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About the name

I of Queen Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor

bright and clear

Elizabeth Taylor

Cartoon character

Elizabeth (English: Elizabeth or Elizabeth) comes from the Hebrew name for women in Christianity.

About the name

Name meaning

The name "Elizabeth" comes from the Hebrew name Elizabeth (), which is the name of Aaron's wife in the Old Testament. The word "Elizabeth" literally means "swear to God". In the early Greek Bible, the name was translated into the Greek form of ε λ ι σ? The cognate names of European countries are derived from Greek forms.

Forms in various languages

English: Elizabeth or Elizabeth

German: Elizabeth

Russian: елизаве? та

Italian: Elizabeth

Romanian: Elizabeth

Hungarian: Else Bet

Main variant

Isabella

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Monarchs and nobles:

Queen Elizabeth I.

Queen Elizabeth II.

Elizabeth of Bavaria, also known as Princess Sissi, Duchess and Princess of Bavaria, later became Queen of Austria and Queen of Hungary, commonly known as Princess Sissi.

Others:

Elizabeth Taylor is an American actress.

Elizabeth hurley is an English actress, model, film producer and designer.

Elizabeth Stephen (Elizabeth Stephen)

I of Queen Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I 1533 was born in Greenwich on September 7th, and 1558+065438+ 10/0 to 1603 died in Surrey on March 24th. She is also the nominal queen of France. She never married, so she was called "virgin queen". Also known as "Gloriana" and "Good Queen Beth". The Tudor monarchs before her were Henry VIII, Henry VIII, Edward VI of England of England and her half-sister Mary I.

When she ascended the throne, England was in a chaotic state of internal religious division, but she not only successfully maintained the unity of England, but also made England one of the most powerful and wealthy countries in Europe after nearly half a century of rule. British culture reached a peak in this period, and many famous figures appeared, including playwrights william shakespeare, christopher marlowe and Benjamin Johnson. Poet Laureate Edmund Spencer dedicated the "Fairy Queen" to her. Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to fly around the earth during his term of office; Sir Francis Bacon expressed his views on philosophy and politics; Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Guibert established English colonies in North America. Her rule is called "Elizabethan Age" and "Golden Age" in English history.

Elizabeth is cautious. Her motto is "video et taceo" (Latin, literally translated as "I watch, I am silent"). Being cautious about awarding honors and prestigious positions was also a feature of her reign. In nearly forty-five years, England has only awarded eight titles of nobility: an earl title and seven barons titles; There is only one baron in Ireland. She also reduced the number of Privy Council members from 39 to 19, and then to 14.

Virginia (a former British colony, now a state in the United States) is named after its title of "virgin queen".

childhood

Elizabeth was born in Presen House in London. She is the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second queen, anne boleyn. Because her parents were married according to Protestant canon, Catholicism considered her illegitimate daughter. As soon as she was born, she was designated as the heir to the throne, and her half-sister Mary became her waiter. When Elizabeth was three, her mother was sentenced to death for treason. A year later, Henry VIII and his third queen jane seymour gave birth to a boy: Edward. Elizabeth and Mary both became Edward's servants.

Henry's later queen was very kind to two stepdaughters who were deprived of the title of princess. Henry himself often pays attention to their growth. They are well educated and have reliable friends and peers of the same age. After Henry 1547 died, his last queen, catherine parr, and her new husband, Thomas Seymour (he is jane seymour's younger brother and uncle of the new British king Edward VI of England) took care of Elizabeth. Seymour was attracted to young Elizabeth. After his wife died, he planned to marry her, but he and his brother Edward Seymour were later executed in a series of power struggles.

Elizabeth received a good education, and her teachers included Roger Asquin, a famous humanist in the English Renaissance. She was educated in classical literature, history, mathematics, poetry and language. During her reign, she could speak and write six languages: English, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin and Greek. Under the influence of catherine parr and her other teachers, Elizabeth became a Protestant.

Before her brother died, her status was relatively stable, but Edward died of tuberculosis or arsenic poisoning in 1553. Mrs. Jean Grey was queen for only nine days, but was overthrown by her grandfather's companions and put to death by Mary, who came to power later. Mary is a devout Catholic. She forced Elizabeth to convert to Catholicism. Although Elizabeth seems obedient, she is still a Protestant at heart. Mary is very dissatisfied with this. At one time, Elizabeth was even put in the Tower of London. Some people think that she met her later lover, robert dudley, Earl of Leicester, here, but it is more likely that they met in childhood.

Elizabeth saved her life, but Mary's wedding to King Philip II of Spain increased the possibility of England returning to Catholicism, which made the English people and nobles very dissatisfied. Mary I died childless on 1558, and Elizabeth became her legal heir. The British Parliament reiterated King Henry VIII's arrangement that Elizabeth should be the heir.

imperial/royal crown

Elizabeth was crowned Queen in Westminster Abbey on June+1May1October, 5438+0559. At that time, her status was very unstable. The date of her coronation was chosen by the famous British mathematician and astrologer John Dee at that time. It is said that it was a particularly auspicious day. She was crowned by Bishop karis Le, who was the highest figure in the church at that time to recognize her legal status. In the same year, she signed the Cardo-Campaji Treaty, ending the Italian War.

politics

During Elizabeth's 44-year rule, there was a fierce struggle for religious differences in England. 1530s, Henry VIII broke with Catholicism and the Anglican Church was established. During the short reign of Edward VI of England, England, the teachings of the Anglican Church became more and more perfect. During the reign of Mary I, the Anglican Church lost its dominant position. Elizabeth was restored to the status of the Anglican Church. In the first two years of Elizabeth's rule, she promulgated the supreme law and a single decree, stipulating that the king was also the supreme leader of the church.

Although she tried to find a compromise between religious extremists, she was undoubtedly a Protestant herself. Especially in Ireland, Catholics and others who are considered heretics are persecuted. William cecil is her closest adviser in politics, and she specially created the title of Lord Burleigh for Cecil. 1598 After Cecil's death, his son Robert Cecil became Elizabeth's closest adviser, but Robert was far from his father's ability. Another important figure in her management organization is Sir Francis Vanham. Hua Xinghan set up a spy network all over Europe. He can guarantee that all the plots against the queen are known to him.

Heir problem

The biggest criticism of Elizabeth is that she didn't provide an heir. Others always thought that she would get married and have children, and many people pursued her, including her former brother-in-law, Spanish Philip, and her favorite Earl of Leicester. Many people think that the Earl of Leicester is her lover. Elizabeth wisely avoided them. A few years later, when her rule was consolidated, it became more and more obvious that she would never get married and have children.

When asked why she didn't get married, she mentioned the situation during her sister's reign. At that time, she was not only the most taboo person of Mary, but also the rebels such as Sir thomas white used her name. Therefore, she wisely realized that if she appointed an heir, her position would be weakened, which would provide an incentive for her enemies, because they could use this heir against her. But if there were no heirs, England would not have fallen into civil war before her death. This became very obvious in 1562 when she almost died of smallpox. At one time, Elizabeth seriously considered getting married and having children. But a Catholic husband is obviously impossible, and a Protestant husband, such as the Earl of Leicester, will immediately intensify the sectarian struggle in the court. No matter who she chooses, there will be no good result. Regardless of her personal inclination, her situation at that time made it impossible for her to realize any consideration of spreading the Sect.

She had some possible heirs at that time, but Elizabeth ignored them all. Her cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, is a Catholic. Before she fled Scotland, even after that, she was always a likely heir. Although Elizabeth accepted Mary after her expulsion, she imprisoned her to ensure that she could not threaten her position. Mary's son, James, was a child at that time, and he would only be considered after being tested. Other candidates are unlikely. One of Elizabeth's female companions, Lady Catherine Grey, jean grey's sister, married Elizabeth against her will, which angered her. Mary Gray, catherine gray's sister, is a short person with a back. At that time, Elizabeth had always hoped that Mary I would convert to Protestantism and find a husband that Elizabeth thought was reliable, so during Mary's imprisonment in England, she postponed the issue of heir.

At the same time, she has the possibility of getting married. She once considered finding a husband in many French Wang Zizhong. The first suggestion is that Henry, the Duke of Orleans (later Henry III) who is 20 years younger than her, is the younger brother of French King Charles IX. When the proposal was rejected, she also considered the French king's brother, Duke Fran? ois Arancon. But the early death of Francois destroyed this plan.

The last Englishman eligible to be her heir, Mrs Catherine Grey, died. Elizabeth was forced to reconsider Mary, Queen of Scots. Elizabeth suggested that Mary marry the Earl of Leicester, but Mary refused the suggestion. But by this time, Mary's son James had received a Protestant education. 1570, the king of France persuaded Elizabeth to let Mary return to Scotland. But Elizabeth made many harsh demands, one of which was to let James stay in England. Nevertheless, her adviser Cecil continued to try to help Mary return to Scotland. But the Scots refused to accept the queen, so they failed.

Elizabeth's marriage and personal life have always been a topic of discussion. Being called "the virgin queen" doesn't mean that she hasn't had sex all her life. When she was alive, there were many rumors about illegitimate children. Robert dudley, Earl of Leicester and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, are widely regarded as her lovers. On the other hand, there are also rumors that she is unmarried for life because she can't have children, and maybe even because she has some sexual defects. Biographers Stefan Zweig and Litton Streicher hold this view.

The end of religious tolerance

At that time, the new Pope Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth on February 25th 1570. This prevented Elizabeth from continuing her religious tolerance policy.

At the same time, her enemies' plot against her made her very angry. Mary has been trying not to challenge Elizabeth for 20 years. But then she fell into a conspiracy of Catholic sympathizers. The mastermind of these conspiracies is anthony babington, whose purpose is to rescue Mary and let her take Elizabeth's place. This is a good opportunity for Elizabeth to destroy this great enemy. She executed Mary on 1587 (it is said that she was unwilling to give this order).

The war with Spain

Elizabeth provided troops and money to Henry IV, a Protestant in France, so that he could gain the French throne. During the Eight-year War, he provided troops to William I (Silent), a Protestant prince in the Netherlands, to make him resist Spanish rule. Moreover, in 1568, after a slave fleet led by Sir Frank Derrick and Sir John Hawkins was seriously injured by the Royal Spanish Navy, Spain's money-carrying fleet was constantly looted by British pirates. King Philip II of Spain decided to invade England under the pretext of Mary's death in order to repel England's challenge to Spain on the European continent and its overseas colonies.

1588, the Spanish Armada set sail for England. Regardless of her personal safety, Elizabeth visited the navy in Tilbury, Essex, without guards and armor, and delivered one of the most famous speeches in history. Since then, with the help of geographical location and weather conditions, the British navy has defeated the invading armada. After hearing the news, Elizabeth left the fortress with only six followers and came to the town to celebrate the victory with her subjects.

Nevertheless, Spain defeated a larger English counterattack fleet at 1589. The war lasted until 1604, and the two sides were tied, and England failed to gain the upper hand at sea or on land. Guerrilla warfare broke out in Ireland from 1594.

Elizabeth's favorite in her later years was Robert Devereux, the adopted son of the Earl of Leicester. She even forgave him some misdemeanors, but Robert participated in a riot in 160 1 and Elizabeth had to put him to death.

stop

Elizabeth never married, and her death ended the Tudor dynasty. In her later years, when she had to determine her heir, she became more and more inclined to her cousin, James, the son of Queen Mary of Scots, who was executed by her. But she never officially designated him as the heir. 1603 On March 24th, she died at Richmond Palace in Surrey. She was buried in Westminster Abbey. Her successor was James I, who had become the Scottish James VI. At this time, under the rule of one monarch, England and Scotland began the first step in the process of British reunification-the royal alliance, but England and Scotland still maintained their own independent governments. Fifty years after her death, the British Civil War broke out and Britain became a short-lived republic.

British culture

Elizabethan period is an important period for the development of English culture. Literature, especially poetry and drama, has entered a golden age. Britain's visit to other continents, especially to the United States, has entered a new stage. Like her father, she is also engaged in writing and translation. She personally translated Horace's The Art of Poetry. Some of her speeches and translations have been handed down to this day.

Impact and evaluation

Elizabeth is the most popular monarch in British history. In 2002, Elizabeth ranked seventh in the "100 Greatest Englishman" selected by BBC-hosted People, surpassing all other kings in Britain. In 2005, in the history channel documentary "The Greatest Monarch in Britain", historians and critics analyzed and rated twelve British monarchs (according to six indicators such as military strength and influence, the full score was 60 points), and Elizabeth got the highest score of 48 points.

She often appears in plays or novels. 197 1 The Scottish Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary filmed in Glenda Jackson are very popular. 1998 Cate Blanchett played the queen in Elizabeth when he was young, and Judi Dench played the old queen in Shakespeare's Love Story. Miranda richardson played a surreal queen in the TV series Black Snake. Gay pioneer Quentin Crisp played her in Orlando. Benjamin britten described the relationship between Elizabeth II and Robert Devereux in his opera Ode to the Coronation. At the end of 2007, the sequel to the film Elizabeth, Elizabeth: The Golden Age, was released, and Cate Blanchett still played the Queen, describing a series of literary martial arts after the Queen ascended the throne.

For the later rulers of England, Elizabeth's rule and many characters at that time had special significance. Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Derek and Sir Martin Frobisher became the archetypes of later explorers, while Sir william shakespeare, Sir Christophe Marlowe and Sir Francis Bacon became the models of future writers. Although Elizabeth ruled with an iron fist on religious issues, at the same time, she gave her commanders and advisers more freedom than her mainland rivals. The relative openness of politics in Elizabethan period was also one of the important reasons why all classes in England began to pursue democracy, freedom and other values because of the strong contrast of Stuart dynasty, which advocated "divine right of monarchy", and eventually led to the British civil war and the establishment of the first democratic regime in the world.

Although she sometimes makes strategies for military operations (such as 1589 British expeditions to Spain and Portugal), she has never been a military leader like Henry V, oliver cromwell or Sir Winston Churchill. Many military or exploration undertakings are decided by the captain himself, and royal licenses (especially for pirates) are later reissued. At that time, literary creation was not supported by the royal family. This shows that many events and cultural creations in the Elizabethan era are actually the sum of many personal behaviors. This was symbolic for later British people, especially during the period of imperialism.

On the other hand, many historians also criticized the Elizabethan era. Some modern European historians and biographers began to question the positive evaluation of Tudor era (such as Somerset, Guy, Haig, ridley and Elton). Militarily, Elizabeth's England was not very successful. Although the Spanish Armada was defeated, it was only the beginning of a war that lasted for nearly 20 years from 1585 to 1604. The performance of British soldiers on land (mainly in the Netherlands and France) was mediocre, and they also lost more and won less in the naval battle after 1588. 1589 and 1595 to 1596 suffered heavy losses. Pirates in the Azores from 1590 to 159 1 and England from 1597 were also attacked. 1595 a Spanish attack team landed in Cornwall and threw most of the county into war. This is one of the few foreign troops landing in Britain in history. To make matters worse, in the last years of Mary I and the first five years of Elizabeth, Britain was expelled from the French mainland. This dealt a great blow to England's self-esteem and made England completely give up its ambitions in the mainland.

Elizabeth's indecision is particularly unfavorable to military action. 1589 During the expedition to Spain and Portugal, the British army did not carry siege guns and artillery. But there is a reason for her caution. Perhaps they are based on long-term considerations: without a solid strategy, she doesn't want England to be involved in expensive and unlikely adventures. Therefore, she doesn't want to waste precious resources when fighting a powerful army or fleet.

The British economy in Elizabethan times was very unstable. At that time, the wool trade between Britain and Holland and Lufthansa North Germany was growing day by day, which brought great benefits to the country. At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, she accepted a huge debt of 3 million pounds left by Mary. Elizabeth, Cisel and her other officials had to take extreme measures to limit state spending. These means sometimes bring other difficulties, for example, many soldiers (including those who resisted the Armada) have not been paid for a long time. However, with the development of the national economy, this situation has improved. When the war with Spain began, Britain's economic prosperity was unprecedented since henry vii.

The war with Spain has brought a huge burden to the British economy. Since 1590, England has been in debt again, especially the guerrilla warfare in Ireland has brought great losses to the English economy, which is called "the funnel of England's treasury". Elizabeth had to sell her state-owned land and office. 1603, England's debt reached 3 million pounds again, which was similar to that in the early days of Elizabeth's rule. However, James I later owed more money than Elizabeth in peacetime, and the debt left by Elizabeth was not uncontrollable.

Recent criticism of Elizabeth's rule has focused on the African slave trade in England and her mistakes in Ireland. This blunder has seriously affected the development of Britain and Ireland. Britain joined the transatlantic slave trade in 1562, when Sir John Hawkins started the highly profitable slave trade. He obtained his human goods from Guinea or other African ports, and then transported his prisoners to the Spanish slave market in West India for sale. At first, Queen Elizabeth accused Hawkins of being involved in this immoral transaction, but when Hawkins showed her the profits of his career, she quickly changed her mind. She not only sheltered Hawkins' trade, but also benefited directly from it, even providing him with ships and personnel.

Queen Elizabeth's support for Hawkins' slave trade provided royal recognition, legalized it and made more British businessmen participate. Therefore, Queen Elizabeth was criticized like Thomas Jefferson in the United States: although she thought that trade was illegal morally, she still benefited directly from the slave trade.

Since Henry II, there have been political ties between Britain and Ireland. But before the Tudor dynasty, England's rule over Ireland was very limited. Tudor dynasty began to strengthen its rule over Irish aristocracy. After Henry VIII broke off relations with Catholicism, the Irish problem became more serious, because Ireland was still dominated by Catholicism. 1568 after Spain became an opponent, the Irish issue also became an issue involving the security of England. British officials in Ireland are notorious. They are corrupt, have no knowledge of Ireland and make enemies everywhere. Small-scale uprisings were immediately suppressed. 1570 After Elizabeth was excommunicated from the church, the persecution of Catholics intensified, which made the relationship between the two nationalities worse. 1594 The nine-year war finally broke out.

This war is similar to the situation of the United States in the Vietnam War four centuries later. Irish rebels used guerrilla warfare to kill and defeat their well-equipped and well-trained British soldiers. For Britain, this war is especially expensive. The British army suffered many heavy losses. Finally, the British army had to use scorched earth. If an Irishman is suspected of taking part in the resistance, his whole family will be killed, and the British army will burn and destroy the fields, creating an unprecedented man-made famine.

1604, James I apologized to the Irish in his first order, thus ending the war. However, the cruelty of this war has made the Irish hatred, hostility and distrust of the British people pass down to this day.

However, England's participation in the slave trade and its policy towards Ireland must also be analyzed and viewed according to the situation at that time. Although Elizabeth criticized Hawkins' deal morally, she faced a huge debt of 3 million pounds. Hawkins gave her an economic source that she couldn't refuse. In any case, the slave trade in Britain in Elizabethan period was far worse than that in Spain and Portugal, and it was not as good as that in Holland in17th century.

Elizabeth's policy towards Ireland stems from her fear of the "Catholic back door" in Spain. This problem comes from the missteps of Protestant reform in this country. It's not easy to solve. Of course, Elizabeth and her officials' policies in Ireland undoubtedly aggravated this conflict, but it still had strategic reasons.

Elizabeth left her heir a difficult and unstable country. Especially in the economic and religious fields, many problems have not been solved. Her main contribution is that she cares about her subjects, defends her rule and uses excellent consultants. Her rule helped Britain avoid economic crisis and religious war. But in the17th century, a war broke out between the royalists who supported Charles I and the Protestants led by Cromwell.