Was Japan the territory of China in ancient times?

Let's start with a brief overview of Japanese history.

(A) Ancient Japan

In 660 BC, Emperor Jimmu, the first Japanese emperor, succeeded to the throne, which was the beginning of the traditional Japanese era.

In 593 AD, in order to suppress aristocratic families and strengthen imperial power, Shoto Kutaishi carried out "pushing the ancient to reform". The old hereditary system of official ranks was broken, and a set of social life code "seventeen constitutions" was formulated, which created conditions for the establishment of centralized politics.

In the century A.D., various contradictions in Japanese slave society became increasingly acute. The emperor's power was weak, and Su Shi, a noble family, held the emperor hostage and gave orders. The royal family, headed by Prince Dazhong, and some nobles, represented by Han Chenlian, advocated reform, followed the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties in China, and established centralization. 12, in June 645, they staged a coup and changed their name to Dahua. Issue imperial edicts and carry out reforms. The main contents are: nationalization of land; Abolish aristocratic private land and private ownership (serfdom); Cancel the land equalization system and implement the law of receiving and giving gifts in class fields; Unify the tax system and implement the system of rent and rent adjustment; At the same time, reform the administrative system and establish centralization. This reform marks the transformation of Japan from a slave society to a feudal society.

7 10-784 was a period of social and political stability in Japanese history, and it was called the nara era because of its capital. During this period, Japan paid attention to absorbing China culture, Buddhism spread rapidly, and sent Tang envoys and overseas students to China many times.

/kloc-in the 20th century, two samurai groups, Pinghe Genji, fought for power. Both PingGenji are descendants of the royal family where they moved in. After getting stronger and stronger. Kansai nobles attached themselves to Pingjia and Kanto nobles attached themselves to Genji, forming two samurai groups. By 1 167, Ping won and the leader Ping Qing took power.

1 180, the leader of Genji, Yuan Laichao, took advantage of the samurai's dissatisfaction with Pingqingsheng's dictatorship and attacked Shi Ping in 1 185. 1 192 was appointed by the emperor as a "foreign general" and began the kamakura shogunate era.

During the Kamakura shogunate (1 192- 1333), the general sent his warriors to manage the manor, control the local political power and establish centralized rule. During the Muromachi shogunate (1333- 1573), the general's power was weakened, and Daming was separated from other places, which led to the 1467- 1573 Warring States Rebellion. It was not until 103 that Tokugawa Ieyasu established the edo shogunate that the highly centralized feudal regime in which the generals directly took power was rebuilt. During the reign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the policy of clearing land and confiscating civilian weapons was implemented; Reward foreign trade and limit the spread of Catholicism. However, after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated Toyotomi Hideyoshi's allied forces in the battle of Guanyuan, was appointed as a "foreign general" in 1603, and captured Osaka Castle in 16 15, destroying the Toyotomi family and ensuring the stability of the Tokugawa regime.

The edo shogunate prohibited nationals from trading and exchanging property with foreign countries. 1637 issued a lock-up order, which stipulated that all Japanese were not allowed to engage in foreign trade without the approval of the shogunate. At the same time, foreigners (except China and the Netherlands) are prohibited from trading, and only in Nagasaki. Since then, Japan has entered the era of "locking the country".

The end of the "lock-up era" was after the signing of the Security Treaty in the middle of19th century. The Security Treaty is a general term for a series of unequal treaties signed by western powers during the security period (1854- 1860). Since 1853, American Perry led a fleet to Japan and knocked on the door of Japan. Under the threat of force, this future world power barely opened the door and began to explore its own future path, and was gradually involved in the world market. 1863 The war between Samoa and Britain made the Japanese, especially the young warriors who later became the middle force of the revolution, realize their backwardness and make greater efforts to carry out reforms. In a word, the tide of reform is 6D4 1 irreversible.

(B) the prelude to the Meiji Restoration-the closing movement

The reformist centers, with the middle and lower samurai as the main body, are distributed in the economically developed places of Samo, Changzhou, Tosa and Feiqian in the southwest. They gradually realized the crisis of the backward ethnic groups in their country, put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries" and launched anti-shogunate activities. Be suppressed. But the anti-curtain faction won the support of the people and became stronger and stronger. 1866, Samak allied with the samurai in Changzhou. 1867, when the young Meiji emperor succeeded to the throne, the clique behind the scenes staged a coup, announcing the "restoration of monarchy", abolishing the Tokugawa era and establishing a new government. Kubo Toshiichi, Saigō Takamori and Edo Koji seized power and ordered Tokugawa Yoshinobu to hand over his territory. Tokugawa Yoshinobu rallied his forces in an attempt to fight back, but was defeated by the government forces in the Battle of Bird Feather and Fujian, and all the troops were wiped out. The victory of the closing movement laid the foundation and prepared for the next reform.

(3) Meiji Restoration

On the one hand, the goal of Meiji Restoration is to take measures to consolidate the new regime headed by the Emperor, on the other hand, it is to learn from western countries, implement the policy of enriching the people, and establish a modern independent country.

The most urgent reform task of Meiji government is to abolish feudal vassal States, change the separatist situation of vassal States and establish a centralized and unified country. The Meiji government first confiscated the territory of the national shogunate, established eight municipalities directly under the central government, and changed them into eight prefectures and 21 counties. However, not all the income of the shogunate can be used as the income source of the new government, and most of the territories of the vassal States remain unchanged and the decrees cannot be unified. Therefore, the Ming and Han governments decided to give up the feudal ownership of land and people. This reform is still preliminary, because although it is emphasized that the policy of vassal separatist regime must obey the central government, the vassal separatist regime is in the waiting room. Therefore, the Meiji government issued the order of "abolishing the vassal state system", that is, abolishing the vassal state system, Meiji broke the vassal boundary, and the national administrative region was re-divided into three prefectures (Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka) and 72 counties, which were managed by the governors of prefectures appointed by the central government. By "abolishing vassals and establishing counties", the land ownership of feudal lords itself collapsed, and Japan began to truly become a centralized and unified country.

At the same time, the Meiji government began to reform the feudal hierarchy and establish the identity system of royal family, Han family, Tu nationality and common people. In the process of breaking away from various feudal systems, it has become an important issue to liberate and transform the feudal warrior class. The Meiji government first revised the feudal knighthood system and reduced the salary of feudal warriors. Secondly, feudal warriors were allowed to give up their salaries. Third, wages have become money. Finally, monetary wages became public debt. The samurai class, once the foundation of Japanese feudal society, completely collapsed, and the upper-middle samurai evolved into capitalists, while the lower-class samurai became ordinary workers. The Meiji government's process of dealing with the feudal samurai's salary was pragmatic.

It is worth noting that the abolition of feudal lords and the liberation of the samurai class were not directly deprived for free, but redeemed with taxes that plundered the people's blood and sweat.

After the reform in the Ming Dynasty, solving the land problem became an important issue for the regime. During the Tokugawa shogunate, there were many kinds of tributes, which were extremely inconsistent. The feudal Lord economy imposed various restrictions on land possession and agricultural production, and the self-sufficient natural economy dominated for a long time. After the Meiji Restoration, due to the rapid development of commodity currency economy, the domestic unified market was initially formed and capitalism developed, which was the fundamental reason why the Meiji government resolutely carried out this local tax reform.

On the other hand, in the process of overthrowing Sichuan tokugawa era, farmers are eager to get rid of the shackles of feudal lords' economy and constantly strengthen the struggle to change feudal land ownership. Especially the emerging landlords and rich peasants, urgently demand to replace the land ownership of feudal lords. Moreover, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan's foreign trade developed rapidly. In order to resist the external pressure of capitalist powers, Meiji people must also guarantee a certain currency, which is bound to regard local taxes as an important source of income against foreign countries. Shortly after Chen Wu War, Meiji government began to brew local tax reform. 1870, the Meiji government began to study a plan called "Suggestions on Land Rent Reform", with the theme of allowing land to be bought and sold freely. In the same year, the Ministry of Civil Affairs advocated the unification of national land tax, and the Ministry of Finance promulgated the method of paying national land rent in currency. 187 1 year, the Meiji government allowed farmers to grow crops freely, and the Ministry of Finance officially proposed that the land should be privately owned. 1872, the Meiji government explicitly allowed all people to buy and sell land freely, issued land certificates, determined land prices, and officially confirmed the land ownership of emerging landlords, usurers and rich peasants in law.

Because the Meiji government thought that the conditions for reform were ripe, on July 28th, 1873, it officially promulgated the local tax reform laws and regulations to China, announcing the official start of the national local tax reform.

The local tax reform law consists of five documents, the main contents of which can be summarized as follows: (1) the standard of local tax: the old feudal tribute and rent are generally taxed according to the land harvest, and the new local tax is taxed according to the national unified tax rate determined by the land price; (2) The tax rate of local tax is 3% of the land price, which will not increase or decrease due to the prosperity of that year; (3) Land tax should be paid in cash, regardless of the price of land products, especially rice. (4) Tax object: In the past, the village was assessed and paid by the actual cultivators. Now, whether farming or not, as long as there is a land certificate issued by the government, it must be handed in.

1873 after the implementation of land tax reform, 1876 basically completed the land tax reform of paddy fields and homesteads, which really made land tax the main source of fiscal revenue and kept the land tax huge, which was also after 1873. In this way, the fiscal revenue of the Meiji government has stabilized.

The land tax reform benefited not the people, but the Meiji government, new landlords and rich peasants, and commercial usury capitalists, so the land tax reform caused fierce opposition from farmers. Under the pressure of the peasant movement, the Meiji government was forced to announce that the land tax standard was changed from 3% to 2.5%.

Land tax reform was one of the bourgeois reforms during the Meiji Restoration. First, Japan's modern land ownership was determined through land tax reform. Secondly, as far as the tax system is concerned, the Meiji government established a unified monetary land tax through land tax reform. Although its premise is landlord land ownership, it still belongs to the field of modern capitalism, which laid the foundation for the formation and development of Japanese capitalism.

In view of the extremely backward economic foundation left over from the feudal shogunate period and the fragility of the sauce seedlings, the Meiji government formulated a policy of "nurturing prosperity" in order to establish and develop capitalism in Japan. Specifically, it is to make use of the power of state power, step up the process of primitive accumulation of capital through various policy means and the use of treasury funds, and vigorously support the growth of capitalism led by state-owned military enterprises and imitating the West.

Due to the progress of primitive accumulation of capital process and the realization of the purpose of establishing state-owned enterprises to a certain extent, the operation of huge state-owned enterprises has led to the loss of national fiscal revenue. Therefore, the Meiji government decided to take the policy of tightening fiscal expenditure in 1880 as the "treatment" of state-owned enterprises and directly implement the policy of fostering and protecting private capital.

The Meiji government transferred state-owned enterprises to big capitalists at low prices, which not only strengthened the power of private capital and promoted the growth of capitalism, but also promoted the transformation of commercial capital into industrial capital by using military power. It played an important role in the primitive accumulation of capitalism.

Another important policy of Meiji government reform is "civilization", which mainly refers to the modernization and popularization of scientific and cultural education, that is, following the example of advanced capitalist countries in the west, realizing the bourgeois modernization in Japan and making Japanese society rapidly transform from feudal society to capitalist society. At the same time, the Meiji government carried out a large-scale educational reform, which is the best way to absorb western experience and then develop science and technology. However, the militaristic education in Japan since the Meiji Restoration has seriously hindered and bound the development of modern Japanese bourgeois education.

Meiji Restoration is an epoch-making historical event in Japanese history. It made Japan get rid of the semi-colonial crisis smoothly, formed a modern Japanese nation, developed capitalism, quickly transformed Japan from a feudal society into a capitalist society, and built the only modern capitalist country in Asia.

However, the modernization of Japanese bourgeoisie and the formation and development of capitalism were all promoted by the oppression of western capitalist powers at that time and the accelerated support and protection of Meiji government to complete national independence by using western experience.

(D) Japan as a political power

First, the development of Japanese politics after the war.

Shortly after Japan surrendered, the United States monopolized the dominance of surrender and occupation, dispatched 6.5438+0.5 million troops and occupied the whole territory of Japan in the name of "Allied Forces". In order to make Japan "no longer pose a threat to the United States" and "finally establish a government responsible for supporting the United States", the American occupation authorities used the original ruling class and ruling institutions of Japan and the strength of the Japanese people to force the Japanese ruling class to carry out the actions it initiated. The main contents of the reform are:

1. Disarm Japan and eradicate militaristic forces.

2. Amend the Japanese Constitution. MacArthur laid down three principles for amending the Constitution: First, the emperor system should be preserved, but its power should be restricted by the Constitution and obey the supreme will of the people; Second, give up war and combat readiness, and third, abolish all feudal systems.

3. Implement political democratization. Abolish the Law on Safeguarding Public Security and the Law on National Defense Security, expand citizens' basic human rights, political freedom and equal rights, and encourage the establishment of democratic organizations and institutions.

4. Carry out economic reform. This is mainly to carry out the movement of dissolving chaebol in cities and implement land reform in rural areas.

These reforms carried out by the American occupation authorities in Japan, on the one hand, have further strengthened the control of the United States over Japan from the political, economic, military and diplomatic aspects; On the other hand, it also dealt a heavy blow to Japanese militarism and feudalism, and completed the bourgeois restructuring reform that the Meiji Restoration failed to completely complete. Therefore, it objectively adapted to the needs of Japanese social development, greatly promoted the rapid recovery and development of Japanese social economy, and was a major turning point in Japanese history.

Second, the high development of Japan's economy after the war

The Second World War brought disastrous consequences to Japan. However, in a short period of 20 years, Japan reversed the national economy that collapsed in an all-round way, realized industrial modernization and became the second economic power in the capitalist world. Throughout the postwar development of Japan, it can be roughly divided into the following stages:

The first stage (1945- 1955) is the summer vacation to restore the economy with the support of the United States. By 1950, Japan's industrial and mining output value reached the pre-war level. By 1955, Japan's economic indicators (except foreign trade) exceeded the pre-war level.

The first stage (1955- 1973) is a period of rapid growth. The fifties and sixties of the 20th century witnessed the fastest development of the post-war western capitalist countries, especially Japan. 1955- 1968, the gross national product of the six western countries increased by an average of 78%, of which West Germany and Italy increased by 1 times respectively and Japan increased by 2.5 times. It is precisely because Japan's economic growth greatly surpassed that of other countries that by 1967, Japan's gross national product had surpassed Britain and France, and in 1968, it caught up with West Germany and became the second largest economic power in the western world after the United States. From 1955- 1967, the average annual growth rate of Japan's real gross national product is 10. 1%. 1969- 1973, although the growth momentum has slowed down, it still reaches 9.4%. From 1955- 1973, the average annual growth rate of Japan's real gross national product reached 9.8%, and the real gross national product increased by 4.2 times, that is to say, it more than quadrupled. In this process of rapid growth, Japan's economic outlook has undergone fundamental changes, industrial production ranks among the best in the world, industrial structure has been upgraded, agriculture has been modernized, and people's living standards have been greatly improved.

The third stage (65438-0973) is a period of low economic growth. During this period, Japan experienced two serious economic crises, namely 1974- 1975 and 1980- 1983. Especially in the first crisis, Japan's industrial production fell by 20% and the number of unemployed people increased 109.3%. By the second half of 199 1, there was a serious recession. The economic growth of 1992 is only 1.6%. Nevertheless, on the whole, Japan is still developing faster than other developed capitalist countries, and its economic status in the capitalist world is rising. Japan's position as the second largest economic power after the United States is not expected to change in the next 10 year. Of course, we should also fully see the serious fragility of Japan's economic development, which is mainly due to Japan's small territory, poor natural resources and insufficient domestic market, which leads to Japan's great dependence on foreign countries. This fragility of Japanese economy not only hinders its economic development, but also affects its role in international political activities.

There are profound international and domestic reasons for Japan's economic development after the war. Internationally, there are mainly the following aspects:

1. The international peaceful environment for more than 40 years after the war provided a good opportunity for Japan's economic development, which not only avoided the destruction of the war, but also saved a lot of military expenditure. Because of its low military expenditure, Japan has more financial resources to invest in economic construction than other developed countries.

2. In the early postwar period, the United States helped Japan implement a series of political and economic reforms, which objectively adapted to the needs of Japan's social and economic development, mobilized the enthusiasm of workers, and played a huge role in promoting Japan's economic and social development. In addition, the United States has also strongly supported Japan in financial and material resources, bringing the Japanese economy back to life.

3. During the Korean War and the Vietnam War, the huge American military supplies greatly promoted the recovery and development of Japanese economy.

The import of a large number of low-priced primary products is an important guarantee for Japan's rapid economic development. However, under the influence of the old international economic order, the prices of primary products exported by developing countries are very low, while the prices of industrial products exported by developed countries have risen sharply. Developing countries are not only an important source of raw materials for Japan, but also an important market for its industrial products, thus making Japan earn a lot of "scissors difference" profits in import and export trade prices.

There are mainly the following aspects in China:

1. Long-term stable political situation. There was little turmoil in postwar Japan, especially after the mid-1950s, when the domestic political situation was stable and the Liberal Democratic Party was in power for more than 30 years. At the same time, Japan has a strong legal system and relatively complete laws and decrees.

2. The Japanese government has adopted a development strategy suitable for its national conditions. Based on economic development, the government regards economic development as the biggest politics, formulates various economic plans, and adopts some specific policies and measures to stimulate and guide economic development.

3. Pay attention to the development of science and technology. After World War II, mankind ushered in the third and fourth scientific and technological revolutions. Japan seized this favorable opportunity and vigorously developed its own science and technology. In the year when the government formulated the budget, the growth rate of important scientific budget projects in recent years was above 5%. The Japanese government put forward the slogan of "building the country through science and technology" in 1979, which is still an important national policy of Japan. From 65438 to 0986, the government formulated a policy outline for developing science and technology. Now, Japan is a scientific research power second only to the United States.

4. Pay attention to the development of education and improve the quality of the people. This is also an important reason for Japan's rapid economic development after the war. Japan has attached importance to education since before the war, and respecting teachers and attaching importance to education is a good atmosphere in this country. At present, Japan has popularized primary and secondary education. Education is the most active factor in determining productivity, and labor is the most active factor in productivity. Therefore, due to Japan's emphasis on education, the quality of Japanese citizens is high, which greatly promotes Japan's social and economic development.

Let's talk about Sino-Japanese communication first to answer why there are so many Chinese characters in Japanese.

China and Japan are separated only by a strip of water, and both countries have a long history. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, the two sides had economic and cultural exchanges.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the king of Japanese slave countries sent envoys to the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Guangwu gave him a golden seal, which was unearthed in Japan on 1784. China's copper casting and ironmaking technology also spread to Japan.

During the Tang Dynasty, Japan and China had closer contacts, and the two sides had extensive exchanges in political, economic and cultural fields. Tadao Abe of Japan and Jian Zhen, a monk from China, were friendly ambassadors at that time. The culture of the Tang Dynasty has a wide influence on Japanese culture. China's Buddhism, medical knowledge, architecture and sculpture techniques spread to Japan. Japan adopted China's approach in political and economic system, urban architecture, writing and daily life, and made a famous "transition from slave society to feudal society".

In addition, supplement the History of Japanese Conquest in Yuan Dynasty:

The Yuan Dynasty and Korea invaded Japan (A.D. 1274, 128 1, eleven years from Yuan to Yuan, eighteen years from Emperor Wenyong of Japan, and four years from Hong 'an).

Yuan Dynasty is one of the only two China orthodox dynasties in China history, which is completely different from the traditional farming China. After the nomadic people entered the Central Plains, China was established as the core area, but it spanned both nomadic areas and fishing and hunting areas. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongols who originated from the Central European grassland in northwest China. Mongolians are the most successful people in the history of nomadic peoples in the world to expand to settled ethnic groups and agricultural areas in an all-round way In their heyday, they established the Mongolian Empire across Europe and Asia. After the division of the Mongolian Empire, its fragmented fragments constitute some of the most important countries in the world system today. In fact, Mongolia's management in East Asia has created an unprecedented period of expansion and integration for China in China, while China is conservative in its territorial expansion.

Today, the geographical map of China was originally formed in China of the Yuan Dynasty, so China of the Yuan Dynasty was also an orthodox dynasty in the history of China, leaving a great legacy to China later. The Yuan Dynasty was also the only period in China's history when it actively expanded to the periphery and launched an all-out war in order to establish a unified security order. This alone is enough to make the Yuan Dynasty obviously different from all dynasties in the history of China. From the perspective of modern countries and international systems, the peripheral expansion of the Yuan Dynasty actually represents a kind of rationality in economy and security, which not only expands the scope of the core ruling system as much as possible, eliminates any potential acts of disturbing order, but also creates large-scale trade exchanges.

From the perspective of security and national development, China's foreign expansion in the Yuan Dynasty actually had a lot of modernity after the rise of capitalism and large-scale industrial production, and the second war against Japan and its defeat in the Yuan Dynasty were also major war events that affected the respective history of China and Japan. From the late Tang Dynasty to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Mongols, Japan and China broke off diplomatic relations for four centuries. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in the Central Plains, he tried to change this situation and make Japan submit to the Mongols like other regimes and nations. In order to achieve this goal, Japan is required to surrender unconditionally. Kublai Khan sent envoys to Japan several times, but they were rejected by the Japanese government.

In A.D. 1270, the Mongolian envoy arrived in Japan for the fifth time, conveying Kublai Khan's will that if Japan did not pay tribute to Mongolia, the Mongols would soon send troops. At that time, Sejong Kitajima (125 1~ 1284), the Japanese ruler, resolutely rejected this request and suppressed others. When Kublai Khan heard the news, he couldn't restrain his anger and humiliation of being sent five times and being rejected five times. Ignoring the fierce fighting between Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty, he ordered the preparation of troops, ships and food and launched a war offensive against Japan. The Japanese army was also prepared under the order of Sejong of Kitajima.

In A.D. 1274, Kublai Khan ordered that "Xindu, general manager of Fengzhou, and Hong, general manager of Korean army and civilians, each take 1,000 ships, while Luqing Jizhou and Jishui in Batou each take 300 ships, and * * * 900 ships, carrying 15,000 foot soldiers." To this end, Koreans and Han Chinese were forced to build ships, transport grain and serve as soldiers, and suffered greatly. However, Kublai Khan insisted on capturing Japan. "In winter and October, I entered the country, but the official army was not complete, and the arrows were exhausted, and I came back unexpectedly." In fact, the army of the Yuan Dynasty only achieved some success at the beginning of the war. Will be defeated again and again in the future.

Although the Japanese army's weapons are not as good as the Mongolian long-range weapons, and their commanders are not as experienced as the leaders of the battlefield-tested Mongolian army, they are good at face-to-face fighting, and the sudden storm in the course of fighting caused heavy losses for the Mongolian army and ships when they retreated to the open sea, so they had to retreat in vain. The Mongols' first eastward expedition to Japan ended in failure. This is extremely rare in the history of war after the rise of Mongolia. The myth of the invincible Mongols was shattered in the naval battle.

Kublai Khan was shocked to hear that he had failed to conquer Japan. He once again sent important envoys to Japan with books, demanding Japanese tribute with a tough attitude, or resorting to force. However, the Japanese government rejected the request of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and killed the envoys. Like his grandfather, Kublai Khan was determined to punish Japan at all costs. On the one hand, he recruited and raised funds; On the other hand, the envoy asked Japan to pay tribute quickly, otherwise the Yuan Army would come. Sejong Kitajima once again rejected Kublai Khan's request and actively planned an expedition to North Korea. Kublai Khan had no choice. In the 18th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 128 1), 100,000 new surrenders from the Southern Song Dynasty were assembled to form an army to expedition to Japan. The soldiers were divided into two ways: Hong Chaqiu and Xindu led 40,000 Mongolian, Korean and Han troops to cross the sea from Korea; Atahai, Fan and Li Ting led 9,000 warships from Qingyuan and Dinghai.

The Second Route Army of the Yuan Dynasty agreed to meet at Yiqi Island and Pingyi Island before June. King Koryo also provided the Yuan Dynasty with 1 0,000 troops, 1 0,500 sailors, 900 ships and a lot of food. However, the South Yuan Army, which has a large number of troops and a large number of trench, has been slow to join the East Route Army as scheduled. The Eastern Route Army set out from Hepu in a hopeless situation, attacked the Japanese islands of Ma Dui and Yiqi, and landed on the original Shiga Island. Japanese defenders have had experience in fighting against Mongolia. They built fortifications along the outer coast of Bozaki and Imamatsu, and entered Shiga Island with elite troops (there is a land connection between Shiga Island and Kyushu) to wage a fierce battle with the Crusader Yuan Army. "Yuan army trounced, retreated to Eagle Island, Ma Dui, Yiqi, Nagato and other places, and joined the later Jiangnan Army.

However, after joining forces, the Yuan Army not only did not actively attack, but could not cooperate because of the command contradiction between North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. In this way, the Mongolian army will pay a heavy price every step forward without any shade. The confrontation between the two sides lasted for two months, and the Mongolian army could never win. Two months later, from August 15 to August 16, a huge typhoon hit the coast of Japan. Under this typhoon attack, the East Mongolian Army lost 1/3, the Jiangnan Army lost half, and some soldiers near the coast were slaughtered or drowned by the Japanese. It is also recorded in China's historical materials that the warships of the Yuan Army were "tied to the city" and "battered by the waves" under the typhoon "Langshan", and the boats were damaged and exhausted. The sergeant howled and drowned in the sea. He ordered Fan Huwen to escape from the Cold War and "sail alone in North Korea". The Mongols' second expedition to Japan ended in fiasco.

In a rage, Kublai Khan not only failed to sum up the lesson, but in 1283, ordered the southern businessmen and the northeast Nuzhen to build ships for him to go to Japan, and the North Koreans provided him with food. However, due to the worsening domestic economic situation, Kublai Khan finally succumbed to the pressure of insufficient objective forces in A.D. 1286 and gave up fighting against Japan. At this point, the military relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and Japan ended with the failure of the Yuan Dynasty.

The failure of Kublai Khan's invasion of Japan represented the Mongolian military force with the highest military organization ability and technical level at that time, and it was completely unsuitable for the sea landing operation different from Chinese mainland. In fact, the Japanese samurai forces have no real military advantage in the confrontation with the Mongolian army. Its victory was due to the complexity of the cross-sea landing operations invading Mongolia, which depended on a large number of technologies that humans had not mastered at that time, such as typhoon weather forecast and multi-wave continuous landing attacks. In fact, the Mongolian army suffered defeat in all the battlefields where it could not give full play to the advantages of cavalry, such as Annan, Java and North Korea, which was also the inevitable process of Mongolia's decline from prosperity.

From the perspective of the Asian system, the failure of Mongolia's invasion of Japan kept Japan out of the East Asian continental system and maintained its corresponding invasion power. Shortly after the failure of Mongolia's invasion, Japan invaded Chinese mainland and the Korean Peninsula, which proved from another angle that Kublai Khan needed to conquer Japan in an all-round way in order to eliminate the threat to the order of Mongolian Yuan Empire. However, the rapid decline of the Yuan Dynasty failed to complete its attempt to establish a unified imperial order in East Asia dominated by the mainland, and Japan, which was divorced from the imperial order of China, was finally proved to be a menace to China.