Basic knowledge of forest

Forestry common sense 1. Forest ecological forest resources: Forest resources include forests, trees and woodlands, as well as wild animals, plants and microorganisms that depend on forests, trees and woodlands for survival.

Forests: including arbor forests and bamboo forests. Trees: including trees and bamboo.

Woodlands: including sparse woodlands, sparse woodlands, shrub lands, uncultivated afforestation lands, nursery lands, undeveloped woodlands, barren hills and wasteland suitable for afforestation and auxiliary production woodlands. Woodland: including arbor woodland and bamboo woodland.

1. Arbor forest land: Arbor means that the trunk is upright and obvious, usually more than 3 meters high, and can be divided into large trees, medium trees and small trees according to different heights. A patch forest or forest belt with a canopy density greater than 0.2 (including 0.2) and a continuous area greater than 1 mu is called arbor forest land.

2. Bamboo forest land: It is composed of bamboo plants with DBH above 2 cm and canopy density above 0.2. Sparse woodland: woodland consisting of artificial afforestation for 3 years and aerial seeding for 5 years, with canopy density of 0. 10~0. 19 and woodland with reasonable number of trees of 4 1%~79%; Or the forest land of natural origin that is lower than the standard number of trees in forest land division, but reaches more than 40% of the standard number of trees.

Shrub land: Shrub refers to a shrub with no trunk and many branches from the ground, or a shrub with a trunk height less than 3 meters. Shrub land consists of shrub species (including economic shrub species) or tree species dwarfed by harsh habitats and small bamboo shrubs with DBH less than 2 cm.

Shrub land is divided into shrub land specially stipulated by the state and other shrub land; National special shrub land refers to shrub land above the growth line of trees, shrub land with economic forest species and shrub land with serious rocky desertification or red desertification, which is designed for protection; Other shrub land refers to the shrub land outside the special provisions of the state. Unforested land: including artificial afforestation land (within 3 years) and closing hillsides for afforestation (within 5 years).

Nursery land: fixed land for trees, flowers and seedlings. Woodless land: including deforested land, burned land and other woodless land.

Suitable forest land: land that has been planned as forest land by people at or above the county level. Including barren hills and wasteland suitable for forest, wasteland suitable for forest sand and other suitable forest land.

Auxiliary production forest land: land for engineering facilities and supporting facilities that directly serve forestry production. Forest: Tree species that grow in the forest and reach the canopy.

The trunk of a tree is straighter and taller than an isolated tree, and it can produce logs with better roundness. It is the main body of forest output and the main object of forest management and utilization. Forest classification: Forests are divided into the following five categories: (1) Shelterbelt: forests, trees and shrubs with the main purpose of protection, including water conservation forests, soil and water conservation forests, windbreak and sand fixation forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, bank protection forests and road protection forests; (2) Timber forests: forests and trees whose main purpose is to produce wood, including bamboo forests whose main purpose is to produce bamboo; (3) Economic forests: trees whose main purpose is to produce fruits, edible oils, beverages, condiments, industrial raw materials and medicinal materials; (4) Fuelwood forests: forests whose main purpose is to produce fuel; (5) Special-purpose forests: forests and trees whose main purposes are national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments. , including national defense forest, experimental forest, mother forest, environmental protection forest, scenic forest, trees in historical sites and revolutionary memorial sites, and forests in nature reserves.

Forest origin: also known as forest origin or forest genesis. Refers to the way of forest formation, that is, the way of forest reproduction.

Specifically, it can be divided into two situations: ① the origin of the stand when it was first formed. Because it originated from natural propagation or artificial cultivation, there are natural forests and artificial forests.

(2) The formation of trees, due to the different modes of reproduction, the origin of forests can be divided into seedling forests and asexual reproduction forests. Plantation: a forest formed by artificial sowing, planting or cutting.

Natural forest: a forest formed by natural planting or germination. Primitive forest: a natural forest that has not been cut down and cultivated artificially.

Secondary forest: refers to a kind of forest in which the original forest or artificial forest was destroyed by human or natural factors, but it was restored by natural forces without reasonable human management. Vegetation: all kinds of plants grow in groups, species gather and communities are intertwined, like a green embroidered quilt tightly wrapping the earth. This vibrant and ever-changing plant is called vegetation.

Plant community: Vegetation is not a random patchwork, but a regular combination of some plant species under the natural environment conditions in a certain area. Each such combined unit is called a plant community.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the species and quantity of different animal and plant communities and their relationships. Forest is the most diverse and abundant ecosystem on land, and it is a natural synthesis of animals, plants and microorganisms, so protecting forest means protecting biodiversity directly and indirectly.

Ecological environment: Ecological environment refers to the quantity and quality of water resources, land resources, biological resources and climate resources that affect human survival and development. Ecological environment can also be called environment for short.

Eco-environmental construction: Eco-environmental construction refers to the use of ecosystem principles to simulate and design the optimal artificial ecosystem according to different levels, levels and scales of ecological construction tasks, and to produce according to the model in order to obtain the expected best ecological and economic benefits. Forestry ecological environment construction: it refers to the construction of major shelter forest systems, nature reserves, wildlife protection and other projects in a region or across regions to manage and protect existing forest resources, starting from the overall situation of land consolidation and the needs of national sustainable development, with the aim of maintaining and recreating benign ecological environment, maintaining biodiversity and representative natural landscapes.

Stand: a forest with similar internal characteristics, but obviously different from its neighboring areas. The forest in a forest area can be divided into different stands according to different tree species composition, forest origin, forest phase, forest age, density, status class and other factors.

Standing tree: it contains two meanings: ① the sum of trees that constitute the main part of the forest; (2) Living trees that have not been cut down in the forest. Tree species composition: refers to which trees in the forest are composed.

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2. Basic knowledge of forestry

Forestry common sense 1. Forest ecological forest resources: Forest resources include forests, trees and woodlands, as well as wild animals, plants and microorganisms that depend on forests, trees and woodlands for survival.

Forests: including arbor forests and bamboo forests. Trees: including trees and bamboo.

Woodlands: including sparse woodlands, sparse woodlands, shrub lands, uncultivated afforestation lands, nursery lands, undeveloped woodlands, barren hills and wasteland suitable for afforestation and auxiliary production woodlands. Woodland: including arbor woodland and bamboo woodland.

1. Arbor forest land: Arbor means that the trunk is upright and obvious, usually more than 3 meters high, and can be divided into large trees, medium trees and small trees according to different heights. A patch forest or forest belt with a canopy density greater than 0.2 (including 0.2) and a continuous area greater than 1 mu is called arbor forest land.

2. Bamboo forest land: It is composed of bamboo plants with DBH above 2 cm and canopy density above 0.2. Sparse woodland: woodland consisting of artificial afforestation for 3 years and aerial seeding for 5 years, with canopy density of 0. 10~0. 19 and woodland with reasonable number of trees of 4 1%~79%; Or the forest land of natural origin that is lower than the standard number of trees in forest land division, but reaches more than 40% of the standard number of trees.

Shrub land: Shrub refers to a shrub with no trunk and many branches from the ground, or a shrub with a trunk height less than 3 meters. Shrub land consists of shrub species (including economic shrub species) or tree species dwarfed by harsh habitats and small bamboo shrubs with DBH less than 2 cm.

Shrub land is divided into shrub land specially stipulated by the state and other shrub land; National special shrub land refers to shrub land above the growth line of trees, shrub land with economic forest species and shrub land with serious rocky desertification or red desertification, which is designed for protection; Other shrub land refers to the shrub land outside the special provisions of the state. Unforested land: including artificial afforestation land (within 3 years) and closing hillsides for afforestation (within 5 years).

Nursery land: fixed land for trees, flowers and seedlings. Woodless land: including deforested land, burned land and other woodless land.

Suitable forest land: land that has been planned as forest land by people at or above the county level. Including barren hills and wasteland suitable for forest, wasteland suitable for forest sand and other suitable forest land.

Auxiliary production forest land: land for engineering facilities and supporting facilities that directly serve forestry production. Forest: Tree species that grow in the forest and reach the canopy.

The trunk of a tree is straighter and taller than an isolated tree, and it can produce logs with better roundness. It is the main body of forest output and the main object of forest management and utilization. Forest classification: Forests are divided into the following five categories: (1) Shelterbelt: forests, trees and shrubs with the main purpose of protection, including water conservation forests, soil and water conservation forests, windbreak and sand fixation forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, bank protection forests and road protection forests; (2) Timber forests: forests and trees whose main purpose is to produce wood, including bamboo forests whose main purpose is to produce bamboo; (3) Economic forests: trees whose main purpose is to produce fruits, edible oils, beverages, condiments, industrial raw materials and medicinal materials; (4) Fuelwood forests: forests whose main purpose is to produce fuel; (5) Special-purpose forests: forests and trees whose main purposes are national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments. , including national defense forest, experimental forest, mother forest, environmental protection forest, scenic forest, trees in historical sites and revolutionary memorial sites, and forests in nature reserves.

Forest origin: also known as forest origin or forest genesis. Refers to the way of forest formation, that is, the way of forest reproduction.

Specifically, it can be divided into two situations: ① the origin of the stand when it was first formed. Because it originated from natural propagation or artificial cultivation, there are natural forests and artificial forests.

(2) The formation of trees, due to the different modes of reproduction, the origin of forests can be divided into seedling forests and asexual reproduction forests. Plantation: a forest formed by artificial sowing, planting or cutting.

Natural forest: a forest formed by natural planting or germination. Primitive forest: a natural forest that has not been cut down and cultivated artificially.

Secondary forest: refers to a kind of forest in which the original forest or artificial forest was destroyed by human or natural factors, but it was restored by natural forces without reasonable human management. Vegetation: all kinds of plants grow in groups, species gather and communities are intertwined, like a green embroidered quilt tightly wrapping the earth. This vibrant and ever-changing plant is called vegetation.

Plant community: Vegetation is not a random patchwork, but a regular combination of some plant species under the natural environment conditions in a certain area. Each such combined unit is called a plant community.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the species and quantity of different animal and plant communities and their relationships. Forest is the most diverse and abundant ecosystem on land, and it is a natural synthesis of animals, plants and microorganisms, so protecting forest means protecting biodiversity directly and indirectly.

Ecological environment: Ecological environment refers to the quantity and quality of water resources, land resources, biological resources and climate resources that affect human survival and development. Ecological environment can also be called environment for short.

Eco-environmental construction: Eco-environmental construction refers to the use of ecosystem principles to simulate and design the optimal artificial ecosystem according to different levels, levels and scales of ecological construction tasks, and to produce according to the model in order to obtain the expected best ecological and economic benefits. Forestry ecological environment construction: it refers to the construction of major shelter forest systems, nature reserves, wildlife protection and other projects in one region or across regions to manage and protect existing forest resources, starting from the overall situation of land consolidation and the needs of national sustainable development, with the aim of maintaining and recreating benign ecological environment, maintaining biodiversity and representative natural landscapes.

3. 50 words of forest safety knowledge

Provisions on "Ten Prohibitions" of Field Fire Source Management during Forest Fire Prevention Period:

First, it is forbidden to burn wasps and wild animals in the mountains.

Two, are not allowed to throw cigarette butts and fire tails in the forest.

Three, are not allowed to burn ashes in the mountains.

Four, are not allowed to burn charcoal in the mountains.

Five, are not allowed to burn incense and paper money, set off firecrackers and lanterns in the mountains.

Six, are not allowed to burn the ridge, burning straw and straw in the hillside forest area.

Seven, are not allowed to play with fire or keep warm in the mountains.

Eight, are not allowed to use ware firearms hunting.

Nine, it is forbidden to barbecue food in the forest area.

Ten, in four or more high fire weather are not allowed to enter the forest.

4. Complete knowledge of forest fire prevention

In the case of forest combustibles and fire sources, whether forest fires can occur mainly depends on fire weather. Generally speaking, fire weather is the climatic conditions favorable to forest fires, such as high temperature, little precipitation, low relative humidity, strong wind and long-term drought.

Forest fire is very harmful and difficult to put out, so it is particularly important to put out the fire immediately when the fire is still in its infancy. Because forest fires are often located in deep mountains and old forests, it is not easy to find them, so it is of great significance to find them early.

There are two main causes of forest fires: man-made fires and natural fires.

Man-made fire: Among the fires caused by man-made fire sources, forest fires caused by land reclamation and smoking are the most. In the forest fires in China, the fires caused by cooking smoke, burning wasteland and burning paper on graves account for an absolute number.

1. Productive fire sources: fire for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, fire for forestry sideline production, fire for industrial and mining transportation production, etc.

2. Unproductive fire sources: such as cooking in the wild, cooking, burning paper, heating, etc.

3. Intentional arson: burning hay, setting off firecrackers and fireworks.

Natural fire: including lightning fire and spontaneous combustion. Forest fires caused by natural fires account for about 1% of the total forest fires in China.

Extended data

Importance of forest fire prevention

The survival and development of human beings can not be separated from the oxygen and forest products provided by forests for a moment. Although China has a vast territory and abundant natural resources, on the whole, the total amount of forest resources in China is still insufficient, and the forest coverage rate is only 60% of the world average, ranking130th in the world.

The per capita forest area is only 0. 13 hectare, which is less than the world average14, ranking134th in the world. The per capita forest stock is only 9.4 cubic meters, which is less than the world average 1/6, ranking122nd in the world.

Due to the insufficient total amount and low quality of forest resources, land desertification, soil erosion, drought and water shortage, floods and other disasters in China are very prominent, and the national ecological security is facing a serious threat. Among the threats affecting forest resources, forest fire is one of the most important threats, which can turn forests into ashes in an instant.

According to survey statistics, more than 95% of forest fires are caused by human factors. In order to keep the forest away from fire and people away from danger, the key is to let people know how to use fire scientifically, put out fire scientifically and avoid fire scientifically.

Baidu encyclopedia-forest fire prevention

5. Forest fire prevention knowledge

There are no statistics on the causes of forest fires, but most of them are man-made, such as burning, cigarette butts, picnics, graves and so on.

There are fewer intentional arson, and there are fewer natural reasons such as lightning and nature. Of course, the forest is dry, the humidity is low, and there are many combustibles.

Prevention, including cleaning up combustible materials accumulated on the ground, centralized burning points, setting up centralized cemeteries, setting up centralized paper burning areas, establishing fire isolation zones, and establishing reasonable management, patrol and observation systems. The technical defense level includes the establishment of a reliable forest fire detection and early warning system, and 24-hour programming cruise is an important supplement to civil air defense and physical defense.

The characteristics of forest fire prevention are early strike, small strike and big strike. Early detection, early suppression and prevention.

6. Forest fire prevention knowledge

Common sense of forest fire prevention

First, the harm of forest fires

Forest fire is the most dangerous enemy and the most terrible disaster in forestry, which will bring the greatest harm and devastating consequences to the forest. Forest fire will not only burn patches of forest, harm the animals in the forest, but also reduce the regeneration ability of the forest, cause soil impoverishment, destroy the function of forest to conserve water, and even lead to imbalance of ecological environment. Despite the rapid development of science in the world today, human beings have not made great progress in putting out forest fires.

Second, the types and classification of forest fires

According to the burning position, spreading speed, damaged position and degree of forest fires, forest fires can be roughly divided into three categories: 1. Surface fire II. Crown fire 3. Underground fire.

According to the size of the affected forest area, forest fires are divided into the following four categories:

1. Forest fire: the affected forest area is less than 1 hectare or other woodlands catch fire (including yellow fire);

2. General forest fire: the affected forest area is more than 1 hectare and less than 100 hectare;

3. Major forest fires: the affected forest area is less than 1000 hectares1000 hectares;

4. Extraordinary forest fire: the affected forest area 1000 hectares or more;

Third, the causes of forest fires

There are two main causes of forest fires: man-made fires and natural fires.

(1) Man-made fires include the following types:

1. Productive fire sources: fire for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, fire for forestry sideline production, fire for industrial and mining transportation production, etc.

2. Unproductive fire sources: such as outdoor smoking, cooking, burning paper, heating, etc. ;

3. Intentional arson

Among the fires caused by man-made fire sources, forest fires caused by land reclamation and smoking are the most. In the forest fires in our city, the fires caused by smoking, burning wasteland and burning paper on graves account for an absolute number.

(2) Natural fire: including lightning fire and spontaneous combustion. Forest fires caused by natural fires account for about 1% of the total forest fires in China.

Four, three factors affecting the fire.

Temperature, humidity and unit combustible load.

Five, fighting forest fires

(A) how to strengthen safety measures when putting out the fire

Strengthen fire control organizations. One is to send comrades with fire fighting experience as front-line commanders. Second, the temporary organization of firefighters, must specify the section chief and team leader. The third is to clarify fire discipline and safety matters. The fourth is to check whether the fire-fighting equipment meets the requirements and whether the fire-fighting clothes are very loose and flame-retardant. Fifth, strengthen fire reconnaissance and organize fire communication, rescue and logistics support. The sixth is to enter the fire from the tail of the fire and fight along the two wings of the fire. Seventh, don't strike the fire head directly in the wind, don't strike the fire head up the mountain, don't strike the fire head on cliffs, steep slopes and broken terrain, don't put out the fire directly in windy weather and fire conditions, and don't put out the fire in places with dense combustibles. Eight is the correct use of fire fighting equipment.

(2) What are the ways to save yourself from danger?

Retreat to a safe area. The fire fighting team (group) should observe the changes of the fire scene when putting out the fire. In case of Fei Huo and cyclone, organize firefighters to enter burn areas, areas with less vegetation and low flame. The second is to ignite and save yourself according to the specifications. It is necessary to unify the command, choose a relatively flat place, and lie down to avoid danger according to regulations. In case of danger, you should lie down in a place with less vegetation nearby, with your feet facing the fire, pull open the floating soil until you see wet soil, bury your face in the pit, wrap your head with clothes and put your hands in front of your body. The fourth is to break the wind according to the norms. When the wind changes suddenly and the fire turns around, the commander should decisively give the order to break through, and the players themselves should make decisive decisions, choose places with less grass, wrap their heads with clothes, hold their breath and rush to break through in the wind. People should be able to break through in 7.5 seconds. Never race against the fire, only rush to it.

7. Forest fire prevention knowledge

1. What does "forest fire prevention" mean? Answer: It refers to preventing and fighting fires in forests, trees and woodlands.

2. What do you mean by "five prohibitions" when entering the forest area? A: It is forbidden to throw cigarette butts and match stalks in forest areas; Firecrackers and fireworks are not allowed to be set off in forest areas; Fire is not allowed to drive away animals in forest areas; It is not allowed to burn fire to keep warm and barbecue food in the forest area; Don't play with fire for fun in the forest area. 3. How is the forest fire risk rating divided? A: The forest fire risk rating is divided into five levels.

The first level is difficult to burn, and fire can be used; The second level is non-combustible weather, which can use fire, but it may go off; The third level is combustible weather, and the use of fire should be controlled; The fourth grade is flammable and high fire risk weather, and the forest area should stop using fire; Level 5 is the highest level of extremely flammable fire weather, and it is strictly forbidden to use fire inside and outside. 4. What is the forest fire prevention period? When was my forest fire prevention period stipulated? A: Generally speaking, the season when forest fires are prone to occur is defined as the forest fire prevention period.

The forest fire prevention period in Kunming starts from1in October and ends at 3 1 in May of the following year. 5. What is "rushing to fire"? What is "sitting on fire"? A: Forest fires spread at a high speed from the foot of the mountain to the mountain, which is called "rushing fire".

The flame slowly spreads from one mountain to another, which is called "sitting on fire". 6. What are the characteristics of forest fires? A: Under the mountain conditions, especially on the sunny slope, the fire is fierce and spreads rapidly, which is difficult to put out; Sit on the fire.

Its fire is weak, which is conducive to fighting. 7. What are the two ways to put out the fire? A: Forest fires are generally put out by combining direct fire fighting with isolated fire fighting.

The common method of direct fire fighting is that firefighters use their own tools to directly extinguish the fire along the line of fire. When the surface fire or crown fire is so fierce that people can't get close to it, indirect fire extinguishing method is adopted, and the fire source is cut off by splitting the fire path to achieve the purpose of fire extinguishing.

8. What are the basic essentials for fighting mountain fires? Answer: When fighting a mountain fire, you should stand with two feet inside the edge of the burned area and the other foot outside the edge. When using fire extinguishing tools, the burned area should be hit obliquely at an angle of 40-60 degrees. 9 when slapping, slap hard, don't shoot straight up and down, so as not to splash sparks and expand the burning point.

When flapping, you should hit hard and lift lightly, hit fast and lift slowly, and move forward while hitting. When the firepower is weak, you can fight alone. When the fire is big, it is necessary to organize several people to fight a little at the same time, rise and fall at the same time, and move forward together after putting out the fire.

When putting out a fire, put it out along the line of fire one by one. Never go out of the fire line to put out the internal fire, let alone run to the fire sign to stop or put out the fire, especially when putting out the grass pond fire and the headwind fire, pay more attention to safety. 10, how to put out forest fires without causing casualties? A: it is forbidden to confront fire in the fire line; Don't beat downwind; Don't fight in front of the line of fire; When putting out mountain fires, we should pay attention to the change of wind direction to prevent mountain fires from being involved in burns.

When cleaning up the fire site, we should pay attention to burning, leaning against the "tree hanging" and sudden drop of wood, especially to prevent people from falling into the "fire pit" and burning.

8. Knowledge of forest protection and fire prevention

Ten prohibitions on forest protection and fire prevention: 1. Don't release wild Yamakaji, drive away animals and bees; 2. Don't burn mountains for heating and cooking in forest areas; 3. Don't smoke or throw cigarette butts in the forest area; 4. Don't burn incense, paper and firecrackers in the forest area; 5. Don't smoke rat holes, snake holes and animal holes in forest areas; 6. Don't burn the ridge on the hillside or ridge; 7. Don't play with fire in the mountains; 8, don't put wildfire reclamation, burning grassland, firewood field; 9. Don't light the mountain road with torches at night; 10, don't burn charcoal, ash or accumulate fertilizer in the hillside forest.

The grade of forest fire mainly depends on fire weather. Generally speaking, fire weather refers to the climatic conditions favorable to forest fire, such as high temperature, little precipitation, low relative humidity, strong wind and long-term drought. According to the size of the affected forest area, forest fires are divided into the following four categories: 1, and forest fires: the affected forest area is less than 1 hectare or other woodlands catch fire (including yellow fires).

2. General forest fire: the affected forest area is more than 1 hectare and less than 100 hectare. 3. Major forest fire: the affected forest area is more than 1000 hectares and less than1000 hectares.