It is said that all the people surnamed Qin are descendants of Qin Shihuang. Is this happening?

Not exactly. Qin family originated from three branches: Ji surname, Yuan surname and foreign surname change. Generally speaking, it has five sources:

The first origin: from the won surname.

The fief of the State of Qin, which was sealed from Zhou to the concubine of Boyi's descendants, was named after the State. Won the surname Qin is the descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu, taking the country name as his surname. According to Yuan He's surname compilation and historical records, it is said that there was a granddaughter named Nvxiu in Zhuan Xu who lived happily all day. Once she went to play in the wild, she found a swallow egg and ate it without hesitation. As a result, she became pregnant and gave birth to her son Hao Tao (that is, Daye). Later, she married Shao Dianshi's daughter Hua and gave birth to Boyi. Shun Di, because Boyi assisted Dayu in water control, gave him a won surname, and at the same time married his own woman named Yao. The girl Yao gave birth to two sons. The youngest son, Ruomu, is Fei's ancestor. The eldest son's name is Dalian. Because he inherited his father's ability to tame birds and beasts, it is also called bird custom. The diligence of the bird custom was appreciated by the Shang emperor Taiwu and was named a vassal. In Shang Zhouwang, there was a descendant named Fei Lian.

Fei Lian is a scud, and his son E Lai is a strongman. Both father and son became Shang Zhouwang's cronies. After Zhou Wuwang ruined the business, both Fei Lian and E Lai were killed. Fei Lian's son Jisheng has a great-grandson, Zhao Fu, who is a driving doctor in Zhou Muwang. He was sealed in Zhao Cheng for his meritorious service in quelling the rebellion in Xu Yanwang. At this time, Rhoda, a descendant of Hubei, also joined the kitchen husband and was rewarded by the kitchen husband. It was sealed in Goushan by Zhou Muwang (now Xingping in Shaanxi and Lixian in Gansu). Rhoda has an illegitimate child named Feizi, who likes to deal with cattle and sheep since childhood and is famous for being good at animal husbandry when he grows up. He raised thoroughbred horses for Zhou in Taolin (now Huashan, Shaanxi), and the horses multiplied rapidly. Zhou was very happy, so he was named the vassal state of Qin Valley (now southwest of Tianshui, Gansu Province) and asked him to continue to sacrifice the surname of Qin Won, which was called Qin Won in history. Sun Qinzhong, Feizi's third son, was appointed as a doctor by Zhou Xuanwang. After Qin Zhong was killed by the northern minority dog Rong, but his eldest son finally defeated the dog Rong. By the time of Qin Xianggong, the son of Zhuang Gong, Qin was promoted to a vassal state because of Qin Xianggong's contribution in protecting Zhou Ping from moving eastward (770 BC). Wen Gong, the son of Xiang Gong, once again repelled the dog Rong and occupied the vast area west of Qishan.

The Qin Dynasty was founded in Yong (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi). Since then, he has moved the capital to make friends (now Luochuan, Shaanxi), Pingyang (now Baoji, Shaanxi), Yong (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi), Liyang County (now Lintong, Shaanxi) and other places. Later, Qin Mugong swept the twelve countries and initially established hegemony in Xirong. However, in the early Warring States period, due to economic backwardness and frequent civil strife, the national strength gradually declined, and the Hexi area (now between Luoshui and the Yellow River in the north) was captured by Wei. When Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out political reform, his national strength gradually increased, and he moved his capital to Xianyang (now Xianyang, Shaanxi), becoming the first of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period. King Hui of Qin defeated Wei, regained his glory, and finally recovered Hexi, and made efforts to open up territory to attack Bashu and capture Hanzhong, Chu. Zhao Haoqi of Qin constantly attacked the city and plundered the land, which greatly weakened Wei, Han, Zhao, Chu and other countries. In 227 BC, the king of Qin ruled the world, annexed all directions, finally wiped out the six countries, unified the world, and established the first unified dynasty in the history of China. The king of Qin considered himself "three emperors and five emperors", so he called himself "the first emperor". The capital of Qin Shihuang was Xianyang, which further unified the southeast and southwest regions. The Qin dynasty has been passed down for two generations for twelve years. Because of its strict management, it was overthrown by Liu Bang in 206 BC and replaced by the Western Han Dynasty. Zi Ying, king of Qin, was killed by Xiang Yu. After the Qin dynasty was destroyed, the descendants of the royal family took the country name as their surname, which was called Qin family. This is the Qin family in Shaanxi.

The second origin: from the surname Ji.

Qin Gui is a fief of Zhou Wenwang's descendants, so it is named after its place of residence. In Zhou Wuwang, his younger brother Zhou Gongdan was named Duke Lu (now Qufu). Duke Lu later stayed in Zhoudu for assisting King Zhou, and his son Boqin took over the state of Lu. Among his descendants, there is a food city in Qin (now the old city of Fan County, Henan Province). After taking the city as the surname.

The most important form of political organization in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the patriarchal clan system, which originated from the patriarchal clan system, and its core is the "eldest son inheritance system", that is, the eldest son is the eldest son and the rest are the second sons. For example, the first generation of governors are often the brothers of kings. They are a small clan relative to the king, and their eldest son can inherit the status of a vassal. Other sons are naturally uncles and nephews, and so on. Patriarchal clan system has a far-reaching influence on the emergence and evolution of surnames. Generally, the eldest son of the monarch of a vassal state inherits his father as the monarch; The illegitimate child of the monarch, also known as illegitimate child, has no right to inherit the throne. He must establish a new family and become the ancestor of this branch (new family), which is what the Book of Rites calls "illegitimate children as ancestors". In this way, other sons often create some new surnames, which are inherited by the eldest son. Qin surname originated from Ji surname, which was created by another son's indirect descendant. Its inheritance and connection are as follows:

According to the history book Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surnames, when he was in office, he gave the minibus (Hao) market in Qufu (now the northeast ancient city of Qufu City, Shandong Province) to his younger brother and named him Duke Lu. Later, when he died, he was still young and had no ability to govern the country independently. In order to help him become king, he sent his son Boqin (the father of birds) to Fenglu (now in the southwest of Shandong, with its capital Qufu). Before he left, the Duke of Zhou warned him: "Although I am the son of Zhou Wenwang, the brother of Zhou Wuwang and the uncle of Zhou Chengwang, I should be in a prominent position, but I am still afraid that I will fall into the world's sages, and I often grab my hair and have a full meal. When you go to Shandong, you must be careful, and you must not be arrogant just because you are a royal family. " After arriving in Shandong, under the guidance of Duke Zhou, he devoted himself to governing the country and played an important role in pacifying the "Three Prison Disorders". Lu presents a clean and peaceful scene. The descendants of Boqin took the male family as a doctor and ate in Qin Yi (now the ancient city of Fan County, Henan Province). Later generations took the city as their surname, and when they called Qin, they looked at Taiyuan County. Most historical records believe that the Qin surname given by Bochen's descendants is authentic. Qin Fei of Lu, Qin Kai of Yan and Qin Shang of Chu are all descendants of Qin people of Lu. This is the source of the Qin family in Henan or Shandong. According to Lu, father and son Qin Leather worshipped Confucius as a teacher. Qin Zhou, Qin Yi and Gaiqinzi. In addition, Qin Xun's wife is a Duke bird of Ji, a sister of the clan. According to the ceremony of not marrying the same surname at that time, Lu is the host country, so she is not surnamed Ji, but a doctor with a different surname.

The third origin: from one of the seven friends of Shun, there is Qin, and the descendants continue to be surnamed Qin, which belongs to the name of the ancestors.

According to the historical book Fu Qun Lu, "one of the seven friends of Shun was not empty of Qin, but once traveled for it". According to "The Origin of Big Surname" and other related materials, all the seven branches of Shun have the name of Qin, and later generations continue to take the surname of Qin Wei. This shows that the Qin surname existed in the ancient Emperor Shun period. However, since there was no genealogical data to be tested after Qin Dynasty, genealogists in Tang and Song Dynasties used the country as their surname and the city as their surname.

The fourth origin: it originated from the Muqide family of Mongolians in Hubaqi, and it belongs to the sinicization and surname change.

Muqide's ancestor, Muqide Lobaho, lives in Liaoyang and belongs to the Mongolian nationality in Huba Banner. The Mongols in Bahuqi originally lived in Gurkha, but because of the persecution of Grdan tribes, 10,000 Daubard Tigers went south and nomadic in today's Zhangjiakou area. In the thirty-first year of Kangxi (1692), with the approval of the Qing court, the whole family moved to Shengjing (now northern Shenyang, Liaoning Province), and some of them were stationed in Phoenix and Xiuyan, Dandong, and set up a single flag, which was called Mongolian Nine Flags. During the reign of Qing Qianlong, he settled in Getengyu, Fenghuang, and later moved to Fengcheng Town, taking the Chinese character "Qin" as his surname.

Mu Nianjia in Jin Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, and later Qin Family.

In addition, ethnic minorities intermarry with the Han nationality and become a branch of the Qin surname.

The fifth origin: it originated from foreign countries, from the ancient Daqin people who came to China (that is, the Roman Empire), and belonged to the sinicization and changed their surnames.

According to the historical book "The History of the Later Han Dynasty", Daqin "encircles its country in the West Sea, but it is connected to Lu Dao in the northwest" and "is famous for thousands of miles in the east, west, north and south". There are more than 400 cities. There are many treasures in the soil, including luminous jade, bright moon pearls, scary chicken rhinoceros, fire-wrapped cloth, coral, amber, colored glass, Ji Lang, Dani, sapphire and rare things. ”。 In other geographical categories or unofficial history's miscellaneous notes, there are also many stories about Daqin's production of foreign objects. Daqin mentioned in China's history books actually refers to the Roman Empire. Through the Silk Road, ancient China and Daqin strengthened economic and cultural exchanges. In the 9th year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 97), Ban Chao was ordered to take Gan Ying to Daqin. Gan Ying and his party started from Kucha (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), passed through Tiaozhi (now Iraq), rest in peace (now Iran) and other countries, and finally rested in the Persian Gulf on the western border. It is difficult to sail to Daqin because of the drastic changes in the weather at sea. In A.D. 166, Emperor Daqin sent envoys to China with many gifts. During the period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, the Great Qin State once again sent envoys to China. In later generations, China had closer contacts with Daqin State, such as the discovery of China tablet, and Nestorianism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty.

After Daqin people came to China for business or business, because China is rich in resources, beautiful mountains and rivers and highly developed culture, they are willing to stay in China and don't want to go back. These people follow the customs of the Han nationality and take "Qin" as their surname. From then on, children and grandchildren have multiplied in China from generation to generation. These people became one of the ancestors of Qin surname. Such as Qin Lun, a businessman from the Three Kingdoms. In ancient times, many western regions and Europe called China Qin, and later western countries called China zhina, that is, the change of Qin Yin.