Climate and resources in Taibai Mountain

The northern slope of Taibai Mountain in low mountain temperate monsoon climate zone is 800 ~ 1500m above sea level, which belongs to temperate monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is about 1 1℃, the active accumulated temperature is 3200 ~ 3500℃, the summer average temperature is 20 ~ 23℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 35 ~ 37℃. In winter, the average temperature in Leng Yue is -7 ~-2℃, and the freezing period of ice and snow is usually more than 3 months. Autumn precipitation accounts for 60 ~ 65% of the annual precipitation.

The temperate monsoon climate zone in Zhongshan is between1500 ~ 3000m above sea level, with no summer all year round, short spring and autumn, long winter, wet and cold climate, rainy and foggy. The average annual temperature is 6 degrees Celsius. The active accumulated temperature 1900 ~ 2500℃, the frost-free period is only about 140 days, the annual precipitation is as high as 750 ~ 1000 mm, and spring begins in late April or early May. The average temperature in May is 1 1 ~ 13℃, and the extreme maximum temperature can sometimes reach 30℃. But once the cold current strikes, the temperature will drop below 0℃, so there will still be snow on the shady slope. 10 snow begins from late September to early June, and it snows from June to the end of April in winter 10. The extreme minimum temperature is -25 ~- 12℃, and the snow is full, which sometimes cannot be melted in June and July of the following year. The annual relative humidity is 70 ~ 80%, so it is humid and foggy, with heavy rain and rime, which constitutes a wonderful and beautiful career. Therefore, Zhang Xu, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a beautiful sentence in the poem "Stay on the Mountain", "Although it is unfathomable and rainless, my clothes have been stained with Yun Shenchu".

The altitude of the alpine sub-cold zone is between 3,000 and 3,360 meters, and the climate is cold and humid. The annual average temperature is -2 ~- 1℃, and the annual precipitation is about 800 ~ 900 mm. From June to April of the following year, the average temperature is below 0℃, and the soil freezing period is as long as 7 ~ 8 months, with 9 months in winter all year round. From mid-June to mid-September, the average temperature is between 10 and 14℃. The upper limit of this belt is the upper limit of Taibai Mountain forest.

The alpine cold zone Taibai Mountain is above 3350 meters above sea level and has a cold climate. The climate in this area is cold and semi-humid, with no autumn, long winter, abrupt weather, strong wind and strong solar radiation. Sunny, cloudy, wind and rain change rapidly, fog often fills the air, and the mountains are flickering. The cold period in a year lasts for 9 ~ 10 months, and the annual average temperature rarely exceeds 8℃. 10 to April of the following year, the average temperature is below 0℃, and the extreme minimum temperature can be reduced to about -30℃. The climate is cool from July to August, and the average daily temperature is between 5 ~ 10℃, lasting about 50 days. The maximum precipitation height is higher than 1500m, and the precipitation is obviously reduced, and the annual precipitation is about 750 ~ 800 mm. Frost began to fall in August, and snowfall began in September, which lasted until May of the following year. The hard ice in Taibai Sea can only melt in July. The peak is pulled out from Sendai, and most of the time it is in the ice and snow. If it is cold and snowy, the snow will not melt all year round. In July and August, in a sunny afternoon, although the wind is cold, the sun is shining, and the body temperature can reach about 50℃. Vertical distribution band

The distribution of plants in Taibai Mountain can be divided into deciduous broad-leaved forest belt, coniferous forest belt, alpine shrub belt and meadow belt from bottom to top.

The deciduous broad-leaved forest belt is between 780 ~ 1300m above sea level, which is a baseband at the northern foot of the mountain-Quercus variabilis forest sub-belt. The climate here is superior, the terrain is not undulating, and the soil layer is generally thick, which belongs to typical cinnamon soil and is most suitable for the growth of deciduous broad-leaved trees. It is mainly the distribution area of Quercus variabilis forest, with lush crown, continuous coverage, straight trunk and upward competition, forming a more prominent arbor layer. The shrub layer under the forest is mainly composed of subalpine, spike, children's fist and iron broom, and cotinus coggygria or small trees are scattered on the forest edge and glade. The herb layer under the shrub is mainly composed of Carex crassipes, Buxus macrophylla, Artemisia scoparia, Buxus macrophylla and so on.

The elevation is between 1300 ~ 1800 meters (from Haoping Temple to Baiyun), which is a sub-zone of Quercus acutissima forest. The soil is mainly ordinary brown soil, slightly gray brown soil. There are fewer Quercus variabilis, more Quercus acutissima and Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and more young Quercus acutissima forests. This sub-zone is also a concentrated area of Pinus tabulaeformis. The mixed forest consists of chestnut, Populus davidiana, saponified willow, Acer negundo, Liriodendron chinense, Ulmus pumila, Populus davidiana and Pinus tabulaeformis. Common shrubs are twigs and Lespedeza. The main herbs outside the forest are awn, awn, cotton and Artemisia. The flora of central China in Taibai Mountain is mainly distributed in this sub-region, mainly including Sizhaohua, fried in August, cat excrement, octagonal maple, Hovenia dulcis Thunb, kiwi fruit, lacquer tree and so on.

The elevation1900 ~ 2300m (from Xiabaiyun to Daxiong Hall) is the sub-zone of Quercus liaotungensis forest. The soil is common brown soil and slightly gray brown soil, and the grass brown soil grows to the main hall. Quercus acutissima and Pinus tabulaeformis decreased obviously, while Quercus liaotungensis and Pinus armandii dominated. There are few pure forests of Quercus liaotungensis, mainly concentrated between Shangbaiyun and Daxiong Hall at an altitude of1820m. There is a good Quercus liaotungensis budding forest in Yinpingliang, West Taibai Mountain, and the root diameter of the mother plant can reach1.5m. This sub-zone is dominated by mixed forests, and Pinus armandii is the most widely distributed, from Haoping Temple at an altitude of1140m to Yang Fang Temple at an altitude of 3000m. Between Camel Tree and Doudou Palace, Pinus armandii is concentrated, and most of them form a small area of pure forest. The main tree species in the mixed forest are Populus davidiana, Quercus liaotungensis, Populus tomentosa, Populus euphratica, Salix psammophila, Betula platyphylla, Ulmus pumila, Corylus heterophylla, Lindera linderae, Catalpa bungeana, and a few Abies fargesii, hemlock and pine trees. Phyllostachys pubescens is the main shrub under the forest, followed by Spiraea, Mimianweng and Capsule Fruit. Herbaceous communities, such as Artemisia arenaria, are common in the upper part and valleys of this sub-zone. There are more than 200 kinds of medicinal plants near the main hall, and there are many kinds of fungi such as Polyporus, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, mushrooms and auricularia under the forest.

It is a red birch forest sub-belt at an altitude of 1805 ~ 2750 meters (camel tree to Doudou Palace). The climate is cool, the humidity is high, the height difference of terrain fluctuation is large, and the site conditions for plant growth are poor. The soil is mainly grass brown soil, which turns into grass gray brown soil upwards. Tree species are greatly reduced, and birch is the absolute dominant tree species. The higher the altitude, the worse the growth of Pinus armandii, which is only scattered. In the sparse birch forest under Doudou Palace, there are many Rhododendrons Taibai (also known as medicinal loquat) and sparse low layers of citrus and bamboo shrubs, and there are many Emei rose bushes at the forest edge and glade. The herb layer is dominated by wild green grass. There are medicinal plants such as gastrodia elata and panax notoginseng under the red birch forest. There are many residual peaks, ridges and cliffs of Pinus armandii in this subregion, and a small amount of Abies fargesii is scattered sporadically. Red birch forest and Huashan pine forest are also distributed in Shiyazi area of West Taibai Mountain.

At an altitude of 2095 ~ 2800 meters (from the main hall to the Star Temple), it is a cowhide birch forest belt. The natural conditions here are getting worse and worse, and the soil has changed from grass ash brown soil to grass ash soil and grass ash soil, because the number of birch trees is gradually increasing, and it is more concentrated above Doumu Palace, forming a large area of pure forest. From Doudou Palace, Abies fargesii gradually increased, and some places formed mixed forests with Betula alnoides. The undergrowth shrubs are still dominated by oranges and bamboos, and there are also many shrubs dominated by Qinling tillers or Euonymus grasslands in the forest hollow. In the open space near Pinganji, the perennial herb willow herb grows. Above the Xingsu Temple, under the sparse birch forest, many golden-backed loquats grow, and some areas have also formed a golden-backed loquat jungle. Kingdonia is a unique plant in China, which mainly grows under the Jinbei loquat tree in Taibai Mountain.

Coniferous forest belt is a sub-belt of fir forest at an altitude of about 2800 ~ 3200m (generally between Doudou Palace and Yang Fang Temple). The soil is calcareous soil and calcareous soil covered with grass, and Abies fargesii mainly grows. At an altitude of 2,800 ~ 3,000 meters, there are many fragments of Abies fargesii forest in Bashan, which are scattered sporadically above the main hall and rarely seen. There is only a small fir forest above Doum Palace, and a large fir forest in Bashan can be seen below the ridge of Yang Fang Temple. The pure Chinese fir forest has a large canopy density, and the undergrowth is wet and covered with moss. In the sparse fir forest, there are loquat shrubs with golden backs. Herbs are mainly geranium alpine.

At an altitude of 3200-3400 meters, it is a sub-zone of larch forest. It is mainly composed of pure larch forest. Its upper bound is the upper limit of forest distribution in Taibai Mountain. From bottom to top, there are plant ash soil, forest meadow soil and alpine meadow soil. The climate is cold, the plant growth period is short, and the site conditions are extremely poor. The individual growth of Sequoia Taibai is extremely slow, with an annual diameter below 0.8 cm and an annual height below 7 cm. Plants are short, curved and multi-branched. When it reaches more than 2 meters, the upper branches and leaves dry up, and most of the whole plant dies. In the forest belt, the shrub layer includes Rhododendron densiflora, Prunus mume, Flos Lonicerae and Spiraea alpina. The composition of herb layer is complex, mainly including Artemisia sphaerocephala, Polygonum rotundifolia, Poa pratensis and so on. In addition, there are many mosses and lichens in the forest, most of which grow on the ground and rocks. Sequoia Taibai generally grows well on shady slopes and semi-shady slopes below 3200m above sea level, and the highest can reach 15m and 17m.

Alpine shrub belt and meadow belt are alpine shrub belt and meadow belt above 3350 meters above sea level. The terrain is high, which is the ice source area of Quaternary glacial activity. Since the last glacial retreat of Quaternary, controlled by periglacial climate, the climate is cold, the air is thin, the sunlight radiation is strong, the wind is frequent, the evaporation is vigorous, and the plant growth period is short. The bedrock is exposed and gravel is everywhere, and modern melting and weathering is still going on strongly. The process of soil formation is extremely slow, mainly distributed in alpine meadow soil, primitive meadow soil and primitive soil. In this ice erosion land, trees have disappeared, mainly distributed in low creeping shrubs, low meadows, moss communities and lichen communities, and a few exposed rock surfaces are covered by microalgae and fungi communities.

Dwarf shrubs are mainly Rhododendron densiflora and Salix psammophila, or a small complex of Yanagi Takayama community and Rhododendron densiflora community, or even a * * * superior species community with Rhododendron densiflora. The coverage rate of Rhododendron densiflora community is 70-80%, that of Yanagi Takayama community is 50-70%, and Spiraea alpina is among the shrubs. Artemisia ordosica is often densely planted in shrubs with a coverage rate of 20%. Artemisia selengensis community is the main community in dwarf meadow, and Polygonum rotundifolia is also the main weed community in some low-lying and humid areas. Lichen community and lichen community are widely distributed, and different kinds of lichens and lichens can be seen from rocks, soil and even branches. At the top of Taibai Mountain, shrubs and meadows add up to less than half of the area, while moss and lichen communities account for about half. Among them, the shell lichen community occupies more than 80% of the total area of the mantle community, which is in an absolute advantage, while the leaf lichen only accounts for 10% and the dendritic lichen only accounts for about 1%.

kind

The only rare plant in the world, China's only relict plant, Unileaf Grass, continues in the unique environment of Taibai Mountain, which is rare on the earth and is regarded as a "world treasure".

High-quality timber forests include Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus liaotungensis, Platycladus orientalis, Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus armandii, Abies fargesii, Betula platyphylla, Larix gmelinii, Populus tomentosa, Populus davidiana, Tilia amurensis, Toona sinensis, Ulmus pumila, Sophora japonica and Maple.

There are 84 kinds of starch and sugar plants in starch plants and Taibai Mountain, among which the starch content of chestnut and pueraria lobata is above 25%. In addition, hazelnut and lily are both wild starch plants with high nutritional value. The wild sugar plants in Taibai Mountain are mainly kiwifruit, fried in August, five flavors, wild grapes and Emei rose hips.

There are more than 0/00 species of oil-bearing wild plants in Taibai Mountain, among which the oil content of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae seeds is about 42.76%, and that of hazelnut seeds is 5 1.6%. In addition to eating, they can also be used as raw materials for lubricating oil, soap making, ink, oil painting pigments and cosmetics. In addition, the oil content of Pistacia chinensis (medicinal tree) is 35.05%, which can be used for industrial soap making and lubricating oil making, and can also be eaten after treatment. Its branches, leaves, roots and bark can all be used as pesticides. Gan Mao (also known as Oil Tree and Liangzimu) has oil content of 365,438+0.3 ~ 465,438+0.3% and sugar content of 2.9 ~ 5.8%. The oil can be used to make soap, paint and lubricating oil. Birch bark oil is extracted from birch bark, and the oil yield is 33. 12%, which has high industrial value. Lacquer tree cutting liquid can be used as paint raw material. Rubber can be extracted from dung beetles.

In addition, there are oil plants such as Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. , Buxus macrophylla, Melia azedarach, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Toona sinensis, Artemisia annua, etc.

Four species of wild plants with fibers in Taibai Mountain11. Among them, elm bark, reed, awn and Ma Lian have high fiber content, which can be used as raw materials for papermaking and artificial cotton.

Tannin extracted from tannin extract is an important chemical raw material. It has been found that there are more than 50 tannin plants in Taibai Mountain, among which the shell bucket, kernel and bark of Quercus variabilis and Quercus liaotungensis all contain tannin 13.26 ~ 26.06%, and Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus armandii, Abies fargesii and Cephalotaxus torreya. In addition, tannins are found in hornbeam, neem bark, hair comb, cotinus coggygria and ferns.

By 20 13 years, there were 5 10 species of medicinal plants in Taibai Mountain, and some naming crowns had the word "Taibai" to show the uniqueness of Taibai Mountain. Some local herbs are called "seven" medicines, of which more than 50 kinds have been included in the book "Shaanxi Chinese Herbal Medicine". Taibai Mountain produces 100 kinds of "seven" medicines. The authentic medicinal materials named Taibai include Taibai Fritillaria, Taibai Coptis, Taibai Rice, Taibai Tea, Taibai Sanqi, Taibai Polygonatum, Taibai Antler, Taibai Plum Blossom, Taibai Petty bourgeoisie, Taibai Black Ginseng and Taibai Shoushen.

There are more than 200 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines commonly used, such as Radix Codonopsis, Radix Astragali, Rhizoma Polygonati, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Rhizoma Acori Graminei, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Clematidis, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Fructus Schisandrae, Ganoderma lucidum, Polyporus, Cimicifuga, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Peucedani, etc. Taibai Mountain is rich in Chinese herbal medicine resources and has great potential for development and utilization, which has become an important aspect of economic development in Taibai County. rare animal

Among the rare birds and animals in Taibai Mountain, the national first-class protected animals are: giant panda, golden monkey, antelope and Taibai tiger; Belonging to the national second-class protected animals are: red-bellied pheasant; Belonging to the national third-class protected animals are: forest musk deer, gazelle, Qingyang, leopard, golden rooster, blood pheasant and so on.

Animal distribution

The distribution of wildlife in Taibai Mountain is divided into five zones from bottom to top, which is basically consistent with the plant zone of climatic zone.

The most common birds living in the warm temperate zone are wild ducks, herons, seagulls, falcons, bamboo chickens, quails, pheasants, sand pheasants, turtledoves, swallows, snipes, shrikes, starlings, crows and storks. The most common small mammals are mice, rabbits, weasels and red foxes. Larger mammals such as pigs, badgers, wolves, etc. Sneak in occasionally.

Common birds living in temperate zone and lower part of cold temperate zone include pheasant, pigeon, cuckoo, owl, monk, woodpecker, mountain pepper bird, thrush, warbler and owl. Animals mainly include golden monkey, giant panda, black bear, wild boar, leopard, swim bladder, porcupine, hedgehog, squirrel, mole and so on. Reptiles mainly include northern grass lizard, lizard, skink, webbed gecko, Zaocys, golden snake and so on.

Common birds living in the upper half of the cold temperate zone are blue-tailed owl, golden forest owl, short-winged owl, golden-orbital oriole, brown-headed finch, red-bellied tit, white-collar phoenix eyebrow, burgundy rosefinch, red-breasted grey finch, white-winged waxy beak, red-winged spiral wall finch and so on. The common wild animals on the steep cliffs here are gazelles and green sheep. Reptiles sometimes only see poisonous snakes.

Common birds and animals living in high mountains and sub-cold zones are wrens, barefoot finches, blue-red-tailed bonito, daiju, twirling birds and so on. Mammals mainly include antelope, a special product of Qinling Mountains, and a small number of small animals such as rats, rabbits and squirrels.

Animals and birds living in the alpine cold zone include lead rock harrier, brown-breasted rock harrier, pink-breasted harrier, wren, Baiguanxi owl and so on. Animals are still dominated by weasels, mice and rabbits.