Why was our turtle unhappy the other day? Is it because the weather is getting cold?

Tortoise-Generally speaking, the tortoise shell is slightly flat, and the dorsal shell is fixed. The back shell is10-12cm long and15cm wide, with three longitudinal protrusions. Next to the head and neck are

turtle

Yellow linear markings, slightly flat limbs, full webbed between fingers and toes, and claws at the end of toes except the fifth hind limb.

Turtles generally live in rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs and mountain streams, and sometimes they go ashore. In the natural environment, turtles feed on worms, snails, shrimps and small fish, and also eat the stems and leaves of plants. The tortoise is a kind of temperature-changing animal. In winter, or when the temperature is low for a long time, turtles hibernate. Different kinds of turtles have different body temperatures, but generally hibernate at 10 ~ 15℃. At this time, the tortoise will shrink in its shell for a long time and hardly move. At the same time, its breathing times will be reduced, its body temperature will be lowered, the speed of blood circulation and metabolism will be slowed down, and the consumption of nutrients will be relatively reduced. This state is similar to sleep, but it is a deep sleep for several months, even showing a slight paralysis.

In addition, turtles also have the following characteristics: low reproduction rate and slow growth. A turtle weighing about 500g will gain weight after feeding for one year100g. But the tortoise has a strong hunger tolerance, and it is not easy to starve to death even if it is deprived of food for several months. Strong disease resistance and high survival rate. So turtles are relatively easy to raise artificially.

Edit this paragraph back to the table of contents-the tortoise is a semi-aquatic and semi-terrestrial reptile. Mainly inhabit rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds and other waters. Trapped in water during the day.

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When the weather is hot in summer, they look for shade in droves. Gentle temperament, do not fight with each other. When the enemy is injured or frightened, the head, limbs and tail are retracted into the shell.

Turtles are omnivorous animals, feeding on animals, insects, worms, small fish, shrimps, snails, mussels, tender leaves of plants, duckweed, melon skin, wheat grains, rice and weed seeds. Strong hunger tolerance, not eating for several months will not starve to death.

Turtles are warm animals. When the water temperature drops below 10℃, it will hibernate in mud or covered loose soil at the bottom of the water. The hibernation period generally lasts from 65438+ 10 to the beginning of April of the following year. When the water temperature rises to 15℃, it moves out of the cave and begins to eat when the water temperature is 18℃ ~ 20℃.

Edit this paragraph and go back to the directory turtle-distribution area

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Except Northeast China, Northwest China and Xizang Autonomous Region, it is distributed all over the country, but the output in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is relatively high. Foreign countries are distributed in Japan and South Korea; Turtles are widely distributed and adaptable. However, due to serious environmental pollution, habitat destruction and man-made over-predation, it is very rare and endangered in China, and can be artificially propagated in large quantities.

Edit this paragraph back to the catalogue-Tortoise-Age and Growth How long does a tortoise live? Generally speaking, it can live 100 years. According to relevant research, it has been more than 300 years, and some even exceed 1000 years.

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Turtles grow relatively slowly. Under normal circumstances, the growth rate of female turtles is: the first year's turtle weight is about 15g, the second year's turtle weight is 50g, the third year's turtle weight is 100g, the fourth year's turtle weight is 200g, the fifth year's turtle weight is 250-250g, and the sixth year's turtle weight is about 400g. Male turtles grow slowly, and the maximum sexual maturity is generally less than 250 grams. The recipes include worms, snails, shrimps and small fish. Turtles eat a wide range of foods, including rice, wheat, peas, small fish, shrimp, insects, snails, etc. Among them, the favorite foods are small fish, snails, corn and rice.

Edit this paragraph back to the directory turtle-species introduction small snapping turtle

Snapping turtle

Body length: 47cm

Morphological characteristics: the male has a large body and a long tail, which is 86% of the length of the abdominal nail, and the cloaca is located outside the edge of the dorsal nail; On the other hand, the female has a short tail, the length of which is less than 86% of the length of the bellybutton, and the cloaca is located in the edge of the carapace.

Breeding habit: mating from April to September every year, with May-165438+10 as the spawning season and June as the breeding season. There are 1 1-83 eggs in each nest, generally 20-30 eggs. Egg white, spherical, slightly rough in appearance, with a diameter of 23-33mm and a weight of 7- 15g. After 55- 125 days of incubation, the hatchability of young turtles in different incubation environments is different. When the incubation temperature is above 30℃, the young turtle is female below 20℃, and when the incubation temperature is between 22℃ and 28℃, the young turtle is male. The young turtle weighs 9.5- 12g, the carapace is 24-30mm long, the carapace is round and black, and there are protrusions on each shield.

Brazilian colored turtle

Brazilian colored turtle

Brazilian colorful turtle is also called red-eared turtle, colorful turtle, manicure turtle and mahjong turtle.

Originated in the Mississippi River. Brazilian colored turtle is probably the most widely raised reptile in the world. They originated in the Mississippi River region, mainly distributed in eastern New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, passing through Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, eastern Kansas, eastern Missouri, and finally to Indiana and Illinois. It is also naturally distributed in isolated areas like Ohio and widely distributed in northeastern Mexico adjacent to Texas. The "wild" population, which originated from intentional introduction or abandoned pets, has settled in all parts of the world, including other areas suitable for its growth in the United States.

Greek tortoise

This tortoise shell is about 25 cm long.

Greek tortoise

The origin is from North Africa to Southern Europe. This species belongs to the easy-to-raise and easy-to-get entry-level species among the hard-to-raise tortoises. As a completely terrestrial turtle, there is no need to prepare other water in the cage except drinking water. If you fall into deeper water, you may drown, so pay special attention. Vegetable leaves, carrots, sweet potatoes, fruits and special artificial feeds for other vegetables, weeds, birds and turtles can all be used as food. Calcium should also be supplemented frequently in the contents, and reptiles should be at least 50 cm×50 cm.

Edit this paragraph back to the directory-turtle feeding management feeding mode

There are many ways to raise turtles artificially, such as pond culture, tank culture, wooden basin culture and reservoir pond culture. Each way has its own advantages and disadvantages, so you can choose according to local conditions. Duiyi

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For general specialized households and small-scale farms, it is better to build pond culture because it is convenient to manage and has greater economic benefits.

Construction of breeding ponds: Young turtle ponds and breeding ponds can be constructed according to the specifications and methods of scarab young turtle ponds and breeding ponds. Adult turtle ponds are similar to those of scarabs, but the area can be larger to breed more turtles. If the adult turtle pond is large, mixed culture of fish and turtles can be carried out, and some herbivorous and filter-feeding fish can be raised in the pond to improve the comprehensive economic benefits of breeding. It should be noted that turtles can also make holes and escape easily, so the wall base of the fence should be about 50 cm underground.

Turtle feed and feeding

There are many kinds of food for turtles, including rice, wheat, peas, small fish, shrimp, insects and snails, among which the favorite food is small fish, snails, corn and rice. In artificial feeding, in order to meet all kinds of nutrients needed for turtle growth and avoid poor growth and anorexia caused by single feed, various feeds should be adopted, such as fish, shrimp, snails and mussels in animal feed and rice, wheat and corn in plant feed. In order for turtles to fully digest these feeds, corn and peas need to be crushed and soaked for about 2 hours before feeding, and other large pieces of food must be chopped before feeding. It should also be noted that in different periods of turtle growth, feed containing different nutrients should be given according to its growth characteristics.

The turtle's life is closely related to the climate, and it begins to eat at the beginning of April every year. From June to August, the feeding activity reached its peak and the weight gain rate was the fastest. 5438+ 10 After the temperature gradually dropped in June, its food intake began to decline. When the temperature drops below 10 degrees Celsius, stop eating and enter the hibernation period. Therefore, turtles should be raised according to their growth characteristics, and the general requirements are as follows:

(1) timing. In spring and autumn, the temperature is low, and the soft-shelled turtle is inactive in the morning and evening, and only feeds around noon, so it is more appropriate to feed at 8-9 am. From Grain Rain to the autumnal equinox, it is the peak season for turtles to feed, and it is in summer. Turtles generally don't move at noon, but usually feed in the afternoon 17- 19, so it is more appropriate to feed in the afternoon 16- 17. Timing can make turtles eat on time, get more nutrition and ensure fresh feed.

(2) positioning. Fixed feeding points should be set up along the edge of the pool, and the feeding platform of the feeding point should be close to the water surface, which is convenient for turtles to swallow water and bite. The purpose of feeding the turtles in a fixed position is to make them form a habit, so that they can find food conveniently, and at the same time, it is convenient to observe the activities of the turtles and check their feeding situation.

(3) Qualitative judgment. The feed should be kept fresh, and the leftover food should be removed in time after feeding to prevent the feed from rotting and stinking, affecting the appetite of turtles and polluting the water quality.

(4) quantitative. The feeding amount of feed depends on the temperature, water quality, the appetite and activity of soft-shelled turtle, and also depends on the appetite and activity, and it is advisable to have a little surplus in the meal. Generally, feed 1-2 days/time.

Breeding of young turtles

The newly hatched turtle is weak in constitution, gastrointestinal function and digestive ability, so it is not suitable to be put into the culture pond immediately, but should be carefully fed and cared for for for a period of time to improve the survival rate of the turtle.

The feeding and nursing principles of young turtles are: 1. Do a good job of cleaning and hygiene to prevent turtles from getting sick. 2. Control the appropriate temperature and astringency to facilitate its normal growth. 3. Young turtles gradually adapt to the external environment and eat by themselves. The specific method is: first, put the larvae in a small glass box and let them crawl for 3-5 hours. After the umbilical cord of the larvae dries and converges, soak it in 0.6% physiological saline for a while, disinfect it, and then put it in an indoor glass box or wooden basin for feeding. Never use your hands to break the umbilical cord of the young turtle, which will cause casualties of the young turtle. The young turtle incubator is changed with water 1-2 times a day, and the water temperature is strictly controlled at 25-30 degrees Celsius. When the weather is hot, it is necessary to spray water into the breeding box many times to adjust the temperature and increase the oxygen in the water, so that the young turtles can grow normally under suitable conditions. The newly hatched turtle 1-2 days need not be fed. After 2 days, only a small amount of grain feed will be fed, and then a small amount of mixed feed such as boiled eggs, minced fish and shrimp, frog meat, pumpkin and sweet potato will be fed. After 7 days' rearing, the young turtles are strong and can be transferred to outdoor breeding ponds for breeding.

Edit this paragraph back to the table of contents turtle-points for attention in raising turtles

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(1) Young turtles, adult turtles and parent turtles should be raised in separate ponds to avoid the phenomenon of turtles swallowing young turtles, and at the same time, it is convenient to determine the feed dosage and feeding management, and to observe and master the growth of turtles.

(2) Because turtles are gentle and timid, they should keep quiet around the culture pond to avoid affecting their normal activities such as foraging, sunbathing, mating and spawning.

(3) Change the water in the feeding pond frequently, keep the water clean, do a good job in the hygiene of the feeding pond, and prevent the turtle from getting sick.

(4) The sand in the open space between the pool and the fence should keep a certain humidity. Some cooling measures should be taken in midsummer, such as sprinkling water and planting some small shrubs.

(5) Before the hibernation period, check the growth of turtles, and give the weak breeders more feed that turtles like to eat, so that turtles can store a lot of nutrients, grow strong and survive the winter safely.

Edit this paragraph and go back to the catalogue tortoise-reproductive technology identification of male and female turtles

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There are obvious differences in appearance between female and male turtles: the male turtle has a small body, a black shell, a slender trunk, a long tail and a thin handle, and a special smell; The female turtle has a large body, brown shell, prominent longitudinal edges, short and thick trunk, thick tail and short handle, and no special smell. A more reliable and accurate identification method is: in the breeding season of the tortoise, catch the adult tortoise, and when its limbs and head and tail are trying to shrink into the human shell, squeeze its head and limbs with your fingers so as not to give it time to breathe. At this time, the water from the accessory bladder is discharged from the reproductive hole of the turtle, and then the genitals slowly protrude. If only the longitudinal inner wall protrudes outward, it is a female turtle; If there is a connector with congestion, swelling and brown-purple protrusion, it is a male turtle. If it is in mating season, male turtles will also have milky semen.

type

Turtles generally mature over 8 years old, 10 years old. The mating time of turtles begins in late April, usually in the afternoon 17- 18, and they mate on land or in water. Turtles lay eggs on land, and the spawning period is from May to August. Before laying eggs, turtles usually climb to a secluded place far from the shore and with loose soil (5%-20% soil moisture) at dusk or before dawn, and then dig holes in their hind limbs alternately (generally, the hole depth is about 10 cm and the diameter is 8- 12 cm), and then lay eggs in the holes. After laying eggs, scrape them off, cover them with soil, and level the soil with abdominal nails. Turtles have no habit of guarding holes and eggs; Another reproductive feature is that the maturity of eggs is not synchronized. Therefore, female turtles lay eggs 3-4 times a year, and each time they lay 5-7 eggs in a hole.

When artificially raising soft-shelled turtles, before mating period, mature soft-shelled turtles are selected, carefully fed and supplied with sufficient nutrition, especially feed rich in protein, so as to help soft-shelled turtles produce excellent germ cells; Secondly, in the mating period of turtles, the sexually mature and strong male and female turtles are raised in a ratio of 1: 1 to make them naturally mate. During the spawning period of turtles, attention should be paid to keeping the breeding pond quiet and the appropriate humidity of the ground sand outside the pond, so as to facilitate the smooth spawning of female turtles. Finally, turtle eggs should be collected at any time for artificial incubation in order to obtain higher reproduction rate and improve economic benefits.

Artificial incubation of turtle eggs

The turtle egg shell is gray oval, 2.7-3.8 cm long and 1.3-2 cm wide. Under natural conditions, after 50-80 days of incubation, the young turtles hatched. However, the natural hatching of turtle eggs is easily affected by external conditions such as temperature and light, and is endangered by natural enemies such as snakes, rats and ants, resulting in long incubation period and low hatching rate and survival rate. In order to improve the hatching rate of turtles, artificial hatching can be used. Specific practices are as follows:

(1) Egg collection: Male turtles like to gather under grass and tree roots and dig holes to lay eggs. Therefore, they can find turtle spawning holes and collect turtle eggs according to the soft soil or footprints left at acupoints. Because most turtles lay eggs at dusk or before dawn, it is best to collect eggs in the morning to avoid being hurt by the scorching sun.

(2) Egg selection: fresh and high-quality fertilized eggs should be selected for artificial incubation. The sign of whether the egg has been fertilized is that the eggshell of the fertilized egg is smooth and not sticky with mud; However, unfertilized eggs vary in size, with fragile or sunken shells and sticky sediments. To check whether the eggs are fresh and high quality, you can observe them in the sun. For example, a rosy egg is a good egg, and a turbid or smelly egg is a bad egg. In addition, don't choose abnormal eggs.

(3) Artificial incubation of turtle eggs: wooden pots, washbasins and incubation trays (70cm×50cm× 15cm shallow wooden boxes) can be used as incubators. First, lay a layer of fine sand about 5 cm on the bottom of the incubator. In order to facilitate embryo development, the "animal pole" of turtle eggs (referring to the larger end of the eggs) is placed upward on fine sand, then the eggs are covered with a layer of fine sand about 3 cm thick, then covered with a wet towel, and finally the incubator is placed in a ventilated place. Temperature and humidity are the key to the success or failure of incubation. Too high or too low temperature and humidity are not conducive to the embryonic development of turtle eggs. During artificial incubation, the temperature should be controlled at 28-320 degrees Celsius, and water should be sprayed 1-2 times a day to maintain proper humidity, and attention should be paid to preventing natural enemies from harming turtle eggs. In this way, after 50-60 days of incubation, young turtles can be hatched.

Edit this paragraph back to the catalogue turtle-prevention and treatment of common diseases Generally speaking, turtles have strong adaptability and disease resistance, and are not easy to get sick. When raising artificially, as long as you pay attention to cleanliness and hygiene at any time, you should change the feed frequently.

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Generally, the water in the turtle pond will not get sick. But sometimes the following diseases and enemies appear:

catch cold

A sick turtle with slow activity, bubbling nose and frequent mouth opening can be regarded as a cold.

Treatment: Ganmaoling and Analgin can be dissolved in water for soft-shelled turtle, and 0.2 ml gentamicin can be injected into the muscle of soft-shelled turtle's hind leg. Or inject 10000 units of penicillin, and the injection dose of turtles weighing more than 0.5 kg can be increased to 50000 units each time. Generally, continuous medication and injections can be cured in 3 days.

enteritis

This disease is mostly caused by intestinal bacterial infection caused by water pollution or feed deterioration. Symptoms are that the diseased glans often looks around, and the feces are sticky and bloody, which is extremely stinky. Loss of appetite and emaciation.

Treatment: change water and feed fresh bait many times a day; Intramuscular injection of chlortetracycline or chloramphenicol, 0.5 ml for each sick turtle, and the injection amount of turtles weighing more than 0.5 kg can be increased to 1 ml for 3 days. Add a small amount of chloramphenicol or furazolidone to the bait for feeding.

mycosis

The disease is mostly caused by mold infection after skin injury of soft-shelled turtle, which is characterized by red, white and necrosis of skin and serious mildew spots.

Prevention and control methods: In the process of transfer, stocking and fishing, the operation should be careful to avoid turtle body injury. If the turtle is injured before entering the pool, apply 1% malachite green ointment or sulfanilamide ointment to the affected area. Once the diseased turtle is found, it should be isolated in time and disinfected with 20%-30% lime water in the whole pool; The sick turtle is coated with purple liquid medicine for 7 days, and a small amount of oxytetracycline powder can also be added to the feed for 3 days.

Soft disease

This disease is mostly caused by malnutrition and insufficient sunshine, which is characterized by loss of appetite, general weakness, listlessness, slow action and slow growth. Treatment method: feed a complete feed with good palatability and rich nutrition, and add calcium tablets to the feed; Increase the sunshine time and bask in the sun 2-3 times a day.

eye trouble

【 Etiology 】: Eye injury or bacterial infection caused by eye irritation caused by poor water quality. The disease is more common in red-eared turtles, soft-shelled turtles, yellow-throated soft-shelled turtles, yellow-edged soft-shelled turtles, eye-spotted soft-shelled turtles, etc., and the incidence of young turtles is higher. The onset season is spring, and autumn and spring after wintering are the epidemic peaks.

[Diagnosis]: The eyes of the sick turtle are red, swollen and congested. The cornea and nasal mucosa of the eye are eroded by inflammation of the eye, the outside of the eye is covered with white secretions, and there is inflammation inside the eye. Sick turtles often wipe their eyes with their forelimbs, which makes them slow down and stop eating. In severe cases, the sick turtle becomes blind, and finally the turtle becomes thin and dies. Some sick turtles have only one eye at the beginning of the disease. If no measures are taken, symptoms will soon appear in the other eye.

[Prevention]: 1. Strengthen feeding management. Before and after overwintering, when eating, strengthen nutrition and enhance disease resistance. 2. Disinfect the utensils for feeding turtles. Glass jars and aquariums for raising turtles are soaked in 10% salt water for 30 minutes, and then washed with clear water before raising turtles. 3. Soaking in penicillin or potassium permanganate solution is not only a preventive measure, but also an early treatment. The concentration of young turtles is 20 mg/L, and the concentration of young turtles to adults is 30 mg/L. The soaking time depends on the water temperature. If necessary, soak 1 time (40 minutes) every day for 3-5 days.

[Treatment]: 1. Feed more animal livers. 2. Disinfect rivanol; Also known as Rever Otology Medicine, it is soaked in 1% water solution once a day for 40~60 seconds for 3~8 days. 3. The concentration of furacilin (or furazolidone) solution is 20 mg/L. The concentration of young turtles is 30 mg/L. Adult turtles are the same as young turtles, 40 minutes each time,/kloc-0 times a day for 3~5 days. 4. Dakening Eye Ointment. In addition, chloramphenicol eye drops can treat white eye disease very well.

Harmful animals

The natural enemies of turtles are mainly mice, snakes and some birds. Rats are the most harmful. They will bite or even kill turtles. Ants often crawl and eat cracked turtle eggs, so attention should be paid to prevent the invasion of these natural enemies in aquaculture management.