Who can help me get English information about coffee?

The origin of coffee tree and coffee consumption is generally recognized in Africa, and the specific areas are different, but most people think it is in Ethiopia, an ancient civilization in East Africa. There is no consensus about the time when coffee originated.

In the history of the discovery, origin and utilization of coffee, there is a magical story that has spread widely, which I think is more in line with the facts. A long time ago, when Kaldi, a shepherd boy in Kaifa, southwest Ethiopia, was driving his sheep through a forest, his sheep were eating red fruits on a large bush by the roadside. (1) Caldi was surprised to find that the goat was so excited after eating the red fruit that even the old goat ran and jumped like a little goat. The shepherd boy felt strange and picked some fruits and tasted them. As a result, I became very excited and energetic, and I couldn't help dancing. This is how coffee (fruit is edible and refreshing) was discovered. (2) People call this kind of fruit "Kefa", which is a local place name. After a long period of inheritance and evolution, it has become today's "coffee". After the discovery of coffee, people only picked wild fruits to eat at first, and then slowly began to cultivate them artificially. In the way of eating, it was first chewed with meat and core (that is, coffee seeds-coffee beans), and later it was improved to soak coffee nuts in water or boil water to drink. ④ At first, it was mainly used for religious activities in religious circles, doctors' treatment and patients' rehabilitation. There are Christianity, Judaism and later Islam in Ethiopia-Red Sea region. Pastors, monks and believers of various religions are full of energy after chewing coffee nuts or drinking coffee water, and will not doze off during religious ceremonies held all night. Patients can also restore some spirits by chewing or drinking.

The consumption and picking of coffee gradually spread to the very narrow Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula. The Encyclopedia of China Agricultural Rolls and Coffee Bar and the Encyclopedia of China Agriculture Crop Rolls and Coffee Bar say that Arabs began to grow and chew coffee in the 6th century BC, but they have no examples and literature sources, which is not credible. Moreover, judging from the history of social development, the Arabs on the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century BC (if there were "Arabs" at that time) were still in the barbaric era of primitive society. If they had cultivated at that time, they could only grow grain, vegetables and multi-purpose crops such as dates, wheat and melons, but could not grow medicinal, hobby and leisure crops such as coffee. Because the productivity level at that time only allowed them to grow those crops to ensure that they were not so hungry and survived. According to the new edition of Encyclopedia of American Coffee Bars, Arabs began to grow edible (chewing) coffee in the 6th century AD ... ⑤ Some scholars even made the time and place of coffee planting and utilization accurate to the time when it was planted in Yemen in 575 AD. I think it is relatively credible that coffee was planted in the 6th century. Inferred from this, Ethiopians discovered the use of coffee a long time ago, or two or three centuries ago, that is, around the third century AD. Lazes (865-932), an Arab physician in the 9th-/Kloc-0th/0th century, explicitly mentioned coffee for the first time in the literature, that is, it was recorded that someone mashed the dried coffee fruit and then decocted it with water for drinking as medicine.

First, the identification of the origin of coffee, coffee trees and the origin of coffee consumption is in Africa, and the specific places are different, but most people think that it is in Ethiopia, an ancient country in East Africa. There is no agreement about the time origin of coffee. In the history of the discovery, origin and use of coffee, there is a mysterious story that is very popular, and I think it is also true. Long, long ago, Carl, a shepherd boy in keffa, northwest Ethiopia, caught up with his sheep and went through the Woods when he arrived in kaldi. His sheep were eating red fruits in a large shrub on the roadside. (1) Carl En happened to find that the big wild cat was very excited after eating red fruit, and even the old goat liked to run and jump as much as the little goat. The shepherd boy felt strange, so he picked some fruits and tasted them. The results have also become very exciting, full of energy, and I can't help but dance. Coffee (fruit can be eaten and stimulated) was discovered in this way. (2) People named this fruit "keffa" as the local place, and later it spread and evolved into today's "coffee" after a long time. After the discovery of coffee, people only picked wild fruits to eat at first, and (3) later, they slowly began to grow artificially. In the way of eating, at first, it was chewing food with meat and core (that is, coffee beans-coffee beans), and later it developed into making coffee nuts or boiling drinks. (4) At first, it was mainly used for religious activities in religious circles, doctors' treatment and patients' rehabilitation. There are Christianity and Judaism in Ethiopia-Red Sea area, and later Judaism. Pastors, members and believers of various religions, after chewing coffee nuts or drinking coffee water, are very energetic and don't doze off during all-night religious activities. Patients also chew or drink coffee to refresh themselves. The consumption of coffee gradually crossed the extremely narrow Red Sea and spread to Arabian Peninsula. Encyclopedia of China Agronomy Volume Coffee Roll and Encyclopedia of China Agronomy Volume Coffee Roll say that Arabs began to grow chewing coffee in the 6th century BC, but they have no illustrations and literature sources, which is not very credible. In addition, from the perspective of social development history, the Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century BC (if there was "Arabia" at that time) were also savages in primitive society. If they had a seeder for agricultural cultivation at that time, they could only grow multi-purpose crops such as dates, grains, vegetables, wheat, melons and vegetables, but it was impossible to grow coffee, an amateur medicinal and recreational crop. Because the productivity level at that time only allowed them to grow these crops to ensure that they would starve less and survive. According to the new edition of encyclopedia americana Coffee Bar, Arabs began to grow edible (chewing) coffee in the 6th century A.D.. (5) Some scholars also used the time and place of coffee to start cultivation accurately until it was planted in Yemen in 575 AD. (6) I think it is more credible to start planting coffee in the 6th century after AD. Inferred from this, Ethiopians found that coffee was used for a long time before this, or in the 23rd century before this, that is, about the 3rd century. In the 9th-/Kloc-0th/0th century AD, the Arab physician Rhazes (865-932) explicitly mentioned coffee for the first time in the literature, that is, it was recorded that some people ground coffee nuts into water and used them to decoct and drink as medicine.

Third, the spread of coffee and cafe culture in the world.

When Europeans and people from other countries come into contact with coffee and drinks, some people like it soon. Businessmen and the bourgeoisie are more greedy for the benefits and profits brought by coffee. However, in the era of geographical discovery (the end of 15- 17), Europe or any other empire had no military advantage over Ottoman Turkey (it should be noted that Turkey even besieged Vienna twice in 1529 and 1683). It is also impossible to obtain coffee seedlings through military violence (such as defeating the local army, occupying a certain place, and taking away local coffee trees and coffee nuts). In the face of Turkey's strict control policy, it can neither be legally imported nor armed robbery; So people have to try to "steal", which leads to many interesting stories about coffee. 16 16 years, the Dutch escaped the strict inspection of Turkey from the Yemeni port of Moka and smuggled out a coffee seedling. (2) They sailed on the new route opened by the Portuguese, bypassing the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel to return home. However, the climate and soil in Europe are not suitable for the growth of tropical and subtropical plants, so the Dutch have to cultivate it as an experimental tree in the greenhouse. 1656 Dutch invasion of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 1658, the Dutch planted coffee seedlings in the fields on Ceylon Island, which was a success. (3)1603, the Dutch established the first trading post and colonial stronghold in Java, Indonesia. 16 19, the Dutch occupied Jakarta and changed its name to Batavia. 1696, the Dutch brought coffee seedlings and seeds from Malabard, a coastal area in southwestern India, and planted them in the plantation in Batavia, Java. After some twists and turns, I finally succeeded and soon benefited. ④

However, the coffee forest in southwest India was not introduced by the Dutch or other western Europeans, but by a local named Baba Budan in the 1930s. As a devout Muslim, Baba Budan has been to Mecca, the holy city of Islam. When he came back, he put seven germinated coffee beans (seeds) close to his stomach, escaped the inspection of the Turks and successfully "stole" back to his hometown in southwestern India. Since then, coffee has taken root in South Asia. ⑤

To sum up, Ethiopians in East Africa discovered coffee, Arabs cultivated coffee, people in China promoted the transformation of coffee from a psychotropic drink to a popular drink, Turks invented the most authentic and scientific drinking method of coffee, and people in South Asia also participated in the spread of coffee. It can be seen that coffee can become one of the three major beverages in the world, and people in Africa, Asia and Europe have contributed greatly. However, it is the European people who love coffee the most, develop cafes (culture) the most and spread coffee the farthest.

16 15 Venetian merchants shipped imported coffee beans back to Venice to open cafes. [3](P 1 1) This is probably the first coffee shop in Europe. However, cafe owners use imported Turkish coffee instead of coffee grown in Italy. 1650, the first British coffee shop appeared in Oxford, England. 1652, the coffee shop appeared in London. [4](N78- 179) 1643, the first coffee shop was opened in Paris, and in 1650, a coffee shop was also opened in Marseille. [4] (p161)1684, the first coffee shop appeared in Vienna. [4](P52) From the end of 65438 to the beginning of 2008, cafes mushroomed in Europe, especially in Western Europe, and spread rapidly.

Since then, drinking coffee has been added to the social life and customs in Europe (including later North America), and cafes have also been added to the streets. People relax, chat, watch simple cultural performances, talk about business, talk about the countryside, eat snacks and fall in love in cafes, and cafes have become a western-style leisure place comparable to China teahouses. Some literati, writers and artists soak in cafes to conceive their own works; Some politicians are active in cafes, some criminals plan crimes in cafes, and some prostitutes solicit customers in cafes ... cafes have become an important social place for Europeans and Americans.

Third, the spread of coffee in the world and coffee culture. After people in Europe and other countries came into contact with coffee drinks, some people immediately liked it. Businessmen and property covet the benefits and profits of coffee. However, during the period of geographical discovery (1end of 5th century-1end of 7th century), Europe or any other empire had no military advantage over Ottoman Turkey (note that Turkey even laid siege to Svenner twice in 1683 and 1529). It is also impossible to obtain coffee seeds by military violence (for example, to occupy some places and rob local coffee trees and coffee fruits for defense). In the face of Turkey's strict control policy, it can neither legally import nor rob with guns; So people have to try to "steal", thus deducing many interesting stories about coffee. 16 16, the Dutch hid a Turkish smuggled coffee seedling from the Muha port in Yemen. (2) They sailed on a new route opened by Portugal, and toured back to China through Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and English Channel. However, the climate and soil in Europe are not suitable for the growth of tropical and subtropical plant coffee tree, so Du Qi had to cultivate it as an experimental tree in greenhouse. 1656 Dutch invasion of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka). 1658 The Dutch planted coffee seedlings in the field on Sri Lanka Island and succeeded. (3) 1603 The Dutch established the first commercial settlement on Java Island in Indonesia. 16 19 The Dutch invaded Jakarta and renamed it Batavia. End in. After twists and turns, it successfully closed and quickly gained profit. (4) However, the coffee plantations in northwest India were not spread by Dutch or other westerners, but by people called BabaBudan by local people, and spread to the 1930s 17 century. As an out-and-out Muslim religion, Bhutanese are anxious to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city of Iraq. When he stuck seven germinated coffee beans (seeds) tightly to Belle, he escaped the inspection of the Turks and successfully "stole" it back to his hometown in northwest India. From this time on, coffee began to take root in South Asia. (5) In summary, we can know that the Ethiopians in East Africa discovered coffee, the Arabs planted coffee, the China people upgraded coffee from a sacred drink to a popular drink, the Turks scientifically invented the most orthodox drinking method of coffee, and South Asians also participated in the spread of coffee. It can be seen that coffee can become one of the three major drinks in the world, and people in Africa, Asia and Europe have contributed to it. However, it is the European people who cherish coffee the most and carry it forward and spread it further. 16 15 Venetian merchants shipped back imported coffee beans, and Venice started coffee business. [3] (P 1 1) This is probably the first coffee shop in Europe. However, cafe owners use imported Turkish coffee instead of coffee grown in Italy. 1650, the first British cafe appeared in Oxford, England. [4] (n78- 179) In 1643, the first cafe was opened in Paris, and in 1650, a cafe was also opened in Marseille. [4] (p161)1684, the first coffee shop appeared in Vienna. [4] (P52) From1the end of the 7th century to1the beginning of the 8th century, cafes have mushroomed in major cities in Europe, especially in western Europe, and gained rapid popularity. Since then, drinking coffee has been added to the social life and customs in Europe (including later North America), and many cafes on the street are this landscape. People relax, chat, watch simple theatrical performances, talk about business, talk about the country, eat snacks and fall in love in cafes. Cafes have become a western-style leisure place comparable to China teahouses. Some writers, writers and artists have formed their own works while making coffee; Some politicians are active in cafes, some criminals are planning crimes in cafes, and some women in brothels are also soliciting customers in cafes ... Cafes have become an important social place for Europeans and Americans.

According to the Arabic literature "The Origin of Coffee" in the16th century, in the13rd century, a Muslim imam, Sheikh Omar, was convicted, and Mocha people fled from Yemen to Osaba. On the way, he saw a bird eating red fruit from a roadside tree, so he also tried to pick up some boiled water to drink. Small fruit has a wonderful taste, and after drinking it, drowsiness and fatigue will be eliminated immediately. So the instructions for drinking coffee nuts were given to some pe children who were ill at the beginning of their lives. Australia will return to Mocha after its coming out in the future, and then advise it by drinking coffee fruit. (65438+ 0) Omatham, you found that the legend of coffee is very popular in the Arab region. I think this legend is more than ten points: First, Omatham, you may be the person who independently discovered the consumption of wild coffee. He may have discovered different wild species as soon as he planted them. It has been proved that coffee has different wild species and development in this basic plant, such as small fruit-coffee arabica, medium fruit-basket coffee (C. canephora) and large fruit-Liberian coffee (C.1Iberia); [1] (P258-259) Second, Omar Suliyou may be one of the earliest people who tried to grow coffee in Arabia; Third, Omar Sam, you are one of the people who promote coffee consumption and cultivation. As we know, agriculture in the Arab region was also quite developed in the Middle Ages, and a large number of multi-purpose crops such as dates and other crops were planted. After Arabs know that coffee can be eaten and drunk and has miraculous effects. It is difficult to convince people by reasoning without artificial cultivation. Therefore, I guess that coffee has been planted sporadically in Yemen since the 6th century, and it has occasionally been watched, researched and planted, especially from Austria to field planting in the 3rd century. 1454, the Muslim dynasty in Yemen officially announced that it was allowed to drink and grow coffee. (2) This shows that coffee cultivation has been going on for a long time before this, and it has reached a certain scale. Since then, coffee and drinks have been widely planted and used in the vast Arab region.

Coffee was discovered by Ethiopians in ancient Africa and cultivated by Arabs in the Middle Ages. In the late Middle Ages, China promoted the transformation of coffee from medicinal to popular leisure drinks, Turks invented authentic and scientific drinking methods of coffee, and Indians participated in the spread of coffee. In the era of geographical discovery (from the end of 15 to the end of 17), Europeans spread coffee all over the world; Since then, coffee shop culture has developed most prosperously. Therefore, people in Africa, Asia and Europe have all contributed to the development of coffee as one of the three major beverages in the world today. Coffee was introduced to China in the late Qing Dynasty, and the Republic of China gained a firm foothold in China. Since the reform and opening up, drinking coffee has become popular in China and gradually formed its own coffee culture.

In ancient Africa, Ethiopians discovered coffee, and in the Middle Ages, Arabs cultivated coffee. In the late Middle Ages, China upgraded coffee from gourmet drink to popular leisure drink, Turks adopted the orthodox scientific drinking method of coffee, and Indians participated in the spread of coffee. In the era of geographical discovery (from the end of15th century to the end of17th century), Europe spread coffee to all parts of the world. Since then, cafe culture has flourished. Therefore, people in Africa, Asia and Europe have contributed to the development of coffee and one of the three major drinks in the world today. Yat sen villa coffee spread to China, and the Republic of China stood firm in Huayi. Since the reform and opening up, coffee drinking has become popular in China and gradually formed its own coffee culture.