Fridtjof Nansen, a Nordic Norwegian explorer.

The original text is from Nordic Chinese Station.

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Fridtjof Nansen (186 1- 1930) is a national hero in the eyes of the Norwegians. He was born near Oslo, Norway in 186 1 and later died in his birthplace. As a politician, Nansen was the head of the Norwegian delegation to the League of Nations after the First World War. As a philanthropist, he is the winner of 1922 Nobel Peace Prize. As a writer, his works are very famous in Norway. As a professor at Chris Chinnia University, an oceanographer and an Arctic explorer, he made four expeditions in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean (1910-1914). Among them, Fridtjof Nansen's brief introduction, his extraordinary courage and brilliant achievements in Arctic exploration, make the Norwegians most proud. One day in June 1884 1 1, some Norwegian newspapers published a report, which mainly involved the wreckage of the American expedition ship "Janet" that sank three years ago on the southwest coast of Greenland. Because it was not clear at that time whether the Arctic was a continent or an ocean, people could not help asking: What made these wrecks drift from North America more than 2,000 miles away to Northern Europe? A meteorologist once boldly assumed that this was the result of an unknown ocean current. Science comes from doubt and conjecture. It was this meteorologist's idea that inspired the young Norwegian scientist Nansen's strong desire to explore the truth. Nansen deduced from this that there must be a route to the North Pole between Siberia and Greenland, perhaps the route of drifting ice.

Taking risks for learning and devoting oneself to science is the embodiment of the persistent spirit of scientists engaged in scientific research. Because of this, Nansen decided to go rafting by boat, and he would use ocean currents to explore the North Pole. In order to prepare for the expedition, he first chose to do adaptive exercise in Greenland, ski across Greenland and investigate the unknown inland. In this regard, many people think that this is a reckless pursuit of fame and reputation. A Norwegian humorous newspaper sarcastically said, "What a wonderful performance! Nansen will hold a ski show in Greenland. There are plenty of good seats in the ice cracks, so you don't have to buy tickets. " Even Norway, which has always supported Arctic exploration, turned a deaf ear to Nansen's exploration plan and refused to provide him with activities funds. However, Nansen is a man who is willing to sacrifice everything for the scientific career he pursues. Therefore, he was adventurous and didn't give up completely because of his cold reception in Norway. Instead, I went to Denmark, across the sea from Norway, to raise funds for the expedition, and I got strong support from Denmark and civil society. 1In the summer of 888, Nansen took five assistants and started an amazing expedition across the Arctic. After landing on the desolate east coast of Greenland, Nansen and his party traveled more than 400 miles on skis, which took more than two months. Before winter came, they successfully passed through the ice sheet covering most of Greenland's inland, and finally arrived at Kinhope Port on the west coast of Greenland exhausted. Greenland is the largest island in the world, with an area of 2410.5 thousand square kilometers, but 80% of the island is wrapped in thick ice, and no one is seen all year round.

Exploring Greenland is an unprecedented human feat created by Nansen. The following spring, when Nansen returned to Norway, the Norwegians began to be proud of him and welcomed him as a hero. At this time, he lost no time in proposing an Arctic exploration plan to relevant Norwegian institutions. Nansen's action arrangement is to build a special expedition ship and let it drift northward with the ice on the frozen sea surface in northern Siberia in order to investigate the frozen Arctic region. Nansen predicted that the whole exploration process would take about two or three years. Although many people have doubts about this expedition plan, the public trusts Nansen because he crossed Greenland, and has high hopes for him, hoping that this expedition will win Norway the honor of reaching the North Pole as soon as possible. Backed by this sense of national honor, the exploration funds were successfully settled. Norway provided him with most of the funds he needed, and public fundraising accounted for 1/3 of the total funds. Even King Oscar of Norway donated 20,000 kronor. After the funding problem was solved, Nansen began to prepare for the specific Arctic exploration. The first thing we need is to build a special adventure ship that can withstand the pressure of ice, because sailing in the Arctic Ocean, adventure ships are not afraid of cold and drifting ice, but are squeezed by huge floating ice near the North Pole. These floating ice cubes flow down the river, sometimes freezing, sometimes separating and squeezing each other with the high tide or low tide, which often makes the ship hard to prevent, and the squeezed ship can hardly bear the terrible pressure. The American expedition ship Janet was trapped by an ice floe and crashed into pieces and sank to the bottom of the sea.

Therefore, Nansen is convinced that the Arctic is not land, but sea. He hopes that if his expedition ship is trapped by an ice floe, it will rise upward after being squeezed and be squeezed onto the ice instead of being crushed. With the help of shipbuilding experts, Nansen designed and built a short and sturdy three-masted "Qianjin" expedition ship, with an actual length of about 128 feet. According to Nansen, the "Forward" research ship can break free like an eel when it is squeezed by ice, instead of being crushed. 1892, 10 year126 October, Nansen described it as follows: its bow, stern and keel are streamlined, so that ice cannot control any part of the hull; It can accommodate l3 people and enough food and fuel for five years; Moreover, in addition to the sail, it is also equipped with a steam engine as auxiliary power and a generator driven by a turbine, crank or windmill for winter use in the Arctic. Arctic Adventure Tour-China Travel Agency contributed to the Northern Aurora Borealis Tour in Norway, the Northern European Northern Aurora Borealis Tour Group, and the adventure tour route from Norway to the Arctic.

On June 24th 1893, "The gambling trip has begun!" Nansen led two expeditions composed of l3 members, boarded the "Forward" research ship, and began the expedition of sailing in the Arctic. When the "Forward" went north along the Norwegian Sea, passing ships fired guns or raised flags to pay tribute to it; People on the shore also cheered for the expedition. At the end of July, the "Forward" bypassed the northernmost part of Victoria and sailed for the vast Arctic Ocean. The farther north, the more ice floes there are, and the bigger the ice cubes are. The "Forward" bravely walked through the ice floes. Soon, through the sea fog on the horizon, a slender and dense ice edge loomed. Nansen made a decisive decision and commanded the research ship to sail to the ice edge. He wrote in his diary on September 24: "We are surrounded by thick ice, and there is melted ice slurry between the floating ice, which can quickly condense." The next day, he wrote: "We are frozen in the middle faster and faster. Now winter is coming. " At this time, Fridtjof Nansen said that there were no stormy waves around the "Forward" research ship, but an endless and rugged ice sheet. Everything became very monotonous, and the expedition began to drift with the tide. Nansen also wrote: "I really hope to restore an active lifestyle. I have to stay still every day, which will really drown people's souls. " This is not only the moment when Nansen got his wish at first, but also the moment when the adventure risk increased. These huge ice floes will be squeezed and collided at any time, resulting in unpredictable consequences. As expected, this happened on 10 10/0/9. Suddenly there was a loud noise, and the hull shook violently, as if it were an earthquake.

The ice layer broke, and the ice blocks overlapped and fluctuated in mutual extrusion, forming a strong extrusion pressure and attacking the research ship Qianjin. However, under such great pressure, as Nansen imagined, the "Forward" did not break in the extrusion, but was lifted up under pressure, completely safe and sound. This kind of danger happened again and again, and Nansen and his party gradually got used to it. Now, while following the ocean currents to the North Pole, they try their best to pass the monotonous days. Some players read all day, some bury themselves in writing, and some are busy hunting polar bears. Facing the charming scenery of the Arctic Ocean, Nansen was filled with emotion and vividly described the aurora phenomenon in vivid language like a poet: "The Northern Lights shook the silver veil under the sky, turning yellow, green and red for a while; It sometimes stretches, sometimes contracts, and changes endlessly; Then split into silver-like folded wave bands; The wave band shines with waves, and then the brilliance disappears completely. Soon, a glimmer of light can be seen on the zenith, swaying like a flame, and then a golden light rises straight from the horizon and gradually melts into the moonlight. At this moment, people seem to hear the sigh of a departing ghost. There are several wandering bands of light in the sky, as elusive as ominous signs. They are dust shaken from the shining cloak of the Northern Lights. However, now it is growing again, and the new' endless game' has begun again. There is always such silence, like a touching and eternal symphony. " At the same time, various scientific investigations have been gradually carried out. The expedition team mapped the route of the "Qianjin", carefully measured the temperature, salinity, depth and ocean current of the ocean, and dug out samples from the seabed. They record weather data every four hours and make astronomical observations every other day. Arctic adventure tour-Norwegian northern lights tour-adventure travel route from Norway to the North Pole

Nansen thought that the depth of the Arctic Ocean was limited, but now he put down the sounding line about 1000 feet long and didn't touch the seabed. The depth can be imagined. He gradually realized that in such a deep ocean, the actual ocean current is much weaker than originally expected, but the influence of the wind is greater. All this made the expedition feel even more uneasy. The voyage was originally planned to be completed in 2-5 years, but now it seems likely to take 7-9 years. During several months of exploration, the general direction of the "Forward" was northwest, but the hull was fast and slow, stopped and continued, and sometimes drifted in other directions with the tide. This brings another bigger trouble, that is, the drifting of ice floes may make the ship deviate from the North Pole. At the end of the next summer, Nansen, who was already nervous, came up with a bolder plan: he led an assistant to leave the frozen "Forward", used skis and dogs to pull sledges from the ice to the North Pole, and then returned home with islands scattered hundreds of miles south of the North Pole. Nansen wrote in his diary: "I would rather choose to fight and take risks, even if only for one day." He thought it would be no more difficult than crossing the Greenland ice sheet. According to last year's observation, the ice surface is the flattest from February to March, which is most suitable for dogs to pull sleds. In May, the ice sheet began to melt into pieces of ice floes, and the progress was bound to be blocked, so he decided to take action in February-March. Nansen's adventure plan was supported by everyone, and the players volunteered to take part in the adventure. He chose a naval officer named Fredrik Johansson as his assistant. On March 1895, 14, they set out with three sled dogs. At this time, the "Forward" is only 350 miles from the North Pole. The endless ice sheet is like a flat white marble planet, giving people an indescribable feeling. It is surrounded by mysterious beauty. Never has a ship been so close to the North Pole. At the beginning, the exploration activities went smoothly, and it could advance about 14 miles a day. Nansen estimates that it will be completed soon. Soon, however, they met countless ice ridges in succession. These ice ridges not only form an endless maze, which makes explorers dizzy, but also make it more difficult for them to move forward because sledges often overturn or even fail to move forward on the ice ridges. However, Nansen and Johnson braved difficulties and went forward bravely.

In April, the situation did not change much. Nathan was surprised to find that they didn't seem to be near the North Pole. They stayed where they were. Although they advance several miles every day, at night, when they measure against the constellations, they find that they actually stay where they were last night. After research, he understood the truth. It turned out that they were stepping on a huge grinding wheel, and the speed of the ice floe to the south almost offset their speed of advancing to the north. To this end, Nansen was worried and began to doubt whether they could reach the North Pole. He intended to use the power of nature to accomplish this pursuit, but it played a big joke on him. On April 8, Nansen finally gave up his plan to continue northward and spent the last night on the ice sheet at 8614 north latitude. The next morning, they turned south and headed for Franz Josephland, 400 miles away. From March 14 to April 8, during the 26-day arctic expedition, they walked 124 miles, leaving only 224 miles to reach the north pole. Although they didn't reach the North Pole in the end, this record is unprecedented. However, to Nansen's great surprise, the return trip was more difficult. They still have to deal with the same ice ridges and ice fields every day, and the mysterious beauty of the past has disappeared. He wrote: "When we saw the ice sheet in front of us, like countless ice ridges, ice lanes and huge ice mazes in Chen Zhe, it was difficult to get out, and our hearts were cold, thinking that we saw countless waves that suddenly froze. Sometimes it seems that creatures without wings can't go any further ... but in the end they can always find a way. " Thus, Arctic exploration is not only a test of human conquest of nature, but also a tempering of human psychology and will. Return to Sohu to see more.