The War Process of the Ming-Burma War

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming government set up six propaganda and comfort departments in Yunnan, namely, Yang Meng's propaganda and comfort department for the military and civilians (whose jurisdiction is equivalent to bhamo, north of Kaitai, west of Irrawaddy River and east of Naga Mountain), Mubang's propaganda and comfort department (whose jurisdiction is equivalent to the northeast of Shan State, Myanmar, and its jurisdiction is located in Xingwei, Myanmar) and the propaganda and comfort station for the military and civilians in Myanmar (that is, the middle reaches of Irrawaddy River centered on Mandalay, Myanmar). At that time, the Ming government awarded the title of propaganda ambassador to the local upper class, and these chiefs accepted the title of Ming dynasty and obeyed the three divisions of Yunnan (namely, the chief secretary, the chief secretary and the provincial justice department). However, because these areas were all on the southwest pole, the rule of the Ming Dynasty was often beyond the reach, and the local toast had considerable independence. Due to the economic and political development, some ambassadors, such as Myanmar, Babai and Laos, have actually become independent countries. Due to the invasion of Dongwu Dynasty, by 1575, Mubang and Mamo were under the control of Myanmar.

In the fourth year of Wanli (1576), Myanmar attacked Meng Yang on a large scale. Facing the invasion of Burmese army, Yang Meng Tusi actively prepared to resist, and at the same time urgently responded to the local government of Ming Dynasty. Luo Rufang, deputy envoy of Jinteng Reclamation, was told to stick to the aid and prepare to deploy military operations. He used a lot of money to recruit businessmen who traveled to and from the China-Myanmar border, sent them deep into the areas controlled by the Burmese, scouted their mountains, rivers, roads, horses and grains, and told the neighboring chiefs to reinforce Yang Meng on schedule. After finding out the situation of the Burmese army, send troops to reinforce. In December, loyalists arrived in Tengyue (now Tengchong, Yunnan). Thinking that reinforcements were coming, he was extremely excited and ordered his leader Ulu to stab more than 10,000 troops into the rear of the Burmese army, leaving no way to provide them with food. He personally led the troops to ambush in the dangerous area of Sa Jia (in today's Myanmar) and lured the Burmese army to go deep. As expected, the Burmese army attacked Agatha, thinking that the wall was indestructible and surrendered without a fight. The Burmese army was unable to enter, and the route to provide food was cut off and it was in trouble. "I was hungry, so I brought gold and rice. I slaughtered elephants and horses. I peel bark and dig roots, the army suffers, and the dead pile up mountains. " Desperate, the Burmese army had to make peace with the west and was rejected. I thought of an emissary and asked for reinforcements to come quickly and annihilate the Burmese army. However, Wang Ning, the governor of Yunnan at that time, "it is a happy event to defend the border, so everything is calm." He was completely ignorant of the border situation and took a negative attitude towards fighting against the Burmese invasion. He was afraid that "the soldiers would make trouble quickly" and hurriedly told Luo Rufang not to send troops to reinforce. "Rufang took over the resentment, threw the debt on the ground and cursed," so she had to withdraw. I was disappointed to learn that the trapped Burmese army had escaped after waiting for a long time without reinforcements. "The troops chased it, chased it and killed it. The Burmese soldiers were defeated and there was no survivor." Although the Burmese army invaded Mengyang, it was a fiasco, but because the Ming government army failed to reinforce Sijia and destroy the invading Burmese army, "for a time, the people thought it was a big loss." Although the Burmese army occupied and controlled many areas on the Yunnan border, the Ming Dynasty was at a loss about the military situation on the Yunnan border. There were no chiefs who supported the active resistance to the Burmese invasion in the border areas, nor did they adopt the advice of people of insight.

In the fifth year of Wanli (1577), Chen Wensui became the governor of Yunnan. In view of the grim situation in the border areas, he put forward ten strategies, such as "cultivating foreigners, comforting three propaganda, establishing generals, building city walls", "aspiring to merchants" and "understanding things according to the current situation and realizing them". In the sixth year of Wanli (1578), the Ming Dynasty also "sent envoys to the west (Mengyang) to capture Retty (according to the fact that the king of Myanmar at this time should be Bayinlang, which is recorded incorrectly here, the same below), and skillfully returned Retty with gold coins" and "comforted it in good faith". But the king of Myanmar did not accept the feelings of the Ming Dynasty. "If you bring it back, Myanmar won't thank you." Because the Ming Dynasty adopted a palliative policy towards the expansion of Xu Dong's power and did not strengthen the border defense, the patriotic chieftain who fought against Myanmar in Yunnan was in an unfavorable situation of isolation and helplessness, but the Burmese army was able to make a comeback and take advantage of it. In the seventh year of Wanli (1579), the Burmese army attacked Meng Yang again. "If you think you are defeated and don't help, you will take a leap, break it halfway and send it to Switzerland" and "unyielding to be killed". As a result, Myanmar "does everything possible to raise land in Bangladesh". At this point, Mengmi, Mubang, Mengyang and other large areas of land were under the rule of Xu Dong Dynasty. Nevertheless, the Ming Dynasty did not take active countermeasures. On the contrary, in the eighth year of Wanli (1580), the governor of Yunnan, Rao Renkan, sent someone to surrender Myanmar, but the king of Myanmar ignored it. In the ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (158 1), King Ying Long of Myanmar died and his son Mang Yingli succeeded him. After he succeeded to the throne, he continued to expand northward.

In the first month of the 11th year of Wanli (1583), the Burmese army burned and looted Shidian (now Shidian, Yunnan Province) and attacked Shunning (now Fengqing, Yunnan Province) and Zhanda (now Lianhua Street, Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province), which caused great damage to the local society. The Burmese army attacked the city and plundered the land in Yunnan, killing people and setting fires, and even went deep into Shunning House to spy on Tengyue, Yongchang, Dali (now Dali, Yunnan), Hua Meng (now Weishan, Yunnan) and Jingdong (now Jingdong, Yunnan), which shocked the Ming court. Yunnan local authorities rushed to take action to deal with the invasion of Myanmar. Mu Changzuo, the company commander guarding Yunnan, moved from Kunming to Erhai Lake, and Governor Liu Shizeng also moved to Chuxiong (now Chuxiong, Yunnan) to mobilize tens of thousands of troops. He ordered Zhao Rui to participate in Mongolian politics, served as an agreement Hu Xindi in Tengchong, Yang Jixi in Yongchang, and Lu Tongxiao in Zhaozhou (now Fengyi, Yunnan), and parted ways with Fu Chongjiang and Hu Dabin, the agreements of the prison army. At the same time, Liu Shizeng, the governor of Yunnan, and Dong Yu, the governor of Yunnan, wrote to the court together, requesting Zhong Jun and Liu Ge of Nanying to fight guerrilla warfare for Tengyue, and Deng Zilong of Wuxun, a native of Yongchang, rushed to the front line and fought back with all his might. At this time, the king of Myanmar "should also meet Myanmar, Mengyang, Mengmi, Mamo and Longchuan soldiers in Mengmao (now Ruili, Yunnan) in the west, meet 800 soldiers in Dongshe and Meng Liang (now northeast Myanmar, the government is in Jingdong, Myanmar), meet Mubang soldiers in Meng Yan (north of Xingwei, Myanmar), and then meet with others to invade Yao Guan". Liu Ting and Deng Zilong's troops, with the cooperation of the local toast army, defeated the Burmese army in Panzhihua, south of Yaoguan, killed Gengma toast Chien Han and Wandian toast Jingzong Town, and captured Jingzong's younger brother Zongcai alive.

After Panzhihua's victory, Deng Zilong issued a proclamation, calling on Tusi to "be my enemy" and "make meritorious deeds", "be loyal to Mu Yi, go to the enemy with perverse force, or help soldiers to do official business or help soldiers to serve soldiers; For me, I will be quiet, because I will take my party with me, because I will be stabbed to death in my account, because I will cover up my experience, because I will attack my invasion and set a way for me to return. " Chien Han's sons, Zhao Han and Zhao Se, fled to Sanjian Mountain (in present-day Gengmaxi). Together with their uncle, they arranged more than 500 poisonous crossbowmen to fight back against the steep mountain. Deng Zilong learned about the mountain road from the local Pu people, ordered Bijiang and other ethnic minority troops to attack the enemy's lair, and set an ambush behind the mountain, attacking from front to back, and captured more than 30 people, including Zhao Se and Han Lao, and killed more than 500 people. Then Deng Zilong's army recovered Wandian and Gengma. The army led by Liu Zhui went straight into Longchuan occupied by Yue Feng in AD 1583 and AD 65438+February. When the army was besieged, Yue Feng knew that the tide was over and ordered his wife and Bubu to surrender first. In the name of sending Yue Feng's wife back to Longchuan, Liu Ting sent troops to Shamu Longshan in the east of Longchuan, occupied the dangerous place and led the army to Longchuan. Knowing that he could not escape, in the twelfth year of Wanli (1584), Yue Feng surrendered to Liu Tingjun, "giving all the books, silver, umbrellas, armour, saddles and pythons, and giving him a fake one". A few days ago, Burmese generals fled on elephants, leaving only dozens of Burmese to stay in Longchuan. Liu Ge's troops successfully occupied Longchuan, and "seized Myanmar books, Myanmar bowls, Myanmar silver, Myanmar umbrellas, Myanmar clothes, python teeth, armor, swords and guns, pommel horses and many other clothes". After Liu Tingjun occupied Longchuan, he advanced with victory and divided his forces to attack in three ways, but it was quite difficult for the chieftain to defeat and surrender. Liu Ge put forward five conditions and asked him to give an answer within five days: first, capture the accompanying minister alive and send him away; The second is to hand over the seal of Han and Ganya; The third is to give the seal issued by the king of Myanmar; The fourth is to repatriate captured residents; The fifth is to recruit Yang Meng. The barbarian chieftain had to accept the surrender condition. "Capture 18 Burmese, like a human head and five horses. The chieftain of Myanmar gave a horse to the puppet customs so as to present it to the army." Then, Liu Ge's army recovered Yang Meng and Menglian (now Menglian). Liu Ge defeated the Burmese army, and after being influenced by Cantonese style, he "feared the Burmese people, and the wind followed." As Mubang Hanfeng and Xunxi (Yang Meng) said, they both killed Myanmar envoys and surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. Meng Mishun also sent his younger brother to surrender and presented an elephant and a seal issued by the king of Myanmar. In February of the 12th year of Wanli (1584), Liu Ting built an altar in Weiyun (now Ruiheng Mountain, Man Cang, Myanmar), including Meng Yang, Cudgel, Xuanwei Ambassador of Longchuan and Mengmi Anfu Ambassador. The oath is: Six Wei Tuokai and Three Xuan restore the hearts of foreigners, beg for tribute, wash Jia, Jinsha hide knives and think caves, and the Ming army has surrendered here. Liu chased after "correcting foreigners, donating blood, setting the longitudinal direction of Lian Heng, and consulting together" and invaded Awa (near Mandalay, Myanmar). Mangzhuo, commander of Awami Army, clashed with the king of Myanmar and surrendered to Liu Ge.

When the king of Myanmar learned about it, he sent his troops to attack Mangshao. At this time, the Ming army has returned, and the burning army cannot be defeated. They abandoned the city and died in Xiangpu Village (belonging to Ganya Fu Xuan Company, in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province today). Myanmar King Mang Yingli sent his son Mang to guard Awa. In May of the 12th year of Wanli (1854), the Burmese army invaded again, captured Mengmi and surrounded five chapters. The Ming army, led by general Gao and 500 people, rescued and defeated tens of thousands of enemy troops, which made great contributions. From the 11th year to the 12th year of Wanli (1583- 1584), the self-defense counterattack of the Ming army ended in victory, and the forces of the Xu Dong dynasty were basically driven out of Mubang, Mengyang, Mamo and other vast areas. Yue Feng, a Burmese traitor, and his son Wu Xiang were escorted back to Beijing to be executed, and the leaders of the border areas returned to the Ming Dynasty. In September of the 12th year of Wanli, the North Korean government upgraded the appeasement department of Mengmi to Fu Xuan, and added two appeasement departments of Manmo, Gengma, Menglian and Yang Meng, with 2,000 households in Yaoguan and Menglin Village (both named Zhen 'an), and set up the General Administration Office in Manmo, appointed Liu Ge as the deputy chief of staff of the General Staff, joined forces in the forest garden, and moved to Manmo. In order to deal with the elephants of the Burmese army, Liu Ting also bought an elephant to "fight the horses". These measures have consolidated Yunnan's border defense and enhanced its ability to resist the invasion of the Burmese army.

In the 13th year of Wanli (1585), the Ming government ordered Akio's car on the Tusi tree in Yuanjiang to announce the magic sword. During the Jiajing period, the car had a "big car to go to Myanmar and a small car to go to China". Under the situation that the Ming army won the self-defense counterattack against Myanmar, "glutinous rice suddenly returned and offered training elephants, gold screens and ivory objects to apologize." In this case, the Ming dynasty resumed his position as an envoy in the car.

In the winter of the 13th year of Wanli (1585), Manchu Anfu made Si Shun dissatisfied with the bribery and extortion of Liu Ge and his Ministry, and defected to the Xu Dong dynasty in Myanmar. The king of Myanmar sent a minister to occupy it. Yang Meng is also secretly attached to Myanmar. Cai Li, a local official in Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, thought that the invasion of the Burmese army could not be stopped until Mamo and Mengyang were recovered, so he sent people to successfully recruit chiefs from these two places. There are two cities in Mengyang, Miqiang and Su Song (both cities are south of Meng Yang in Myanmar today), which are still occupied by the Burmese army. In the 15th year of Wanli (1587), Yang Meng Tusi Siwei wanted to recapture these two cities, so he contacted Meng Mihua and Mamo Si Shun to join the army and asked the Ming army for help. The provincial judges cooperated with the guerrilla Liu Paiming's army. The Ming army sent many flags of the Ming army to Meng, bluffing and confusing the enemy. The two armies met in the waves. Seeing the flags of the Ming army everywhere, the Burmese army "thought that the Han Chinese (here refers to the regular army of the Ming Dynasty) soldiers had arrived, which was a big surprise." The Ming army and the Tusi soldiers pursued the victory, killed more than a thousand people and hacked to death the commander of the Burmese general. Recover the dense blockade and transportation speed of the two cities. Sandor, another Burmese general, fled back to Awa. In the 16th year of Wanli (1588), Meng Mishong and Mamo Sishun defected to Myanmar again. Before that, the Ming government had decided to take No.4 Middle School as the emissary of Meng Mi and Si Shun as the emissary of Man Meng. As the two men voted in Myanmar, the Ming government asked Han Hong, the mother of No.4 Middle School, and Han Song, the mother of Si Shun, to take over the national seal instead of their sons. In September this year, the Burmese army invaded and occupied Mengmi. In the seventeenth year (1589), Yang Meng Tusi died, and the Ming Dynasty appointed his son Philip Burkart as the special envoy of Yang Meng. The following year, the Burmese army invaded Yang Meng and breached the fierce arch (now the fierce arch in Myanmar). Philip Burkart and his son fled to Zada (now Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province). 1 1 month, the Burmese army attacked Meng Guang (in present-day Myanmar) under the jurisdiction of Mengmi Fu Xuan, and Hanbak fled to Longchuan. The Burmese army attacked Longchuan and was repelled. 19 (159 1) In February, in view of the frequent invasion by the Burmese army, Deng Zilong, who had made great contributions to Myanmar in the previous year and was familiar with foreigners, was brought into use in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Burmese army surrounded Mamo, and Mamo Tusi hurried to the Ming court. Deng Zilong led the troops to Luobu Temple Village (now south of lianghe county, Yunnan). Because of the hot weather, the army was inconvenient to move, so General Wan led his troops to Mamu at night and lit torches everywhere. The Burmese army thought that the Ming army had arrived and retreated. In the 20th year of Wanli (1592), the Burmese army invaded Mamo again, Huasi fled to Lianshan Mountain (in Longchuan County, Yunnan Province), Deng Zilong stationed troops in Lian Deng, and the Burmese army entered and covered it (in Yunnan Province). Deng Zilong fought the Burmese army in the Kazakh-controlled area, killing hundreds of enemies. The Ming army killed generals Li Chao and Yue Shun. Burmese troops retreated to sandbars. The Ming army could not attack because there were no ships. After a month of stalemate between the two armies, the Burmese army retreated.

At the end of the 21st century of Wanli (1593), the Burmese army invaded on a large scale, claiming to have an army of 300,000 and a hundred elephants. After the Burmese army invaded Mamo, the troops were divided into three ways, attacking Lhasa (in Longchuan County, Yunnan Province), Shefang, mangshi (in Luxi, Yunnan Province) and Cunninghamia lanceolata. Longchuan Tusi did not want to retreat into Mengmao (now Ruili, Yunnan). At that time, the governor of Yunnan, Chen Yongbin, was determined to run the frontier defense. He was in Yongchang when the Burmese army invaded heavily. In order to repel the Burmese army, he led the army straight into Longchuan and ordered Wang Yilin to recapture the oil refining. Lu Chengjiao, a member of the China Army, took charge of the money, money, and envoys (severiano reija, money, money, and money were all in the territory of Manmo appeasement Department). Ming junshi got off to a successful start and recovered Mamo. However, due to the thought of underestimating the enemy, he was eager to move forward and was ambushed by the Burmese army. Ningzhou (now Huaning, Yunnan) plunged its mount into the mud and was killed by the Burmese army. The last two battalions had to retreat because the striker lost. The Burmese army is also unable to pursue. In the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), in order to strengthen the border defense, Chen Yongbin built eight passes on the northwest-southwest border of Tengyue Prefecture, and the zero pass was dozens to hundreds of miles away from the then China-Myanmar border. These eight passes are Shenhu Pass (located on Mengka Mountain in the northwest of Tengchong County, Yunnan Province), Wanchuguan Pass (located on Buha Mountain in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province), Jushi Pass (located on Xima Mountain in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province), Tongbi Pass (located on Buha Mountain in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province), Tiebi Pass (located on Buha Mountain in the northwest of Longchuan County, Yunnan Province) and Hujuguan Pass, Hanlong Pass and Hanlong Pass. The Burmese army disturbed the Eight Pass several times, defected to the chieftain of Mengmao, Myanmar, and killed Tianma and Hanlong. Qi Wenchang, the magistrate of Guangnan (now Guangnan, Yunnan Province), sent Han Qin, a Mubang chieftain, to kill Duo 'an and reclaim land in Mengmao Daxing. While strengthening the border defense, Chen Yongbin sent people to contact and force Romania to attack Myanmar, forcing Romania to verbally agree, but Myanmar was still very strong and did not dare to send troops.

In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), the Burmese army invaded Mamo and was repelled. Wu Xianzhong, a member of the Ming army, killed the Burmese general C. The Ming Dynasty still appointed Huasi as the peace ambassador. From 24 to 26 years of Wanli (2596- 1598), Mang Yingli's rule was in crisis, and the border between China and Myanmar was once calm. Because Mang Yingli invaded China, he launched five wars to invade Romania from 1584 to 1593, but all failed. 1596, the Romanian army began to counterattack. In the following years, the Mongols in southern Myanmar rose up and rebelled against the rule of Mang Yingli, and the feudal lords in Awa, Dongyu, Beimiao and Liangyuan also declared independence one after another. Mang Yingli's rule was full of crises and he was unable to invade our Yunnan border. This is what Bao Jianjie said in (Myanmar): "After that, (Myanmar) was repeatedly forced to go to Romania, shocked (attacked by the Meng family, exhausted, no longer guilty!"

When Mang Yingli's rule was in crisis, Mang Yingli's younger brother Liang took the opportunity to expand his influence in the north and invaded China and Yunnan. In the twenty-seventh year of Wanli (1599), his army attacked Mengyang and was repelled by the Ming army. Since then, Yang Meng Tusi Sihong and Mamoxi "fought against Burma according to risks". In the thirty years of Wanli (1602), the Burmese army dispatched hundreds of thousands of troops to attack in order to seize the treasure well (jade mining mine) in Mengmi and other places. Mammoth could not fight the enemy, so he fled into Tengyue for help. The Burmese army chased Huanglian Pass, which is only 30 miles away from Tengyue. In Enemy at the Gates, the Burmese army, the defenders in the city could not repel the enemy. In desperation, the Yunnan envoys Ji Wenchang and Kong Xianqing had to kill Sizheng and give his arm to the Burmese army. When the Burmese army attacked Sizheng, Meng Yangsi bombarded Zeng Xingbing for help, but when his army arrived, Sizheng had been killed. The Burmese army occupied Mamo again.

In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), the Burmese army attacked Mengmi and bombed Mengfu for conscription. Sihong refused Myanmar's request and arrested Lai Shi. So the Burmese army attacked Mengyang, thinking that the troops were defeated and died. In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606), 300,000 Burmese troops attacked the wooden stick, but the Ming army failed to help, and the wooden stick fell. Chen Yongbin was jailed and killed. In the thirty-four years of Wanli, the Sino-Burmese war basically stopped. This is because: in China, the rule of the Ming Dynasty was in crisis, and it was no longer able to recover the vast areas occupied by Myanmar; In Myanmar, in the thirty-third year of Wanli (1605), Liang died and his son An Bilong succeeded him. After occupying Mubang in China, he marched south and fought a war to unify Myanmar.

The Sino-Burmese war between Jiajing and Wanli lasted for half a century. Although the scale of this war was small, it was a protracted war between ancient China and its neighboring countries. The main battlefield was in the "land of the southwest pole" of China at that time.