Patriotic War (referring to Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition)? Or leave an army in Yong and Tan areas to prevent accidents. Sima Yi advocated concentrating troops. He said: divide the army into two parts. What if Qishan is Zhuge Liang's main force and his troops are not enough to defeat it? Isn't that Zhuge Liang's teacher? So he refused Zhang He's suggestion, led all the military forces to the west, and rushed to Shangguan day and night, leaving four thousand chosen men of Fei Yao and Dai Ling to cooperate with Yongzhou soldiers in Guo Huai to defend and rescue Qishan.

Zhuge Liang is attacking Qishan. Peter said that Cao Wei's reinforcements had arrived, so he left an army to put on a show and led an army around Gaoshan City to tease Wei Jun in the city. Fei Yao, Guo Huai and others did not know the actual situation. They thought it was the harassing troops of the Shu-Han army and immediately went out to fight. As a result, he was attacked by Shu Han army and got a sap. They quickly fled back to the city and stayed indoors. At the same time, they turned to Sima Yi for help. Sima Yi hasn't arrived at Qishan yet. When he heard the news, he had to change the front team to the back team, and the back team was changed to the front team, and he hurried back all the way.

(The Spring and Autumn Annals and the Book of Jin in the Han and Jin Dynasties both mentioned that Zhuge Liang had cut all the high wheat, which was incredible. That time is March and April, and it will be May and June in the new calendar. Spring barley in Shaanxi will not mature until July and September. Why should we cut immature wheat and feed it to horses? )

Sima Yi came back to see Zhuge Liang still waiting for him in the nursery, apparently planning to fight a decisive battle earlier and earlier. Sima Yi is not an idiot: I can't breathe after running. Why should I fight you? Immediately chose a dangerous place near the mountain and water to camp and confront Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang took a look: You should learn from the tortoise. Well, if the enemy doesn't move, take the troops back to Qishan. Sima Yi set out when he saw that Zhuge Liang had left. Afraid of being ambushed, he only dared to follow from a distance. Zhang He made another suggestion: "We can't go like this. Our advantage lies in the protracted war. We should stay on the ground. Qishan defenders know that reinforcements are nearby and will certainly persist; Then we will send Indiana Jones to copy Zhuge Liang's back road and force him to withdraw. Now that our army is following the Shu-Han army and not fighting it, won't it disappoint the soldiers? " 〔57〕

Sima yi was impatient, thinking that you are the boss and I am the boss? You are the only one who keeps giving advice all the way. Is that all you got to say Don't seniority, you are in my charge now. So I ignored him and continued to follow Zhuge Liang all the way to Qishan. Zhuge Liang withdrew the troops that besieged Qishan and camped in Lucheng. Sima Yi also quickly camped on the nearby mountain, continuing the scene outside Shangguan: staring at each other with small eyes. This gaze lasted for a month. Wei Yingli couldn't help but even Jia Si and Wei Ping, who were grateful for Sima Yi's saving his life, pleaded guilty for Sima Yi several times. Sima Yi refused to live or die, and planned to stay in this nest until Shu Han's rations were finished, thinking, "Why hasn't Zhuge Liang finished these rations?" Isn't it enough to eat for a month last time? It has been two months this time. Why is there no movement? "Can have what action? Cattle herders in Hanzhong are trying to transport food to Qishan. How did Sima Yi know that Zhuge Liang could do such a thing? Naturally, he is not allowed to follow the previous calculation method. In the end, I could do nothing. Generals, like flies, have evidence in their ears every day. The soldiers are still talking about the general's fear of Shu as a tiger, and people want to be ashamed of bark. Sima yi was annoyed and annoyed, and fought hard! I want to fight with Zhuge village people!

In May of the lunar calendar in 23 1 A.D., in order to divert attention, Sima Yi sent Zhang He to attack the stockade in the south of Shu Han, and himself led the main force to attack the stockade in the north from the main road. Zhuge Liang saw through this trick at a glance, and sent Wang Ping to lead the troops to stick to Nanzhai and stall Zhang He. Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban were sent to fight against Sima Yi, and an unprecedented battle between Wei and Shu officially kicked off.

In terms of strength, Wei Jun is more than the Shu-Han army; In terms of weapons, Wei Jun has many cavalry, while Shu Han is basically an infantry. It should be said that Sima Yi will never lose this battle. But the quality of the commander can often determine the outcome of the battle. Zhuge Liang did his best this time. Wang Ping is brave and strict [58] and can resolutely carry out the instructions of his superiors. Moreover, this man still dares to scare Zhang He with his tactics when he lost the last battle of Jieting. Now it's even more no problem to give him a good soldier and a strong soldier to take risks and stick to it. Wei Yan is a fierce horse that is difficult to control, but he is very brave. Taking the lead in winning the flag is his strength. It is only his duty to use him as a field commander.

As Zhuge Liang expected, Wei Jun's No.1 general Zhang He was stuck by Wang Ping. However, he was unable to attack again and again. In a trance, Zhang He felt that he had returned to the battlefield of Guandu. I am also outnumbered, and my opinion has not been adopted. I was also sent to do important tasks that I didn't want to do. What was the final result? I turned myself in. Then I got unexpected reuse. Since then, I have made many contributions to the East and the West. It has been 30 years. Why did this scene come again? Zhang He shook his head hard. He was in a fierce battle. What are you thinking about? Is he really old?

Sima Yi, who successfully drove away Zhang He, was not at all comfortable. He won great victories in the past, but it was four times that of the enemy, and by surprise, he had an inside job, which was completely different from the current field battle. The armies of both sides are so vast that there is no beginning or end in sight. They hit each other like a rushing tide, bloody pieces flying, like broken waves, but red. Drums, roars, groans and screams are mixed together to form a unique sound of nature. People with weak adaptability will often see and hear it repeatedly in their dreams, and they will not know the smell of meat in March because of this unique art of human beings (eating and vomiting). Sima Yi felt that she couldn't adapt to this scene at all: Well, I'm used to strategizing and winning thousands of miles away. This is not my major. He began to regret that he shouldn't have sent Zhang He, who was experienced in the battlefield. Instead, the bloodthirsty Wei Yan was infected by the atmosphere and became more and more excited. His commander divided Wei Jun by fighting, and attacked the enemy's weakness with elite troops. He made a hullabaloo about At this moment, he felt like a god of war, and the depression that he had hidden for several years was swept away.

After a short and fierce battle, Wei Jun lost. Sima Yi tried his best to retreat and retreat to the camp, and abandoned everything that could not be transported on the battlefield in blood shed. Zhang He also retreated, and Yuan Yezhong heard the cheers of the Shu Han army, drowning out the screams of seriously injured horses and the groans of dying people. The army of Shu and Han gained a lot in this battle. According to "Han Shu Jin Shu Chun Qiu", it includes 3000 pieces of armor, 5000 pieces of armor and 3 100 crossbows.

What are armor, armor and crossbows? How can you see that Shu Han has gained a lot? Here I waste a little pen and ink to introduce them one by one:

Speaking of Jia Shou, the earliest record was in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. The Shang army takes a chariot as the smallest combat unit, with three soldiers on board and three servants under it. The boss of this unit is the military department on the left side of the car, known as the "first leader", and is the lowest-ranking officer in the Shang army. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the number of arms increased to 10 with 20 soldiers, but the boss was still the left front [59]. After the Warring States period, the car war gradually disappeared, and the word "A hand" was not used much. Used here, does it mean that the Shu-Han army cut off the heads of 3,000 Cao Wei officers? Let's just say that it may be because there is a translation of Zuo Zhujun by Du Zhujun, who is the first in armor.

Compared with the mystery of the first set of armor, Xuanjia is more clear. According to the pre-Qin dynasty, protective clothing made of leather and rattan is called "armor" and iron is called "armor". It was not until the Tang Dynasty that it was called armor regardless of texture. Therefore, the armor in the Three Kingdoms refers to armor, and "Xuan" is black, which is also the color of armor, so Xuan Jia is armor. In the Han Dynasty, the proportion of armored soldiers was 40%. Due to the long-term war in the Three Kingdoms period, social productive forces were greatly damaged, so the proportion of expensive armored equipment was even more difficult to exceed that of the Han Dynasty. Five thousand pairs of armored forces is indeed a large number. Some of these real armor were stripped from the dead, and some were abandoned by escapers. Real armor is very heavy, and you have to abandon it when you escape, which shows Wei Jun's panic when he retreats.

So what kind of weapon is the crossbow? Historical Records Biography of General Li [Collection]: Yue: "Yellow horns, big body." Meng Kang said, "Tao said,' Defeat the enemy with rhubarb and crossbows'". Rhubarb, yellow string, also known as crossbow. Guangxu said: "There is a name of' yellow idle machine, good crossbow'." "In midsummer, the plum rains are steaming and moist, and the tendons are easy to take off, so wooden crossbows are used. In autumn and winter months, the air-cooled wooden rope is heavy, and the angle crossbow is used "[6 1]. Judging from the above records, the angle crossbow mentioned in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Han and Jin Dynasties is a crossbow made of animal horns, and the rhubarb crossbow used by Li Guang, a flying general, to shoot Xiongnu generals is a kind of angle crossbow. Among the three countries, Shu Han attaches great importance to crossbowmen, with more than 10,000 sharpshooters. The crossbowmen in Sima Yi's army will not exceed this number, which shows that Wei Jun and the crossbowmen suffered great losses. In the army, the crossbowmen are generally behind the infantry. The crossbowmen suffered such heavy losses that the losses of the infantry can be imagined.

Eleven, fuses iconic fall

After analyzing the achievements of the Shu-Han army, let's look back at the Qishan front. The Battle of Lucheng was the first great victory of Shu-Han army over Wei Jun. At that time, the Northern Expedition was full of hope, but the actual situation was not so good. Wei Jun's main force was defeated, but it was not routed or even defeated. They still maintain a large number of troops, but now they take a defensive stance. Once anything inappropriate happens to the Shu-Han army, they will pounce like hungry wolves. The inappropriate situation happened in June in summer.

Li Ping's mood in China is as bad as the weather outside the window. Originally, I was sitting on the edge of Jiangzhou, but I came to Hanzhong because I was greedy for the name of a title of generals in ancient times, like a tiger entering Sichuan. Only Zhuge Liang in Hanzhong is higher than his official position, and one person is above ten thousand people. Zhuge Liang, on the other hand, took himself as his staff and asked me, a well-arranged official at the same level, to handle the official business of the Prime Minister's Office for him. Shit! I think how glorious it was to defeat tens of thousands of bandits with five thousand county soldiers in World War I, but now I can only deal with hay and ordnance all day, Kong Ming, Kong Ming! Do you think I'm a small official?

It's raining cats and dogs now, and even the moon is closed. The food in Hanzhong is not enough to support the front line, and the food in Chengdu can't be shipped. Although he has sent someone to inform Zhuge Liang, will he punish himself when he withdraws his troops? I heard that he played well in the Northern Expedition and even defeated Cao Wei's army. Now that he's retired, will he blame me?

If Li Ping's troubles are not mentioned, Zhuge Liang's mood is not much better. After receiving two envoys sent by Li Ping who joined the army and became a vassal, he felt a deep sense of loss: food again! As long as the food and grass can last another month, I will surely defeat Sima Yi, but now it is too late to implement any plan.

Although the camps of Shu-Han Army and Wei Army are unfamiliar, the distance is quite close, and the density of scouts between the two sides is like a market. Therefore, the retreat of the Shu and Han armies simply cannot escape Sima Yi. Hearing the news, Sima Yi almost jumped for joy. He can be sure that Zhuge Liang retreated because he ran out of food and grass. Although the day greatly exceeded his expectations, he finally came. It's time for him to avenge his failure. Of course, considering his last performance on the battlefield, Sima Yi decided to adopt a modest style this time and let veteran Zhang He finish the task of chasing Zhuge Liang.

"The siege will be destroyed, don't stop." Zhang He rudely rejected Sima Yi's plan. Zhang He does not deny that he has a feeling of despising Sima Yi. Not because his seniority is older than his, but because this general, in his view, is still a military novice. Last month's failure deepened this feeling.

Perhaps Zhang He showed his feelings too clearly, and Sima Yi felt that his self-esteem was hurt. Rookie has dignity! Rookies are human! Although he admitted that Z Ryan's words were completely in line with the military theory, the strong demand to save face and many differences with Z Ryan since the incident prompted him to give Z Ryan a death order with the authority of the head coach.

Since the last retreat, Zhuge Liang has liked the feeling of ambush. He cut off the head of General Wei Xinmeile Co., Ltd. by ambush. He once ambushed an army in a narrow wooden valley [62], which was the fastest way for Ren Wei to pursue. Of course, the main purpose is not to cut off anyone's head, but to be safe. Who told the two military camps to be so close?

Zhang's merger is not reckless. Although ordered to pursue, but still sent a Qingqi as an international soldier, and then with a large group of people to follow up. However, the ambush of Shu-Han troops is also experienced, and a small group of cavalry can't arouse their interest at all. It was not until countless banners appeared in the field of vision that they slowly raised their crossbows.

"Don't panic, the front team will speed up the passage, and the rear team will kill the enemy separately!" Zhang He was not surprised by the ambush. He calmly commanded the troops to fight back. The retreat of the Shu-Han army should be true, just like Sima Yi's idea. It is a miracle that Zhuge Liang's grain and grass can persist until now. He firmly believes that the ambush of the Shu-Han army is limited, and they can't stop it for long. But he didn't expect the power of the profit and loss crossbow of Shu Han army to be so great. This crossbow improved by Zhuge Liang can shoot ten arrows at a time, which is even scarier than the rhubarb crossbow. People around Zhang He are constantly being shot by arrows, and some people fall down. But the battle-hardened general did not move in the rain of arrows, and kept giving new instructions to his men loudly. Suddenly, an arrow was shot in his right leg, and the sharp iron arrow pierced deeply, probably through the aorta, and blood gushed out, and this massive body finally fell down.

The news of Zhang He's death was quickly sent back to Luoyang. Cao Rui was silent for a long time after hearing the news. I can't help thinking of the famous man's voice and smile. When Zhuge Liang first attacked, the three counties rebelled, which surprised everyone. It was he who led the army to defeat the enemy in World War I; Zhuge Liang besieged Chencang, and it was he who was ordered at the critical moment. The dry city in the countryside, as long as he is there, my heart will always be calm. Didn't our country win? Why did he leave?

The army of Shu and Han returned to their hometown singing victory songs, and their faces were filled with excited smiles at the thought of rich rewards and their parents, wives and children at home. Only Zhuge Liang looked back for a long time. He's not sorry. His mind is thinking about the preparations for the next Northern Expedition. The wooden cow has been proved to be feasible in practice, but the loading capacity is still small and the speed is too slow, which needs to be improved. What is the name of the new development model? Well, let's call it Liu Ma. Kyle is much faster than an ox. Hanzhong's grain and grass reserves are not enough to cope with large-scale wars. In addition to dispatching more grain and grass from Chengdu, we should also let the soldiers open the fields to make a long-term plan ... He thought a lot, and the figure of the old man is getting older and older in the sunset.

note:

[1]: "Tongzhi Jian" Volume 70 Wei Ji II.

[2]: "Layout of the World" (Rao Wensheng)

[3]: "Wei Lue" "Today, 5,000 troops are delayed, and 5,000 grains are lost."

[4]. [5]. The History of the Three Kingdoms. Biography of Chen Tai

[6]: "Zhuge Jiliang" contains Liu Chan's March letter "Leading 200,000 people."

[7]: "Taiping Yulan" Volume 341 "Go to the governor, pay the account of the first emperor."

[8]: ("Ming Di Ji": "Send General Cao Zhen as Guan You", where Guan You refers to the Yongzhou area west of Chang 'an, so it is conceivable that Yongzhou soldiers will be mobilized and prepared to fight in Yancheng.

[9]: The Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang Chuan.

[10] [11]: "Shu Wei" "It's time ... the army rode fifty thousand soldiers and refused to shine."

[13]: History of the Three Kingdoms and Ming Di: "Ding Wei, Chang 'an, Xing Xing"

[14]: The History of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhang Hechuan.

[15]: "History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi", "More than 200,000 people in Hu Han surrendered"

[16]: History of the Three Kingdoms. The history of Liang Wudi.

[17]: History of the Three Kingdoms. Biography of Jiang Weichuan.

[18]: Biography of the Three Kingdoms. Zhang He "refused to show Ma Su in the street pavilion. It can be seen that Zhang He attacked Ma Su only after he knew that Ma Su was going to Jieting.

[19]: Biography of Three Kingdoms and Ma Su.

[20]: The History of the Three Kingdoms. Biography of Zhuge Liang

[2 1]: The History of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Wang Ping.

[22] [23]: The History of the Three Kingdoms. Zhang Hechuan

[24] [25] [26]: The Three Kingdoms and Wang Pingchuan.

[27]: "Cloud Biography" "When the cloud enters the camp, the door opens wider and stops. There is an ambush in the suspected cloud of the public army, so lead it. "

[28]: The History of the Three Kingdoms. Biography of Wang Ping

[29]:' Reflection. Zhao yunchuan

[30]: The Three Kingdoms and Cao Zhenchuan.

[3 1]: The History of the Three Kingdoms. "Zhang Hechuan" "Sima Wang Xuan is in charge of the water control army in Jingzhou ... and he is in charge of the army in Guanzhong ... In winter, the water is shallow and big ships are not allowed to go."

[32] [33]: "Hanshu Jin Chunqiu"

[34]: Biography of Wei Yan of the Three Kingdoms.

[35]: "Wei Lue" "Zhao Zibo Road, a native of Taiyuan, is magnificent ... Surrounding Chencang brightly, so that Zhao can look at the gold from a distance outside the city ... Zhao Wei said in detail:' The order has been set. I know your ears, but I don't know the arrow. "

[36], [37]: History of the Three Kingdoms. Zhang Hechuan: "Emperor Yima called to Kyoto ... sent 30,000 soldiers from the north and south, and sent Wu Wei and Hu Ben to make He Wei ...' Liang had left before he arrived ...'"

[38]: "Wei Lue" "I count the tombs and use their wood as an attack device."

[39] and [40]: The Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang Chuan.

[4 1]: Later Han Dynasty

[42]:' reflection. Biography of Huang Xu.

[43] [45]: The Reflection of Chen Qun.

[44]: The Three Kingdoms and Cao Zhenchuan.

[46]: The Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang Chuan.

[47]: "Wei Lue" "In the battle of the meridian, Ba called for the striker, entered the xingshi, and stayed in the Qugu ... Ba fought between the antlers, saved it, and then solved it."

[48]: Biography of the Three Kingdoms yangfu.

[49]: The History of the Three Kingdoms. Biography of yang

[50]: The History of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Cao Zhi.

[5 1]: Biography of Cao Zhen in Three Kingdoms.

[52]: "Zhuge Liang Collection":' Qishan to Juxian 500 Li', Juxian is at the junction of Wudu and Hanzhong, showing how long the traffic line is.

[53]: "Shu Wei" "Commentators think that the Ming army has no trench, food is not continued, it is not broken, and it is useless; Or you want to plant wheat from top to bottom and steal the thief's food. "

[54] "Shui Jing Zhu Yi Shui"

[55]: "Up the Mountain"

[56]: "The History of the Three Kingdoms Xianbei Biography"

[57]: "Han Jin Chun Qiu" "Zhang He said:' He came to attack me from afar ... It is not appropriate to go forward and dare not force him, he will lose popularity. "

[58] "The reflection of Wang Ping Chuan"

[59]: "Sima Fa"

[60]: Du pre-note' Zuo Zhuan'

[6 1]: "Mr Cui Wei's travels to the north" (Song) by Hua Yue.

[62]: Biography of the Three Kingdoms. Zhang Hechuan "chased the wooden door and fought with the bright army, with an arrow in his right knee."