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1. Celestial system level:

Extragalactic galaxy ← total galaxy → Milky Way → Solar system → Earth-Moon system

2. In the solar system, from near to far from the sun The eight planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

3. Because there are living things on the earth, the earth is a special planet.

4. Basic conditions for the production of life on the earth: External conditions include stable illumination from the sun and safe orbit of the earth; internal conditions: (1) The earth has a moderate mass and volume, so there are suitable organisms around the earth. Breathable atmosphere; (2) Due to the moderate distance between the sun and the earth and the weakening and insulation effects of the earth's atmosphere, there is a moderate temperature on the earth; (3) There is liquid water on the earth (which can form oceans).

§2 The influence of the sun on the earth

1. Solar radiation is the earth’s main energy source. It can maintain the surface temperature and promote water, atmosphere, biological activities and The main driving force of change can affect human production and life, provide coal, oil and other fossil fuels, and can also form other forms of energy through artificial transformation.

2. Signs of solar activity include sunspots and flares. When solar activity is relatively intense, magnetic storms and aurora phenomena can form, causing short-wave radio communication interruptions, and can induce natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes.

§3 Movement of the Earth

1. The rotation direction of the Earth is from west to east, and its rotation period is about 24 hours using the sun as a reference, which is called a solar day; If a star far away from the earth is used as a reference, it is about 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds, which is called a sidereal day.

2. The Earth’s revolution direction is from west to east, and its revolution period is approximately 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 10 seconds, which is called a sidereal year.

3. Due to the rotation of the earth, (1) the phenomenon of day and night replacement occurs; (2) when different places appear at different longitudes, that is, the time in the east is earlier than the time in the west; (3) the formation of The geostrophic deflection force means that horizontally moving objects deflect to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

4. Draw the direct light and the twilight line in the blank picture, mark the direct point and the night hemisphere, and indicate the direction of the earth's rotation.

5. The angle between the earth’s revolution and rotation orbit is called the yellow-red angle, and its size is 23°26′.

6. Due to the existence of the yellow-red intersection angle, the north-south movement of the direct sun point occurs, as well as changes in the length of day and night, changes in the altitude angle of the sun at noon, and changes in the four seasons.

7. North-south movement of the direct sun point:

On June 22 (solar term: summer solstice), the direct sun point is located at the Tropic of Cancer;

September On the 23rd (solar term: the autumnal equinox), the direct sun point is at the equator;

On December 22 (solar term: the winter solstice), the direct sun point is at the Tropic of Capricorn;

March 21 On a day (solar term: the vernal equinox), the direct point of the sun is located at the equator;

The period of the direct point of the sun moving north to south: approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 ??minutes and 46 seconds, which is called a tropical year.

8. Draw the direction of the earth’s rotation and revolution at the appropriate location in the picture, and determine the date of each point

9. The changing pattern of day and night length:

(1) On the summer solstice, the day becomes longer as you go north, polar day appears in the Arctic Circle and north of it, and polar night appears in the Antarctic Circle and south; on the winter solstice, the day gets shorter as you go north, and polar day appears in the Antarctic Circle and south. Polar night occurs in and north of the Arctic Circle; on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, day and night are of equal length around the world.

(2) In the northern hemisphere, the day length is the longest on the summer solstice and the shortest on the winter solstice; in the southern hemisphere, the day length is the longest on the winter solstice and the shortest on the summer solstice; at the equator, day and night are of equal length throughout the year.

10. The change pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon:

(1) The distribution pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon on the summer solstice: gradually decreasing from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south sides; the altitude angle of the sun at noon on the winter solstice. The angle distribution pattern: gradually decreases from the Tropic of Capricorn to the north and south sides; the distribution pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes: it gradually decreases from the equator to the north and south sides;

(2) The solar altitude angle at noon on the summer solstice The maximum value of the year is reached in the Tropic of Cancer and its north, and the minimum value in the year is in the southern hemisphere; the maximum value of the solar altitude angle at noon on the winter solstice is in the Tropic of Cancer and its south, reaching the maximum value in the year. The minimum value is in the Northern Hemisphere; the maximum value of the solar altitude angle at noon in the spring and autumn equinoxes is at the equator.

§4 The Earth’s Spherical Structure

1. The Earth’s inner spheres include the crust, mantle, and core; the Earth’s outer spheres include the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.

2. In the figure, 1 represents the crust, 2 represents the mantle, 3 represents the core, A represents the Moho surface, and B represents the Gutenberg surface.

3. The lithosphere includes the part above the asthenosphere, that is, the top of the crust and upper mantle.

4. The hydrosphere is a continuous and irregular circle.

Chapter 2 The Earth’s Atmosphere

§1 Atmospheric movement caused by uneven heat and cold

1. The fundamental heat source of the atmosphere is solar radiation, but the atmosphere The most direct source of heat is the ground.

2. The atmosphere weakens solar radiation and insulates the ground.

3. The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat is returned to the ground through atmospheric reverse radiation, that is, the stronger the insulation effect.

4. The formation process of thermodynamic circulation is uneven cold and heat on the ground → vertical movement of the atmosphere → horizontal air pressure difference → horizontal movement of the atmosphere (wind).

Draw the direction of air movement on the diagram and mark the high and low ground pressure.

5. The direction of horizontal air movement (wind) is from high pressure to low pressure, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. On an isobars map, the denser the isobars, the stronger the wind.

§2 Pressure belts and wind belts

1. Mark the names of the pressure belts and wind belts in the picture, and draw the wind direction of the wind belts.

2. The air pressure belts are formed due to thermal reasons, such as the equatorial low pressure belt and the polar high pressure belt; due to dynamic reasons, the subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure belt are formed; the wind belt blows from the high pressure belt to the It is formed by low-pressure belts and taking into account the geostrophic deflection force.

3. The seasonal movement pattern of pressure belts and wind belts is that in both the northern and southern hemispheres, they move northward in July and southward in January.

4. In January (winter) in the northern hemisphere, the Asian high pressure formed on the Asian continent, cutting off the subpolar low pressure belt, thus forming the Aleutian low pressure in the Pacific; in July (summer) in the northern hemisphere, the Asian continent formed The Asian low pressure formed, cutting off the subtropical high pressure belt, thus forming the Hawaiian high pressure in the Pacific.

5. In East Asia, due to the influence of the thermal difference between sea and land on the air pressure and wind belts, the monsoon phenomenon can be formed, which blows from the land to the ocean in winter and from the ocean to the land in summer. (Northwest wind in winter, southeast wind in summer)

6. The influence of pressure zone and wind zone on climate:

Main distribution

Climate causes

Climate characteristics

Tropical rain forest climate

Between 10° north and south latitude

Controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt all year round

All year round High temperature and rainy

Savanna climate

Between 10° north and south latitude to the Tropic of Cancer

Alternately controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt and trade wind belt

The dry and wet seasons are distinct, with high temperatures and little rain in the dry season, and high temperatures and rain in the wet season

Mediterranean climate

The west coast of the continent at 30°-40° north and south latitudes

Influenced by westerly winds Controlled alternately with subtropical high pressure belts

High temperatures and little rain in summer, mild and rainy winters

Temperate marine climate

The west coast of the continent at 40°-60° north and south latitudes

Controlled by westerly winds all year round

Mild and rainy all year round

§3 Common weather systems

1. 1 in the figure represents a cold front, 2 represents a warm front . Among them, cold fronts appear more frequently in my country.

2. Frontal weather system:

Before transit

During transit

After transit

Examples of weather phenomena

Cold front

The temperature is higher,

the air pressure is lower,

the weather is sunny

prone to rain and snow Windy and cooling weather

The temperature drops,

the air pressure rises, and the weather becomes sunny.

Heavy rain in the north in summer

Cold wave in winter

(strong wind cooling)

Sandstorm in spring

Warm Front

The temperature is lower,

the air pressure is higher,

the weather is sunny

continuous precipitation or fog is prone to occur

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The temperature rises,

the air pressure drops, and

the weather turns sunny.

Omitted

3. 1 in the figure represents high pressure, and 2 represents low pressure.

4. Use arrows in the figure to indicate the horizontal and vertical movement directions of the airflow.

5. The weather characterized by 1 in the figure is sunny and less rainy, such as drought in summer, cold wave in winter, and crisp air in autumn in my country. 2 The weather characteristics formed are cloud and rain weather, such as the typhoon phenomenon in summer and autumn in my country.

§4 Global climate change

1. Global climate change has both natural and man-made causes. The most important trend of modern climate change is global warming.

2. In my country, the phenomenon of climate warming is very obvious in the northern region from a spatial perspective, and is more prominent in the winter season from a temporal perspective.

3. The main causes of global warming: carbon dioxide emissions (burning of fossil fuels), forest destruction, population growth

4. The impact of global warming (1) Cause sea level to rise; (2) Change the water cycle, causing disasters such as floods and droughts; exacerbating the instability of water resources and the contradiction between supply and demand.

(3) It is beneficial to high-latitude countries to increase their agricultural production (the growing season is extended); it is not beneficial to low-latitude countries to reduce their agricultural production (floods and droughts are intensified).

Chapter 3 Water on Earth

§1 Water cycle in nature

1. Water resources refer to fresh water resources on land, of which the largest reserves are Glacier water is most utilized as river water.

2.

(1) 1 in the figure is evaporation and 2 is precipitation, which form the internal circulation cycle of the sea;

(2) 3 in the figure 5 is evaporation, 4 is precipitation, they form the intraterrestrial circulation (inland circulation) cycle;

(3) In the figure, 5 is evaporation, 6 is water vapor transport, 7 is precipitation, and 8 is surface runoff. 9 is infiltration and 10 is underground runoff. They form a circulation cycle between sea and land.

(4) What can renew and purify land water resources is the circulation between sea and land. Humans have the greatest use and impact on surface runoff in the process of utilizing the water cycle.

3. The significance of the water cycle: (1) Maintain the dynamic balance of global water bodies; (2) Promote global energy exchange and material transfer; (3) Shape the surface morphology; (4) Have an impact on terrestrial water resources The function of renewal and purification.

§2 Large-scale seawater movement

1. The main driving force for the formation of ocean currents is the prevailing wind. In addition, the geostrophic deflection force and the shape of the land can also affect the direction of the ocean currents.

2. The main types of ocean currents are cold currents and warm currents.

3. Draw the direction of the ocean current on the picture.

4. The cold currents in the picture include 5, 7, 10, and 11; the warm currents include 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9.

5. Influence of ocean currents:

(1) Affects the transport and exchange of heat between high and low latitudes.

(2) Impact on coastal climate: Warm currents play a role in warming and humidifying. For example, the temperate marine climate in Western Europe is affected by the North Atlantic Warm Current. The cold current has the effect of cooling and dehumidifying, and deserts may form in coastal areas if affected by the cold current.

(3) Impact on fishing grounds: Hokkaido fishing grounds are formed in the Pacific due to the intersection of cold and warm currents 3 and 7; Peruvian fishing grounds are formed in 11 locations due to the influence of upwelling.

(4) Impact on marine pollution: expanding the scope of pollution; accelerating the purification of pollutants.

(5) Impact on marine transportation: going downstream can speed up and save fuel; fog is prone to appear at the intersection of cold and warm currents, which can interfere with transportation; in addition, ocean currents may bring icebergs from high latitudes, endanger transportation.

§3 Rational utilization of water resources

1. Natural resources can be divided into renewable resources and non-renewable resources according to their nature, and water resources are among the renewable resources.

2. Factors that affect the abundance and scarcity of water resources include precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc. Among them, runoff is the most important criterion for measuring the abundance and scarcity of water resources.

3. The quantity of water resources mainly affects the scale of economic activities, and the quality of water resources mainly affects the efficiency of economic activities.

4. The development of productivity (technology) can affect human beings' use of water resources. In the era of backward science and technology, humans mainly used river water and freshwater lake water; in the era of advanced science and technology, humans use more types of water resources and the methods of utilization are diversified. For example, groundwater extraction, seawater desalination, inter-basin water transfer, construction of reservoirs, etc.

5. At present, human beings’ demand for water resources continues to increase, but the quality of water resources continues to decline. Water resources must be used rationally, because water resources are not inexhaustible.

6. Measures for human use of water resources: (1) Build reservoirs; (2) Transfer water across river basins; (3) Improve utilization efficiency and reuse rate. (4) Desalination of seawater; (5) Reasonable exploitation of groundwater; (6) Raising awareness of water conservation; (7) Artificial rainfall enhancement; (8) Reduce pollution and waste. Among them, those that are measures to increase revenue are (1)(2)(4)(5)(7), and those that are measures to reduce expenditure are (3)(6)(8).

Chapter 4 Shaping of Surface Form

§1 The power of creating surface form

1. Geological processes can be divided into internal forces, There are two types of external forces. Throughout the geological period, internal forces play a dominant role in geological processes

2. The energy of internal forces mainly comes from the interior of the earth (thermal energy), which can make the surface uneven; internal forces mainly include magma activity , metamorphism, crustal movement and other basic forms.

3. Crustal movement is the main way to shape the surface morphology, which can be divided into two forms: horizontal movement and lifting (vertical) movement according to the direction and nature of movement.

4. Horizontal movement often forms fold mountains, fault zones, rift valleys, oceans, etc.; vertical movement often forms terrain fluctuations, sea and land changes, etc. In terms of global-scale movements, crustal movements are dominated by horizontal movements.

5. The energy of external forces mainly comes from outside the earth (solar energy, gravity energy), which can make the surface of the earth flat; external forces mainly include weathering, erosion, and transportation. Basic forms such as action, sedimentation (accumulation), and consolidation diagenesis.

6. The three major types of rocks can transform into each other (crustal material cycle). Fill in the corresponding names in the picture.

§2 The formation of mountains

1. The main types of mountains include fold mountains, fault block mountains, and volcanoes.

2. The basic forms of folds include anticlines and synclines. Among them, the rock layers arch upward to form an anticline. The relationship between the old and new rock layers is that the central rock layer is older and the rock layers on the two wings are younger. The rock layers bend downward to form a syncline. The relationship between the old and new rock layers is that the central rock layer is younger. The rock formations on both wings are older.

3. Under the influence of internal forces, anticlines generally form mountains and synclines form valleys; however, if external forces are taken into account, the top of anticlines is easily eroded into valleys due to tension, and The syncline trough is affected by the extrusion force and is not prone to erosion, thus forming a mountain. The world-famous Himalayas, Alps, Cordilleras, etc. are all fold mountains based on their origin. Anticlines are oil and gas storage structures; tunnels can be built; synclines are water storage structures.

4. The rock layer fractures during the crustal movement and undergoes significant displacement along the fracture surface to form a fault. The relative rise of rock blocks between two faults forms horsts, which are easy to form fault block mountains, such as Huashan, Lushan, and Taishan. The relative decline of rock blocks between two faults forms grabens, which are easy to form. Lowlands and valleys, such as the Weihe Plain, Fen River Valley, and the Great Rift Valley, were formed in this way.

5. The Columbia Plateau, the main peak of Changbai Mountain in my country, and Mount Fuji in Japan were all formed due to magma activity.

6. Transportation lines in mountainous areas are mainly distributed in intermountain basins and valleys. The reason is that the surface of mountainous areas is rugged, while the terrain of intermountain basins and valleys is relatively gentle.

7. The traffic lines in mountainous areas are longer and more curved. The reason is: transportation lines in mountainous areas need to bypass various obstacles.

8. The transportation lines in mountainous areas are mainly highways, followed by railways. The reason is that transportation construction costs in mountainous areas are relatively high and difficult, while highway construction costs are relatively low.

§3 Development of river landforms

1. River landforms can be divided into erosional landforms and accumulation landforms according to their causes.

2. Trace-back erosion can extend the valley toward the source of the river; downward erosion can deepen the valley, and lateral erosion can widen the valley.

3. The most typical type of river accumulation landform is the alluvial plain, which is composed of the alluvial-alluvial plain in the upper reaches of the river, the floodplain plain in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the delta plain at the mouth of the river.

4. The settlements in plateau areas are generally distributed in the flood plains on both sides of deep valleys. They are strip-like in shape, relatively scattered and small in scale. The main reasons are: the climate here is warm (low altitude), the soil is fertile, and the water is abundant.

5. Settlement in mountainous areas is generally distributed in the flood plains on both sides of the river or the alluvial fans in the piedmont. Their shape is strip-like, the degree of distribution is relatively scattered, and the scale is relatively small. The main reasons are: the terrain here is flat, there are sufficient surface or underground water sources, and the soil is fertile.

6. Settlements in plain areas are generally distributed in deltas or flood plains on both sides of rivers. They are strip-like or mass-like, with relatively dense distribution and large scale. The main reason is: the terrain here is flat, the soil is fertile, the water is sufficient, and the inland rivers and ocean transportation are convenient

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