How did Manchu rise?

The rise of the Manchu Dynasty was caused by Nuerhachi, the leader of the Nuzhen nationality, who used the Ming Dynasty to relax the military rule in Northeast China and launched a war to unify the various departments of the Nuzhen nationality.

Manchu has a long history. Its national origin can be traced back to the Su Shenren recorded in the history books of China BC. Sushen people live in Heilongjiang, Wusuli and Songhua River basins, with the sea to the east. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, some Nuzhen moved south and settled in the north and east of Jilin Province and Liaoning Province. At this point, the Jurchen is roughly divided into three parts, which are called "Jianzhou Jurchen", "Haixi Jurchen" and "barbarian Jurchen" in the Ming Dynasty records, among which the Jurchen in Jianzhou, which is centered on the Hunhe River Basin in Liaoning Province, reaches the Yalu River in the south and the northern and eastern foothills of Changbai Mountain in the east, is the main member of the Manchu people.

Nurhachi was the head of the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou and an official of the Ming Dynasty. He is familiar with Chinese and Mongolian characters and deeply influenced by China culture. 1583 (the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi's father was killed by the Ming army by mistake in the war to help the Ming army. Therefore, Nurhachi secretly opposed Ming Xiong Zhi, and from that year on he began to expand his power. By 1593 (twenty-one year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), the tribes of Nuzhen in Jianzhou were unified for the first time. Later, Nurhachi turned his strategic goal to the powerful Hercynian Jurchen tribe. With the strength of the Eight Banners, Nurhachi finally completed the unification of the ministries of Jurchen. 16 16 years, in Hetuala (later changed to Xingjing, now Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province), you can sweat, build the destiny of Yuan Dynasty, the country name is "Jin" and the history is called "Hou".

16 18 (forty-six years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi personally led the Eight Banners and publicly opposed Ming Dynasty in the name of revenge for his grandfather. 16 19 in March, it won a decisive victory over the main force of the Ming army. Since then, the latter gold has turned from defending to attacking.

16 19 in the summer, the late Jin won the overall battle centered on the battle of Salhu in Liaodong, which greatly boosted morale. In July, Nurhachi prepared to attack Tieling. The Ming army stationed in Tieling is weak, and the fine tax in the later period is hard to resist. 162 1 In March, Nurhachi and Jubelle led an army to besiege Shenyang, defeated 70,000 defenders of the Ming army and occupied Shenyang City. Nurhachi left some troops stationed in Shenyang to command most of the rest and prepare to attack Liaoyang City. Xipingbao and Guangning are also important places in the following year. 1625 (the fifth year of the apocalypse) in February, moved the capital to Shenyang. 1626 (11th year of the latter Jin Dynasty), led the Eight Banners to attack Jinzhou and Ningyuan, and defeated Yuan Chonghuan in Ningyuan for the Ming Dynasty. Later, Nurhachi, the leader of the late Jin Dynasty, was also seriously injured and died in August of that year. Acceded to the throne by Huang Taiji.

1636 In March, 49 lords of Monan Mongolia 16 gathered in Shenyang, and Huang Taiji was elected to inherit the Mongol Khan Grand System and was honored as "Bogda Chechen Han". In this way, the "Manchuria" nation, which has always had a marriage relationship with the Mongolian ancients (and is considered by the Mongols to be of the same ancestry), has gained a strong and sincere ally. Mongolia, on the other hand, pinned its hopes of "extinction and recovery" on their alliance. In the same year, Huang Taiji ascended the throne in Shengjing (Shenyang), and changed his country name to "Daqing" and renamed Chongde.

On the eve of this, that is,1635165438+1October 22nd (October 13th, the ninth year of Jin Tiancong), Huang taiji issued an extremely important order. In this order, it said: "The original names of Manchuria, Hada, Wula, Yehe and Huifa in China are usually called Shen Zhu (Jurchen). The name applied by the husband is the descendant of Siebel Zhao Morgan and has nothing to do with China. China has a long history of building Manchuria, which is said to be a game. From now on, everybody wait. , will no longer be called China Manchuria for this name, before must not be wrong "("A Record of the Qing Emperor Taizong ",volume 25).

Since then, "Manchuria" has been fixed as a formal national title and used uniformly. To this day, Manchu people regard this day as the birth day of their own nation, which is called "Golden Festival".