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Gu Taiqing, a poetess of the Eight Banners in the late Qing Dynasty

The wind in the willows is oblique, and people sleep peacefully at dusk. Short candles will burn out, long ones will go out, and small ones will increase.

The red chamber does not close the screen window, but is covered by a wisp of spring marks. Light smoke, dissolved in the hospital, the moon is in pear blossoms.

-"Early Spring Hatred, Spring Night"

The language of this word is natural, smart and fresh, but it is exquisite and light, especially "not closing the screen window", which blends the pear flowers shrouded in light smoke outside the window with the fragrance in the room. There is no sadness that hurts spring, only the quiet enjoyment of quiet and charming spring in the dusk moonlight and the keen and delicate taste of beauty. Even if a person has such a wonderful time for a period of time in his life, it is enough to be gratifying.

Who would have thought that this word was written by a woman who started learning Chinese at the age of 35?

Gu Taiqing, a blue flag bearer of Manchu Dynasty, was born in Jiaqing four years (1799) and died in Guangxu three years (1877). Her original surname was Xilinjue Roche, but later she changed her surname to Gu. Her surname was Chun, and her name was Zi Chun. The number was too clear.

The life of Taiqing's girlhood was bumpy and unfortunate. Her grandfather was killed because of his uncle E Ertai's factional struggle with Zhang, and was also given a gift of death. Xilin's family suffered this catastrophe. Taiqing, the daughter of an official, has become a "sinner", and the ups and downs of life can be imagined. However, the aristocratic lineage of this family is related to the royal family. The daughter of E Ertai's son Obi married Rongyong, the fifth son of Qianlong. However, Yongqi's grandson Ziyi later became Gu Taiqing's husband. Yihua's first wife, Mrs. Shao Hua, was one year older than Yihua. Taiqing and Yihua are the same age. She is both talented and beautiful. At the age of 26, she married Yihua and became Yihua's wing room. However, before they got married, they knew each other, appreciated each other and loved each other. Yi Hui wrote many words in pursuit of premarital purity, and compiled a collection of words, named "Writing the Words of Spring", including a poem "Nian Nujiao":

Very loving, with seven points of shyness and three points of hesitation. It's hard to say that Tong Guanqiong left a token. There are rumors in the corner of my eyes, and my eyebrows are hateful. Avoid people and whisper behind their backs. Unexpectedly, bitter and sweet, sour and spicy, empty and negative. Where are the twelve blue peaks? They turned into colorful clouds. After returning to Qin Yuan, Zhu also joined Hepu, an ethereal fairy couple. Acacia sleeps and dreams of meeting butterflies.

It can be seen that they love each other deeply, but they have to part. This kind of distress tortured for a long time, and their marriage was undecided at the age of 26 in feudal times. Its mood can be imagined. Most of the reasons are because Taiqing is a "sinner". After many twists and turns, she finally took the risk of breaking the royal regulations, changed her surname to Gu, and lied about getting married in Zongren House. This shows that the two people have deep feelings and their personalities are too clear and determined.

As an aristocratic intellectual woman in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Gu Taiqing's ci content and artistic style are influenced by the gradual opening of the times, as well as her personal ideological character and temperament.

First of all, in family life and marital relationship, on the one hand, she abides by the social order and customs of that era. As a wing room, she knows her place very well. She has a very high self-restraint, a kind heart and a kind house heart. She can worship her aunt and sympathize with the handmaiden, and get along well with Mrs. Miao Hua, who is easy to draw. Her temperament is elegant and noble, and she can create a peaceful and harmonious family life atmosphere and enjoy family happiness. On the other hand, in the love life of husband and wife, she has a life different from the old traditional women, which is only passively subordinate to her husband and has no self-spirit. She pursues a husband-and-wife life with similar interests, mutual understanding, mutual admiration and great intelligence. Taiqing has a high literary talent. Her girlfriend, Shen Shanbao, a poetess in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Too clear and brilliant, with a successful writing style" ("Poems by Famous Ladies"). After she married Yihua, they wrote poems and sang harmoniously, which made them feel happy. Her poems are well written, but Yihua prefers to write words, and often uses words to express her feelings, but she is too clear and unfamiliar with words to sing, which makes her very dissatisfied with herself. She began to study hard, studied hard, absorbed the nutrition of Tang and Song Ci, and created many works with Song Ci. She has a high understanding. With the help of game painting and ten years of experience in writing poems, she has made rapid progress. Soon, she can not only write harmony words with Yi Hua, but also write harmony words with the same theme and rhyme as Yi Hua. Such as "high mountains and flowing water, South Valley Qingfeng Pavilion completed", easy to draw words are:

The mountain building is facing the wind, overlooking the depths of the jungle, and the households are exquisite. After the rain, lean on the fence and look straight to the east of Haiyun. Outside the column, the shadow meets the rainbow. As the sun sets, the valley is flowing with water and dew, holding the bookshelf after night, and I am in this building. Relax. Yun Qi has high windows, cool nights and autumn latitudes. The sleeves of the Jin Dynasty brushed the Milky Way, and the cock crowed three times. Comrades are two or three good friends who stand up for young children. Ask the vast universe, there are few heroes.

Too clear, the word is:

The ravine draws the long wind, penetrating Lin Hao and Xiao Linglong. Outside the building, the shade is deep, and the railing points to the east. The Hunhe River is full of water, and the line is like a rainbow. It's extremely cool, birds and whistles are everywhere, and the fog is very heavy. Ren Haitian is vast and spacious, jumping into this body. Rong Yun looked at the white clouds and pale dogs, those unintentional and changing void. Fine grass winds around the dangerous rock, and the rock flowers are beautiful and the sun is red. Qingfeng Pavilion, high-spirited, ambitious, ranks like a child. When you come back, talk and laugh.

Too elegant style, magnificent, not feminine and slender. Her ci soon surpassed the artistic attainments of poetry.

Taiqing's husband, Tai Su, painted a poem called "The Songs of the South Valley", and Taiqing's poem was called "Fishing Songs in the East China Sea". Taiqing sings to Tai Su, Donghai sings to Nangu, and fishermen sings to firewood. The couple are happy and their interest in singing poetry has reached a high level. Taiqing attaches great importance to the emotional and spiritual knowledge life of husband and wife, and has a very high and rich pursuit for it, which has become one of the important contents of his ci.

Tai Qing and her husband often travel together, and "Partridge thinking about traveling with their master in Fengtai" is to describe their pleasure in traveling together:

Nanguo followed him for three days, and the bridge flowed around the Blue Bay. Begonia is graceful and low in tea, and willow is light green. Flowers are gorgeous, willows are dancing, withered willows are hurting spring, and butterfly Qi Fei is chasing the east wind to the vegetable field in the sunset.

There is a faint feeling of cherishing spring here, but more is to appreciate and taste the vibrant beauty of spring. "Butterfly flies in the sunset, chasing the east wind to the vegetable field" not only describes the spring scenery in front of us, but also coincides with the joy of the couple's spring outing. The word "vegetable field" is fresh and unique, full of pastoral interest.

Easy to draw and love cultural relics. Whenever they get an artistic treasure, they enjoy it and write poems and lyrics. There are many pictures in Taiqing Ci, which are fresh, lively and full of feelings. The third part of "Memorizing Jiangnan and Titling Five Water Towns in Jiangnan, Tang Bohu" wrote:

Jiangnan village, Sangzhe village. Ten thousand ducks float to the far shore, and children stay in Chai Men, and the wind and rain are near dusk.

They often read scriptures at night, comment on history and discuss Taoism, enlighten each other and sharpen their thinking. Taiqing wrote in the inscription of "Partridge Sky": "One winter night, listening to the master's sermon, I didn't feel that I missed the three quotient, and the residual plum in the pot was endowed with enlightenment." Word cloud:

No wonder classics are taught in the middle of the night. The world doesn't love flowers. When flowers are fragrant, we should also thank them. No one knows how successful bees make honey and silkworms spin silk. Hengsha robbed countless people, and everything was my great teacher.

She keeps increasing her wisdom and knowledge through reading with her husband, who is also her teacher, friend and lover. Taiqing's unique pursuit of husband and wife made her get rid of the narrowness of aristocratic women in feudal times and have an enlightened and profound ideological understanding, which is the deep reason why her ci is so powerful in style.

Secondly, I know too well and make friends too well. She is not the kind of woman who is confined to family life and content with it. Compared with Xu Can, a poetess in Qing Dynasty who was earlier than her, Taiqing's range of friends was greatly broadened. On the one hand, it is related to the gradual opening of social atmosphere in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, on the other hand, it is also related to her natural temperament and personality temperament. She is optimistic and lively, straightforward and simple, open-minded, gentle and peaceful, and "treats people honestly without arrogance and rashness" (Shen Shanbao's original words). This character has strong affinity, attraction and cohesion. There are not only many female friends around her, but also celebrities and talented women, such as Xu Yunlin, Xu, Shen Shanbao and Xiang Shanping, and many male friends, such as Ruan Yuan, Pan and Gong Zizhen. Taiqing brought many poems. She is sincere and frank with her friends, appreciates each other, learns from each other and shares the warmth and fun of human friendship. She draws spiritual and emotional nourishment from it, which undoubtedly greatly enriches and broadens her mind and vision. Taiqing's writing is broad-minded, fresh and mellow, detached and refined, and "there is no trace of elegance in her writing" (Kuang Zhouyi's words), which is probably related to her extensive friends. Chorus with friends is also an important part of her ci. Good friend Xu Yunlin is good at painting, and Taiqing wrote in the word "Drunken Man's sake is not wine" that Yunlin's "Lake Moon Qin Tu" was titled:

Long, long, clear lake, misty. Bright streamers, beautiful women flying fairy. Silent and noisy sleeves promote string singing. According to weeping willows and plain toads, shadows are biased.

Envy your ambition, flowing water. At this time, I ask you, is your heart idle? The cloud is wide, the moon is self-evident, and the new sound is harmonious. Slightly slow hair twisted, the moon is bright and the autumn night is cold.

She is a true bosom friend of her friends' works of art, and at the same time, she gained a wonderful experience by reading her friends' paintings, and inspired her own artistic creation to write this "work that can rank among the best words" (Yan Yu).

The word "more leakage, Huai Yunlin" goes:

Rain and wind are good, full of ecstasy. The wind is thin, the rain is drizzling, and acacia is twelve o'clock. I remember you, you remember me, I'd rather not remember you. You remember me, I remember you, my heart is like a wheel.

Language goes back and forth, and words are songs and ballads. The delicate and long-lasting feelings between myself and my girlfriend flow freely without modification.

Quote another song "Plum Blossoms in Jiangcheng, Clouds in Rain, Letters from Ginger";

An old friend thousands of miles away sent a book, open it quickly. I wonder if it is safe to guess in books. After parting, the time sequence changed, away from sadness and wandering. Wandering around, wandering around, give me arms. The sky is short and the water is short. Dreams are dreams, too. I can't see them. I wore a skirt that day. Who saw Yun Lan, stay in the intestines. When you come back to see me tomorrow, you should not be like this when you leave.

The excitement of caring for friends and eager to read when receiving letters from friends, and the melancholy of being separated from friends all over the world are sincere and touching.

She and Wu Zao (word Pingxiang), another famous poetess in Qing Dynasty, failed to meet each other for various reasons, but she was able to communicate with each other by replying to poems. She greatly appreciates Wu Pingxiang's extraordinary literary talent and elegant femininity, but although she has never met before, she is regarded as a confidant. In the title of Jin Lu Qu, Hua Lian Ci, she wrote:

He Xing became famous early and loved silkworm, lingering like a cocoon. Weave seven fragrant days to bask in brocade, and sweep the colored thread to make gold needles. Thousands of miles away, it is in people's arms. I want to see that there is no reason to be shallow, and Kuang Qing will grow old with me. Don't live up to it, just adjust it. It's hard to guess what's in the water, but it doesn't hurt. When will the canoe come when there are beauties leaning on bamboo? Sigh empty drum, less bosom friend. Only the warbler flowers are suitable for prosperity, whistling in the lakes and mountains. They are willing to send me a recent manuscript.

It is sincere and touching to express the deep and lasting feelings of a Tianya confidant in plain language. Taiqing's husband Yi Hua died at the age of forty, which made her life miserable after middle age, and it was the friendship of friends that supported her and enabled her to withstand all kinds of unfortunate blows in life. The friendship of friends will accompany her all her life, which not only nourishes her life, but also stimulates her enthusiasm for artistic creation of ci. Taiqing's Singing with Friends has a high artistic aesthetic value.

Taiqing has a very delicate sense of Minhui for everything in the world. She observes everything in the world with the hearts of women, mothers and literati, so she can write extremely interesting details and scenery of daily life. "Le Chun B Wei Xinzheng, see Zhao Er and others picking flowers on the 4th" wrote:

How much has the east wind come these days? I see bees again. There are several kites floating in the sky, and the light is clear as a sweep. There are stars and fine grass in warm places. Look around the green steps, pick wormwood grubs and carry a small basket.

It uses fresh, natural and lively language to describe the joy of children collecting wild vegetables and the warm sunshine in spring, and the word "slug" in the Book of Songs gives this daily life scene a distant ancient meaning.

Let's watch another song, Cherish the Hairpin and Watch the Boy Shake in the Air.

Spring is coming, the weather is fine, and I sit and watch children's plays. Join the wind and drums. Tie a rope and save bamboo as a tube. Empty! Empty! Most things in the world have profound meanings. There is no end to the truth, but it is actually audible and empty. Let's go Let's go

There is also a "Partridge Puppet" cloud:

Puppets do whatever they want at the scene, misinform stories and confuse children. Li Tang, Zhao and Song San didn't take exams, so the beauty lies in the strange change of demons. Raccoons driving red leopards and following literature and art are well dressed and pretentious. What's the use of hanging high?

Philosophy can also be realized by observing children's games, which shows her unique psychological characteristics of female literati, such as observing micro-knowledge and profound wisdom.

As an aristocratic female scholar, Gu Taiqing is very sensitive to the changes of current events in the country and society. Her "Candle Shadow Shakes Red and Listen to Eunuch Jin Chen Playing the Piano in the Pear Garden" said:

The snow is heavy, and the north wind touches the bamboo in front of the court. The white-haired supervisor came to hold the piano and frowned before opening his mouth. Play all the old songs of Yaochi. Rhythm, running water and waterfalls. In this world, it has been heartbreaking for 40 years. I remember that there were countless famous flower clusters in the pear garden. Enjoying music and blue sky, enjoying immortal blessings. I'm really sorry. I'm an old servant now, and I owe you. I can't bear to look back, the twilight is depressed, and I am crying at the end of the road.

Gu Taiqing experienced four dynasties in his life: Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi. At that time, the Qing court was at home and abroad, and she was declining. She heard the sad and desolate voice of the last days in the piano of the old eunuch. Yan's evaluation of this word in the History of Qing Ci is: "The description and discussion of this word are minimal, focusing on the realm of' twilight' and having the meaning of' history'." It shows that Taiqing Ci has another clear and deep style.

When talking about Manchu poets in Qing Dynasty in HSBC Thorn, Kuang Zhouyi said: "Men are tolerant, women are too clear", which shows the high status of Taiqing ci in Manchu literati ci. Kuang Zhouyi made a further analysis of the reasons why Taiqing Ci reached this artistic realm in Preface to Fishing Songs in the East China Sea: "Taiqing Ci is clear and calm because of Zhou Qingzhen, with white stones beside it, which is very news." The reason for this is probably that the words in the future have lost their eyesight, and they are purely the milk of the Song people, so they will never touch their pens. Kuang Zhouyi made a profound exposition on the inheritance of Ci, especially "no cutting, no rate" and "no trouble to wash". Huang Yanli said in "Four Great Poets of Qing Dynasty": "The most rare thing about Taiqing poetry is sincerity, charm, naturalness and never affectation. "The reason why she formed this unique artistic style is not only the inheritance and learning of Song Ci, but also related to her natural temperament of frankness, simplicity, gentleness and deep wisdom.

From the late Qing Dynasty to today, the artistic achievements and aesthetic value of Gu Taiqing's ci have been recognized by more and more people. Here, I would like to conclude with a passage by Ms. Zhang Juling's poetess Xilin Chun: "Xilin Chun uses her colorful pen to write lyrics by voice, or to express simple and sincere friendship, or to express people's sincere maternal feelings, or to express her true feelings with heroic pen, or to make a short biography dream ... With the help of literary language, she excavates endless aesthetic interests from these trivial lives.