Tujia knowledge

Tujia

The population is 8028 133.

General situation of nationalities

Tujia is one of the ethnic minorities in China. It is mainly distributed in Wuling Mountain area adjacent to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou. That is, Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing, Sangzhi and Guzhang counties in western Hunan; Laifeng, Hefeng, Xianfeng, Xuanen, Lichuan, Enshi, Badong, Jianshi, Wufeng, Changyang and other cities and counties in western Hubei; Youyang, Xiushan, Qianjiang, Shizhu and Pengshui counties in Sichuan Province. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Tujia nationality is 8028 133. Tujia language is an independent language in the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. No mandarin, common Chinese. Now most people speak Chinese; About 200,000 people along Youshui (originating in Hefeng, Hubei Province and flowing into Shui Yuan, Hunan Province) still use Tujia language, and some people also speak Chinese.

Tujia nationality has many titles in historical records. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, they were called "Lin Junzhong" for worshipping the white tiger, or "Ban Mei people" for using weapons, or "complaining about others" for calling "rich". It belongs to one of "Nanjun people" and "Wu Lingren" in Ba County. After the second time, most of them were called "Xi people", "architects", "Bajian people", "Xinzhou people" and "Yang Man". In the Song Dynasty, there appeared "Tu Min", "Tu Man" and "Tu Bing", which were different from other ethnic groups in Wuling area and specifically referred to Tujia nationality. Later, with the large number of Han people moving in, "Tujia" began to appear as a national name.

There are different opinions about the origin of Tujia nationality. One is Ba people who settled in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou after Qin destroyed Ba. Secondly, according to the Neolithic cultural sites and Tujia language names unearthed in Longshan, Luxi and Dayong counties and cities in western Hunan, it is considered that Tujia people mainly come from the indigenous people in western Hunan and merge with the Ba people and Han people who entered; Thirdly, according to the related records in the bronze pillars of Fuxi Prefecture, which are similar to Tujia and Yi languages, and the customs of Tujia and some Yi people in Yunnan are the same, it is considered that it originated from Wuman in the middle of Tang Dynasty.

After the elimination of Pakistan in Thailand, the Ba people living in Wuling made a living by burning water, fishing, hunting and logging. Its leaders ruled through their caste kinship of the same species or the same surname, and maintained internal relations. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the "Wulin Yi" heavenly generals rose up against Wang Mang's usurpation of power. Later "Zero Yang Man", "Sui Zhongman", "Wu Man" and "Li Zhongman" all rose up against oppression. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shu Han and Sun Wu fought a long war for Kuixia and Wuling areas, and Tujia became an important object of their struggle. The long-term struggle between Shu and Wu makes it difficult for people of all ethnic groups in Wuling area to live in peace. Since then, the forces of various ministries in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty and Wuling region have developed rapidly, often acting in their own way, with loose central control, frequent wars and social unrest. Since the Tang Dynasty, the central government has adopted the system of governing prefectures and counties, appointed obedient local leaders to manage their land in prefectures and counties, and allowed them to inherit the land from generation to generation, which has made Tujia people increasingly stable and strengthened economic and cultural exchanges with Han people. Tujia people resisted foreign invasion and supported the Red Army's Long March. He made great contributions and sacrifices in the struggle against the Kuomintang reactionaries.

socioeconomics

Tujia nationality is an early nation engaged in farming. Due to low production technology, backward production tools and low output, Tujia people learn advanced production technology and introduce advanced production tools from Han people, thus improving the productivity level of Tujia people and accelerating social and economic progress. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the implementation of Jimi county system, the society was relatively stable, and the economic and cultural exchanges between Tu and Han became increasingly close, which promoted the development of production. However, he is still in the stage of slash and burn. He is not used to Niu Geng. He is engaged in fishing and hunting. The dominant feudal lords not only enslaved the aborigines, but also drove the "local soldiers" to the neighboring Han areas from time to time to plunder the population and property. From the Yuan Dynasty to the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the chieftain system was established. Tusi rule objectively makes Tujia people's activity area more stable and national characteristics can be maintained. But then the landlord economy began to appear. During the Yongzheng period, the feudal lords' economy collapsed and the landlords' economy developed rapidly. The ban of "not leaving the country or entering the cave" was broken, and a large number of Han farmers and businessmen moved in, bringing advanced production tools and technologies, which made agriculture, handicrafts and commerce develop rapidly. However, after the Opium War, capitalist commodities and opium were sold in large quantities in Tujia areas at the end of Xianfeng, and traditional craft products such as homespun, indigo and batik gradually lost their sales and were hit hard. Imperialists bought tung oil, tea, wood, medicinal materials and other local products at low prices, which stimulated the development of tung tea planting, oil pressing, wood and bamboo processing industry and the prosperity of urban commerce and market trade. Guild organizations from all walks of life began to appear. After the Revolution of 1911, military disasters occurred frequently in Tujia areas, the rural economy went bankrupt, business stagnated, and people's lives were in trouble. Until the eve of liberation, the economy of Tujia area was still very backward.

After liberation, the party and the state formulated and implemented ethnic policies. Tujia people are defined as a single nation. Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1957, western Hubei Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in 1983, and Youyang, Xiushan, Shizhu, Qianjiang and Pengshui autonomous counties in 1983 and 1984. Tujia people have realized their right to be masters of their own affairs. With the support and help of the Party and the government, the Tujia people in Wuling Mountain area have basically solved the problem of food and clothing, and are moving towards the road of getting rid of poverty and becoming rich.

Culture and art

After a long period of historical development, Tujia people have formed a rich and colorful culture and unique customs. Folk stories such as "Zhang Gu controls heaven and earth", "Meishan kills tigers" and "Flood to heaven" have been passed down to this day. Poetry is rich in content and diverse in forms, the most famous of which is the long narrative poem Sleeping. There are many kinds of folk music. Vocal music includes labor songs, folk songs and divine comedy. Instrumental music includes percussion and wind music. Percussion "Liu Zi" is called "Tujia Symphony" in the music industry. Generally, it is played with four musical instruments, with strong sense of rhythm, fast melody, changeable voice and fascinating. "Playing Liu Zi" is also "title music". There are fixed names such as starling bathing, magpie making plum, train entering the mountain, horse crossing the bridge and cow scratching. There are more than 200 traditional songs. Tujia Opera includes Maogusi, Yin Hua Song, Nuo Opera, Southern Opera, Leisure Games, etc. Tujia Nuo opera can be called "the living fossil of China's drama". The Tujia area in Tongren, Guizhou Province is the most intact Nuo cultural circle in China with the most Nuo operas, and experts at home and abroad are very concerned about it. The traditional swing dance, sweet bell dance and funeral dance are simple and vigorous, with distinctive national characteristics and strong flavor of life. "Xilangkapu" (Tujia bedding) is a unique handicraft woven by Tujia girls. It is beautifully woven and colorful, with more than 100 patterns, and is called the artistic flower of Tujia nationality together with the waving dance.

Customs and important festivals

Tujia people are diligent in plowing mountains and forests, good at fishing and hunting, and "chasing sticks" (hunting) in winter and spring. The staple food is corn and rice, and the most popular flavor foods in Tujia areas are glutinous rice Baba, rice kang bacon and Tang brick. In terms of clothing, women's wear is a short coat with big sleeves, split on the right, and 2 ~ 3 layers of lace piping. Originally, it was an 8-leg skirt, and later it was changed to flanging pants; Men's wear is a double-breasted coat with a 2-3-meter-long green handkerchief wrapped around his head. In many places, Tujia costumes are very similar to those of Han nationality. Only in grand gatherings and festivals, or in remote mountain villages, can we see Tujia traditional costumes. In terms of residential buildings, the diaojiao building in Tujia Mountain Township is the most distinctive. This is a dry fence structure, where livestock are raised or sundries are piled up downstairs, and girls' boudoir is upstairs, where knitting, embroidery, hemp making and shoes making are carried out. This design not only overcomes the limitation of uneven terrain in mountainous areas, but also makes maximum use of space; Ventilation and moistureproof; Safe and hygienic.

In ancient times, it was popular in Tujia nationality that the daughter of an aunt had to marry her uncle (called "bone-returning"). There is also the adoption marriage of my brother's late brother and sister-in-law, and my brother's late brother and sister-in-law. Men and women used to fall in love and get married. With the development of feudal economy, marriage was gradually restricted by property and bound by parents. Until the founding of the People's Republic of China, feudal marriage by sale prevailed. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), free love and marital autonomy have increased, but arranged marriages by parents still exist in rural areas. In the past, there were many cremations, and local teachers (mages) were invited to recite scriptures during funerals, and Taoist priests cleared the way. Later, influenced by the Han nationality, burial was carried out.

In terms of festivals, April 8, June 6 and Tujia Year are the main festivals. The most solemn is Tujia Year, commonly known as "catching up with the Chinese New Year", which is held the day before the Chinese New Year. The New Year is the 29th of the twelfth lunar month, and the off-year is the 28th of the twelfth lunar month.

Religious belief

Tujia people worship their ancestors and believe in many gods.