What are the main reasons for the temperature distribution in Europe in June and July, 5438?

(a) polar ice climate zone

The climate of the ice sheet exists only on the islands in the Arctic Ocean. Controlled by ice air mass all the year round, the temperature is very low. The average temperature in the hottest month is about 0℃, and the annual precipitation is about 200mm. In the west of Spitsbergen Islands, due to the influence of the North Atlantic warm current, the climate is slightly mild, and the average temperature in the hottest month can reach about +5℃ and the precipitation can reach 300mm.

(2) Polar tundra climate zone (polar long cold climate zone)

This area includes Iceland and the northern edge of continental Europe. The temperature here is low all the year round, and it belongs to tundra zone and Forest tundra zone in landscape. In winter, the temperature in the west is higher than in the east. The average temperature in Leng Yue in Iceland's coastal area is about 0℃, in Murmansk's coastal area it is about -0.5℃ in 65438+ 10, and in Kanin-Bojola in the east it is about -20℃. The temperature in summer is generally around 10. It only lasts 2-2.5 months, and even in summer, there are often frosts, so the climatic conditions are very unfavorable to agriculture. There is almost no agriculture here, and animal husbandry (mainly raising deer) is the main agricultural department here.

(3) sub-rigid coniferous forest climate zone (sub-rigid continental climate zone)

This area includes most of Fenos Candea and the northern part of Eastern Europe Plain. The latitude here is high, the winter is long, but it is rarely cold, and the summer is short and cool. The western coast of Scandinavia is controlled by polar ocean air mass all the year round, and the climate is maritime. The winter temperature is around 0℃ and the precipitation is abundant. From the east of Scandinavian mountains to Urals mountains, the role of polar continental air mass and ice air mass is enhanced, with continental climate and cold winter. The temperature drops from west to east. In 65438+ 10, the average temperature in Gaffler is -4.4℃, in Petrozavodsk it is -9.9℃, and in Perm it drops to-15.4℃. Whenever the ice air mass invades, it is often cold at -30℃ and -40℃. It is generally cool in summer, and the average temperature in July in the north is 60. The growth period is not long, usually 3-4 months. The growth temperature (above 10℃) suitable for rye, flax and vegetables in eastern Europe lasts only 90 days at most, so agriculture here is underdeveloped.

The precipitation here is mainly related to cyclones. The annual precipitation in the western coastal areas exceeds 65,438 0,000 mm, and the annual precipitation in other areas is 500-800 mm. The seasonal distribution of precipitation in the western coastal areas is relatively uniform, slightly more in winter, and gradually changes to summer in the east. Besides cyclone precipitation, convective rain also accounts for a certain proportion.

(4) temperate maritime climate zone

This region includes the British Isles, France and western Central Europe, as well as the southern Scandinavia and the coastal areas of the Bay of Biscay in Iberia. The atmospheric pressure here is high in the south and low in the north all the year round, and the west wind blows, which is deeply influenced by the Atlantic air mass. It is characterized by mild winter, cool summer, low temperature, more rain and less sunshine during the year.

The average monthly temperature in this area is above 0℃ in 65438+ 10. Rivers generally don't freeze. There is not much snowfall, and it generally doesn't snow in the west. Snow in the east rarely lasts more than a week. However, when Mongolia's high pressure is strong and the eastern polar continental air mass invades, it often leads to disastrous low temperature weather. The temperature is generally not high in summer, and the average temperature in the British Isles in July is 12- 17.

Cyclone activity in western Europe is frequent and there is a lot of precipitation. The annual precipitation in the western part of the British Isles exceeds 65,438+0,000mm, and the annual precipitation in the west coast of Scotland can reach more than 2,000mm. Most other areas are between 600- 1 1,000 mm. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more in autumn and winter in the west and more in summer in the east. For example, Dublin accounts for 26% in autumn and winter, and 26% in spring and summer. Cologne accounts for 365,438+0% in summer, 25% in autumn, 23% in winter and 265,438+0% in spring.

(5) temperate continental climate zone

The region includes temperate continental humid climate and temperate continental semi-arid and arid climate. Generally speaking, Eastern Europe and Central Europe belong to the former, while Southern Europe and Eastern Europe belong to the latter.

The climate in eastern Central Europe has the nature of transition from maritime to continental. It is dominated by polar ocean air mass all year round, with mild winter and low temperature in summer. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is generally 0-4℃, which can reach -5℃ in a few areas, and it is about 18℃ in July, which can exceed 20℃ in a few areas. However, ice ocean air masses and polar continental air masses are also frequent.

The climate in eastern Europe is divided into northern and southern regions. The mixed forest belt in the middle is the northern region, which belongs to the humid continental climate. It is greatly influenced by the polar ocean air mass. There is no severe cold in winter and the temperature is not too high in summer. 65438+ 10, the average temperature in most areas is between -5- 14℃, the average temperature in July is less than 20℃, and the annual precipitation is generally 500-600 mm, which is more in some areas. The southern region is located in the south of the Eurasian high-pressure axis (called "Voyekov high-pressure axis" by the Soviets) and the high-pressure axis. The related westerly airflow and cyclone activity are obviously weakened, and the anti-cyclone weather is increasing. The annual precipitation is generally 300-500mm, the southeast is below 200mm, and the summer temperature is between 20-25℃. The water balance of the whole southern region is negative, which belongs to the temperate continental semi-arid climate. In the natural landscape, most areas are grasslands, and the southeast is semi-desert or desert. The southern region is rich in heat resources and fertile land, which is the main agricultural area. However, due to insufficient precipitation and great changes, droughts often occur.

(6) Mediterranean climate zone

This region includes most of Iberian Peninsula, French Mediterranean coast, Apennine Peninsula, most of Balkan Peninsula and islands scattered in the Mediterranean. It is characterized by mild and rainy winter and hot and dry summer.

Mediterranean climate is a unique climate type on the west coast of subtropical continent, and its formation is related to the change of air pressure situation in winter and summer and the movement of wind belt. The westerlies are in the north and the trade winds are in the south. In summer, the subtropical high moves northward. Under the control of azores high, the weather in the Mediterranean is sunny and dry. The average temperature in July reaches 24-28℃, and the highest temperature can reach 40℃. In winter, the subtropical high moved south, and azores high retreated to the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean region is affected by the west wind, with frequent cyclone activities, more precipitation and mild climate, with an average temperature of 1 month.

The existence of the Mediterranean itself also plays a great role in the formation of Mediterranean climate. Due to the large area of the Mediterranean, a low-pressure lake is formed in the Mediterranean in winter, which is beneficial to the formation of the Mediterranean front and produces a series of cyclones, making the weather in the Mediterranean particularly mild and rainy. At the same time, the higher Mediterranean water temperature also makes the coastal areas milder. In summer, on the contrary, the temperature in the Mediterranean is lower than that in continental Europe, and the air pressure is higher, which strengthens azores high and makes the Mediterranean region very hot and dry. In this way, the most typical subtropical climate in the world has been formed in the Mediterranean region, which is called "Mediterranean climate".

In the mountainous areas with the above climatic zones, the climate is more complicated. Because of the different heights, cutting conditions and slope directions of mountains, the climate changes greatly in a short distance. The higher mountains vary vertically.