The Evolution of Ancient Names in China

The historical origin and evolution of surnames, surnames, names, characters and names in ancient China;

First, the surname

Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Volume 24, Women's Department: "Surname, born by people, from women, life, life also sounds." Ban Gu's "White Tiger with Tongde Theory" Volume 9 says: "Those who have surnames are born, and people are born because of the weather." "Zuo Zhuan lived in seclusion for eight years", "Emperor Jiande gave birth to a teacher". This shows that the original meaning of "surname" is "fate". Therefore, it is generally believed that the surname was originally a racial title representing blood, lineage and blood relationship, which is called family number for short. As a clan number, it is not the title of an individual or a family, but the title of the whole clan and tribe. According to documents, our ancestors originally used surnames for "other marriages", "Ming descent" and "other races". It came into being in the period of clan commune in primitive society.

How did the surname come from? It is speculated that the origin of surnames is related to the totem worship of ancestors. In primitive times, all tribes and clans had their own totem worship objects, such as ears of wheat, bears and snakes, which used to be the totems of our ancestors, and this totem worship object became the symbol of our tribe. Later, it became the code name of all members of this tribe, that is, "surname". Because the number of ancient clan tribes is limited and countable after all, there are few surnames left in pure ancient times.

According to the records in the Spring and Autumn Annals, the "ancient surnames" compiled by later generations are: Gui (now there is Guishui in Zhuolu, Hebei Province), Zi, Ji, Feng, Ying (Qin surname), Ji, Ren, Ji, Qian, Cao, Qi and Da. Nearly half of these surnames have the word female next to them. Therefore, people speculate that surnames may be produced in matriarchal clan society. Zhang Taiyan and other scholars sorted out dozens of ancient surnames (about 59, 52 for Zhang Taiyan and 7 for others) from the older documents such as Shuowen, Shanhaijing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, leaving only more than 80 surnames. It is conceivable that this is only a part of the actual surnames in ancient times, and there must be more than one original surname. Everyone else is missing. But one thing is certain: there were never so many surnames at that time as we say today. We can list several representatives of surnames from ancient times to the present.

(1) After the Northern Song Dynasty, in the feudal society, Hundred Family Names (edited by Qiantang in the Northern Song Dynasty), which was used as a children's literacy book for a long time, received 502 surnames (including 342 single surnames and 60 compound surnames). At the beginning, it says: "Former Sun Zhaoli, Wu Zhou Zheng Wang, Chen Feng Chu Wei, Jiang Shen Han Yang ...") ② There are 1745 ancient surnames in the Book of Surnames written by Zheng Qiao in the Song Dynasty. (3) Wu Shen, editor of the Hanlin Academy in the Ming Dynasty, and others compiled Thousand Surnames of the Ming Empire, with the surname 1968, according to the household registration book collected by the Ministry at that time. (At the beginning, it says, "Zhu Feng is lucky, rich, spiritual, civil and military, Taoist Tang Tao ...") ④ Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty personally examined and approved "Hundreds of Surnames of the Royal Family", (At the beginning, it says, "Confucius is not in the party, Meng Xi is in Qiliang, the mountain is in Zhanyang, Zou Lu Rongchang, Zong Zheng, and you are in the summer ...") ⑤ Zhang Shu, A Qing. ⑥ After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), mainland scholars Yan Fuqing and others have edited and published The Complete Collection of Surnames in China, with a total of 5,730 surnames. Among them, there are 3470 single surnames, 2085 double surnames, three-character surnames 163, and four-character five-character surnames 12. Taiwan Province Province has also published 6,363 surnames of "China Surnames", but there are cases of repeated income in variant forms. ⑦ According to the sampling survey conducted by the Chinese Characters Department of China Language and Character Reform Commission in 1984 and the estimation of relevant experts, there are more than 3,000 surnames still in use today. (Meteorological Press 200 1 1 published "Contemporary Hundreds of Surnames" edited by Wang Daliang. According to the national census data of 1982, at present, there are about 400 commonly used surnames in China. According to the population statistics at that time, the top surnames of 100 were: Zhao Huang, Xu Zhu Heguo. Su Lu Jiang Yan, Yu Pandu Dai Xiajiang, Fan Liao Zhou Xiong Jin Lu, Hao Kongbai Cui Kang Wang Qiu Qin Jiangshi, Gu Houlang Meng Longwan Lei Qiantang, Yin Liyi Chang Wuqiao He Laigongwen. These 100 surnames account for more than 87% of the total population of China. Among them, the population of the three cities, namely, Shanghai, Shanghai and Shanghai, exceeds 300 million. Li 87 million, Wang 80 million, Zhang 8 million, Liu 60 million and Chen 50 million. The situation of the most popular surnames in cities across the country is also different. For example, the surnames of the former 10 people in Shanghai are: Chen Zhu Liu Shen. This figure is far from the so-called pure "surname" we mentioned earlier. What about other words called surnames? Those words are the main components of modern surnames. Let's introduce them.

Second, "giving"

Due to the increase in population, the original tribe was divided into several new tribes. In order to distinguish each other and show their specificity, these tribes set up a code name for their sub-tribes, which is "division" Of course, some small tribes still use the surnames of the old tribes instead of doing so. Some tribes have their own "surnames" while using their old surnames. These small tribes were later divided into more small tribes, and they determined their own surnames, so that surnames became more and more, even far exceeding the original surnames.

In terms of time, this is already a matter of patriarchal society, and surnames bear the brand of this era. So "teacher" can be said to be a branch of surname. "Tonggan Foreign Collection" said: "Surnames are unified by the place where their ancestors went to school, and surnames are different from future generations." It can explain the relationship between the two. The "surname" is constant, and the "surname" is variable. Gu also said that "the surname changes from generation to generation, and the surname remains unchanged for thousands of years." Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, surnames and surnames were used on different occasions, and there were strict rules on who had surnames and who used them. After the Han dynasty, surnames were not divided and unified, and they were collectively called surnames. The most obvious sign is historical records. According to the existing surname, we can infer its source or preliminarily determine the reason for being a surname, which is roughly as follows:

(1) As mentioned earlier, there are surnames of female characters, such as Ying, Ji, Jiang, Gui and Ying. Reflect the worship of women in matriarchal clan society. Some are directly titles of matriarchs.

(2) Take animals and plants or other natural objects as surnames. Such as horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, snakes, dragons, willows, plums, peaches, flowers, leaves, valleys, wheat, mulberry, hemp, millet, mountains, water, forests, wood, wind, clouds, rivers, rivers, gold, stones, steel, iron and jade, among which there are many.

(3) Take the country, fief or official position or title as the surname. Such as Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin, Lu, Cai, Zheng, Chen, Song and Ruan; Stuart, Sima,,, Zai, Shangguan, Taishi, Shaozheng, Wang, Hou, Gongsun, Bozi, etc. Because there were various titles of ancient officials with titles, there were many such surnames.

(4) Take the place of birth, residence or occupation as the surname, such as Yao (Yu Shun was born in Yao ruins), Dongfang (Fuxi residence), Ximen, Dongmen (the land was sealed by the descendants of Luzhuang Gongzi), Dongguo, Nanbaili, Ouyang (the King of Yue Gou Jian was sealed in the Ouyang Pavilion in Wucheng), pottery, witchcraft, divination and medicine.

(5) Take the ancestral number and posthumous title as the surname. Such as Tang, Yu, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Yin, Wen, Wu, Zhao, Mu, Kang, Zhuang, Xuan, Ping and Cheng.

(6) Others (there are several varieties and mutations of surnames):

First, the emperor gave the surname. Such as Liu Bangci, Xiang Bo, surnamed Liu. Li Yuci gave Tinggui (Mo Guan) a surname of Li.

B, change the surname to avoid disaster. For example, after Wu Zixu was killed in Wu, his descendants fled to Qi and changed their surname to Wang Sun; After Chen's civil strife, his son, Chen Wan, fled to Qi to become a doctor and changed his surname to Tian.

C, in order to avoid the emperor or saint taboo and change the surname. For example, Xun changed into a grandson, Zhuang changed his face, and autumn changed into autumn.

D, change the surname because the original surname is complicated and there are many words. For example, Sima Jian's surname is Si, Ma and Feng, and his surname is Ou.

E. Ethnic minorities take the initiative to adopt the surname of China. For example, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty stipulated that Xianbei people changed their surnames to Han people such as Lu, Mu, He and Yu, and the royal family took the lead in changing Tuoba's surname to Yuan's.

F In addition, Tuoba, Shan Yu, Yuwen, Sun Chang, Huyan, Weichi, Lu Ye, Wan Yan and Aisingiorro are all transliteration of minority surnames in Chinese. Some minority surnames are simplified when translated into Chinese, such as Aisingiorro, whose surname was changed to Luo Hejin. As can be seen from the above, the same surname is not necessarily a family.

Today, surnames in "your surname", "respected surname" and "in the order of strokes of surnames" in public social occasions actually include ancient surnames and surname.

In addition, there are several points worth noting about ancient surnames:

(1) Before the Warring States Period, nobles all had surnames. Noble men say their surnames, and women say their surnames. Because "surnames are different from marriage", "surnames are different from aristocrats" and "aristocrats have surnames, and lowly ones have no surnames" (A Brief Introduction to Tongzhi Imperial Clans), Gu said in Records of the Day: "It is said that between 255 years, who was called by a man? Nothing. "

So what do men call it? 1, your first name is last name; 2. The base number is summarized by occupation. Such as Qiu Yi, Kenting, Jiangshi, Jardine Matheson and Youmeng, these professional names later became surnames. At that time, it was a general term.

(2) If the surnames are different, the marriage can be passed; People with different surnames can't get married. "courtesy does not marry the same surname", "it is not uncommon for parents to have the same surname" (Zuo zhuan), "if the same surname does not marry, evil does not breed". Some people think that it contains pure eugenics.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Zhao of Lu married Wu. Both of them are surnamed Ji, but his wife changed her surname to Meng and called Wu Mengzi.

(3) Because "surname" plays the role of "not marrying", aristocratic children do not call their surnames by their first names, so it is particularly important for women to call their surnames by their first names. In order to distinguish women with the same surname who are about to get married or get married, and form a special female address, prefixes and suffixes are added before and after the surname.

A. Prefix ranking: Meng, Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji. Such as Jiang Meng, Ji Bo, Shu Kui,

B prefixed with husband's fief and posthumous title, such as Jinji, Wujiang and Wenying.

C, Jia's, female, female, Ji, Yi and other suffixes, such as Zhang, Shang, Wu Ji, Zhao Yi, etc.

Third, the name

Name is everyone's code name. The surname is public and the first name is private. The naming habits of past dynasties reflect the social ideology in a certain period. Because people belong to different nationalities, societies, histories, religious beliefs, moral traditions and cultural accomplishments, their naming habits are also quite different.

The appearance of "name" is also the inevitable result of the gradual awakening of people's individual consciousness during the clan society. Shuowen explains names like this: "Names are pretentious. From the mouth of the evening, the evening, the ghost, the ghost does not meet, so it is named after the mouth. " It means that after dusk, the dark sky can't know each other, and they are called by code names. This is the origin of the name. This is somewhat legendary. When people found the convenience of using "name", it gradually became popular, making everyone famous and paying attention to "name". In fact, the appearance of fame is the inevitable product after the emergence of private ownership economy. In ancient times, the world was public and each tribe had a name. Huangdi, Gonggong and Chiyou are all tribal names.

According to Zhou Li, the baby was named by his father three months after birth. The earliest name we see now is the name of Shang Dynasty. At that time, it was customary to advocate the name of heavenly dryness. It is also often named after its birthday branches, mainly named after Tiangan, A, B, D, E, G, D and N (Ten Tiangan). For example, Taiyi, Tang Cheng (Tianyi), Tai Ding, Pan Geng, Di Xin (Waic), Renzhong, Taijia ... Wu Ding (the great-grandson of Pan Geng). According to Chen's summary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, Taikang (that is, Dageng), Zhongkang (Zhonggeng), Shao Kang (Shaogeng) and so on. After the Zhou Dynasty, they paid attention to naming. In the sixth year of Lu Huangong in the Spring and Autumn Period (705), when Lu Huangong asked about the etiquette to be observed in naming, the doctor put forward five rules (five laws): faithfulness, righteousness, image, falsehood and division. In the Warring States period, many nobles named their sons by divination, such as Qu Yuan (Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took risks and was named Jia). With the rise of Confucianism, the emphasis on naming is becoming more and more complicated. In Zhou Li, a book written in the Warring States Period, besides the above five main points, it also stipulated "six noes". That is, (1) does not depend on the country (2), officials (3), mountains and rivers (4), hidden diseases (5), animals (6) and money.

After the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the strengthening of feudal autocracy, some words with Wang Ba meanings, such as dragon, heaven, monarch, king, emperor, emperor, saint and emperor, were forbidden to be used, except "five products" and "six noes". Some dynasties have no choice.

After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the style of study and ideological trend of several generations can be seen from the naming alone.

For example, people in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were conceited, metaphysics prevailed and their names were elegant. Popular words are named after "Zhi", such as Wang Xizhi, Sun Jingzhi and Zhen's son. Painter Gu Kaizhi, general, scientist Zu Chongzhi, historian Pei Songzhi, writer, Yang, etc.

Buddhism prevailed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it became a fashion to take the name of a monk. For a time, names such as Wandering Monk, Hu Monk, Wisdom Monk, Brahma Boy and Maha abound. According to official records, there were 122 names with the word "monk" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, 39 were Buddhist and 24 were Buddhist.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Taoism was very popular and monks were very popular. The five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth are very fashionable. For example, Zhu (Fire), father's name is Song (Wood), son's name is Earth, sun's name is Giant, Hook, Sword, Tudor (Gold), and great-grandson's name is Yuan, Ling, Qian, Ji, Jun and Cheng (Water), which is just a five-element cycle.

There were more single names than double names in Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties.

Some of the same names are also single names, such as Jin Jiezhi, Jin Jie, Zheng Zhu's Wu, and the fox named empty word, which is not counted. There is also a word "no", Han Shen Buhai, no doubt, Zhao Guo Zhao tireless, and the Han Dynasty Cheng did not know, not dangerous, not confused.

In addition, the Han people named it: (1) Shang, which is vigorous and powerful. Such as victory, martial arts, courage, super, fierce, solid, tiger, lift and so on. This is very common.

(2) See the sage Si Qi and admire the sage. Such as yu zhang, Zhao Yu, Deng Yu, Tao Tang, Zhang Tang, Zhao Tang, Zhou Chang, Wang Chang, Yao Zhang and Huang Shun.

(3) Seek a long life. Such as Wannian, Yanshou, Shouwang, Qian Qiu, Qu Bing, Qu Bing, Peng Zu and Peng Sheng.

In the era of Wang Mang, "China must not have two names", and "Two names are indecent" in Spring and Autumn Annals and Biography of Rams, which may be the reason for more than two names. Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty 15, and the two changed their names; Eastern Han dynasty 13 emperor's single name.

From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were 54 emperors with four compound names, with a single name accounting for 94%. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially during the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism prevailed. For a time, Buddhist names prevailed: King Kong, Lux, Manjusri, Mulian, King of Medicine, Prajna and Sambo were everywhere, so as to bring the Buddhist spirit. Monks, Buddhists, Mohists, Brahmins and Tan also have many direct Buddhist names.

After the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were many compound names, except the emperor, because single names were easy to avoid.

In addition, the pursuit of elegance in the Tang Dynasty was named after words such as Wen, De, Confucianism, Yuan, Ya and Shi, which were very popular.

In the Five Dynasties, due to the fact that Shangshu Tai Jia Shang had a "handsome face", the fake Biography of Confucius had a "scholar's face". Therefore, according to official records, 87 people in the Five Dynasties were named after the word "Yan". People in Yuan Dynasty named Mongolia as fashion.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Shicheng's original name was Jiu Si, and the name "Shi Cheng" was taken by a scholar. At that time, someone made fun of him. He didn't know it at that time, so he wrote a sentence in Mencius: "A scholar is sincere, and a villain is also".

After the Song Dynasty, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the naming method of word generation spectrum was the most popular. So far, this phenomenon can be seen from the rural genealogy. Of course, its words are auspicious, such as both civil and military, wealth, auspiciousness, auspicious, dragon and phoenix, prosperity and so on. The Ming and Qing dynasties are characterized by genealogical naming, which has a great influence.

1744, Qianlong designated 30 characters for Confucius' descendants:

Saixixi City Shang Zhen Yan

Chineydy Ji Chuan Zhao Guang Leisure Fan Xiang

Let Detrivi appreciate Qin Shao's thoughts very much.

1920, Kong Ling posted 20 words after these 30 words: build roads, build stability and build a prosperous future. Huan, forever.

Manchu nobles in Qing Dynasty liked to use auspicious words such as An, Fu, Yong, Tai, Bao, Evergreen and Gui Xiang to name them.

Folk naming habits are as follows:

Festival method: Spring flowers, plums, peaches, plums, summer rains, autumn fruits, autumn rains, Qiu Yan, Dong Xiao, winter plums and wintersweet.

(2) Place name law: to commemorate the birthplace of children, such as Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou, etc.

3 Pan Zi's skill method: Tathagata, Root, Soul, Zhao Di, Yan Di, Lai Bao and Laifa.

④ Animal method: A Niu, rat, fish, puppy, Xiaolong, Along, Xiaojun (horse), Xiaofeng and Fenger.

⑤ Weight method: nine pounds for the old woman and nine pounds for the girl (plus the weight of the amulet).

⑥ Sexual reform: Women want men to support them, while boys, crowned men, Jia Jun and Jia Xiong; Men should be raised by women, new sisters, Baoji, Qiuyue, etc.

⑦ Ranking methods: Daniu, Niuer, San Xiao, Mavericks, Dadong, Erdong and Sandong; Big root, bright root (2) and mountain root (3); Zhang Yi (1)(2) Zhang Shansan (3) and so on.

⑧ Five elements method: As mentioned above, the Zhu family has five generations of grandparents and grandchildren.

Pet-name ruby comprehensive, such as soil (season plus five elements).

There were many foreign names in the Republic of China: Mary, Helen, Peter, John and Tom.

During the Cultural Revolution, the words red, construction, health, loyalty and youth were highly praised.

The current trend: hazy, foreign names, multi-word names.

In ancient times, women had nameless surnames, only nicknames and nicknames at home, and they were called so-and-so externally.

Fourth, words

In ancient times, "word" was only limited to people with status.

"Book of Rites Quli" says: "Men are twenty crowns" and "Women are fifteen years old", that is to say, both men and women don't take words until they are adults, and the purpose of taking words is to make people respect them and be honored. Ordinary people, especially peers and subordinates, are only allowed to call their elders by their first names.

The main basis of the ancient life word method is as follows:

1 tautology. For example, Qu Yuan's name is flat, the word is original, and the plain is wide. Confucius' students praised, Confucius said, Confucius said, Yan said, Zhuge said, Tao Yuanming said, Zhou said, Yue said, Yue said, Wen Tianxiang said, Jing Rui and so on all belong to this category.

② Antisense opposition. The word Zhao Shuai, a doctor in Jin Dynasty, is redundant (added). Ceng Dian is white. Words are useless, Zhu's words are dull, and Zhao's swelling is stagnant.

(3) guess. Zhao Yunzi Zilong (Yun Conglong); Chao, the word is blameless; Su Shi, Zi Zizhan (Twenty-eight Years of Zuo Zhuan: Shi Junfeng Consolidated Tables); Yue Fei's word Ju Peng.

As can be seen from the above three categories, words are closely related to names, and words are often the supplement or explanation of names. This is the so-called "name correspondence". They are both external and internal, so the word is also called "ideogram". These three kinds are the main ones. In addition, there are cases where the main branches and five elements are used for typesetting, or ranking, and the father (character) is added after the word, which is generally included in the scope of the word.

The word "destiny", like naming, has the flavor of the times. A general trend is to beautify words and respect aging, especially aging.

After the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the strengthening of Neo-Confucianism, sections became more and more complicated, and scholars also made a big fuss about appellation, saying words to show respect, but after a long time, they gradually felt that words were not respected enough, so they had a number that was more respectful than words.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) number

Numbers are also called nicknames, nicknames, nicknames. "Li Zhouguan Chundazhu": "The number is more beautiful to respect its name." Names and characters are taken by elders, but the numbers are different. At the beginning, the numbers were taken by ourselves, so they were called self-numbering. Later, there were other people's names, such as respectful names and elegant names.

No. It originated very early, but it didn't catch on until the Six Dynasties. Ge Hong and Tao Qian have figures, but most people don't. It became particularly popular in the Tang and Song Dynasties for two reasons: 1, which strengthened ethics and morality; 2, it developed literature and trained literati. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it became more popular because of the expansion of the scope of scholars and the advocacy of emperors. Looking at the characteristics of ancient people's names, they can also be summarized into several types.

Because numbers generally mean something.

1, or self-numbering according to the living environment: for example, Tao Qian, self-numbering Mr. Wu Liu. Li Bai lived in Qinglian Township, Sichuan since childhood, so he named himself Qinglian layman. Su Shi, a self-styled Dongpo layman. Lu you, turtle hall. Xin Qiji is known as a layman in Jiaxuan. Zhu Houzhao of Ming Wuzong calls himself Jintang Old Man, Zhu Hougui of Ming Shizong calls himself Tianchi Fishing Measure, and Zhu Yi of Ming Shenzong calls himself Yuzhai. In his later years, Qianlong called himself an old man and an ancient emperor. Xianfeng (Yi) calls himself a Taoist.

2. Or call yourself Du Fu by ambition: Du Fu, whose real name is Shaoling Yelao, "a thousands of books, thousands of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine, an old man"-"Liu Yiju" was Ouyang Xiu's name in his later years. He called himself a fanatic; Both Jin's becoming a monk and becoming a monk reflect his personal interests.

3. Some people name themselves by their birth years, literary artistic conception, morphological characteristics and even amazing words.

Xin Qiji, since the sixty-first, I have been playing Hui T in Shengyuan, Yuanyuan sent fierce gang to wipe T, threw Vχ at Chaoyuan, strange sinus, strange tea, and took a spoon to learn from V.

There are three main situations in which others give numbers:

1, marked by its anecdotal features. Li Bai, for example, is called the fallen fairy. In Song Dynasty, He Zhu was called why he wrote the good word "One River, Smoke and Willow, Huang Meiyu". Zhang Xian is called "Zhang Sanying" because he wrote three good poems with the word "shadow": "Clouds break through the moon", "Duckweed breaks through the mountains" and "Swing shadows send across the wall". Similar examples are as follows:

Mountain Colors Erase Wei Yun and Qin Xueshi —— The words "Mountain Colors Erase Wei Yun, the sky fades even the grass" in Qin Guan's ManFang Ting

Liu Yong has a "flower reflection" in the word "broken array"

Zhang Guyan —— Zhang Yan's Jie Lianhuan Guyan

History of Red Apricot-Song Qi (History of Ministry of Industry) Yulan "The poplar is cold outside, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring".

The pen names and stage names of modern and contemporary writers can also be classified into the category of numbers, some of which are self-given names and some are given names.

Guo Moruo (pen name) was originally Kaizhen, while Ba Jin, Xia Yan and Bing Xin were all pen names, not original names.

Art number (gift number):

Niu, Niu, Xun Huisheng, Bai, Mao, Mao Sanshou.

2. Take the official position, official position or place of birth as the number. Wang Anshi called Wang Lin Chuan; Du Gongbu (Du Fu), Jia Changsha (Jia Yi); Wang Youjun (Wang Xizhi); Tang Xianzu called Tang Linchuan; Kang Youwei, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, is called Kang Nanhai; Kong Rong, a former magistrate of Beihai, was called Kong Beihai; Gu, a native of Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, was originally named Gu. In the Qing Dynasty, the ballad "Prime Minister Hefei is thinner than the world" refers to Li Hongzhang (a native of Hefei), and "Sinong Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe, a native of Changshu who was then the head of the household department.

3. Take the title and posthumous title as the number.

Zhuge Liang named tachileik as marquis Wu; Sima Guang, Feng Guogong, Yue Fei, posthumous title Wu Mu.

After the Song Dynasty, most of the literati were commensurate with their numbers, which led to the situation that their names were ignored. Su Shi had 38 titles in the category of 14 in his life. Mr. Lu Xun was 57 years old (188 1- 1936), and * * * used more than 40 titles (mainly pen names).

Lu Xun was originally named Zhou Zhangshu and later renamed Shu Ren. 1898, using aliases for the first time, Jia Jiansheng and Shu Ren. 18 18 Diary of a Madman was published under the pseudonym of Lu Xun. After 1930s, there were more, with 26 1933 and 4 1934. These two years are also the peak of his creation and the period with the most works.

Because the number can be picked up and given away, it is free and changeable. As a result, many literati have many nicknames, as many as dozens and hundreds. "Too many nicknames will confuse them" (Zheng Banqiao's paintings. Qiu Jin's Four Paintings), so after modern times, especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the trend of literati using numbers has been greatly reduced, and many people publish their works under their real names instead of pen names. A few scholars have nicknames, and most of them are celebrities before the 1930s and 40s. For example, Lu Xun once claimed to be a study room, a greenwood study room and a pavilion. Wang Li named himself a dragon worm and carved it; Yao Yinxue, Endless Zhai; Ye Shengtao is not tired of life, but Yu's Guhuai Bookstore is a legacy.