A brief introduction to Napoleon.

Napoléon Bonaparte (1769 August 15 ~ 182 1 May 5) was a French emperor (1804 ~ 1865438) and a military strategist.

one's early years

Napoleon (meaning wild lion) was born in ajaccio, Corsica, and has just been sold to France. His family is a local aristocratic family. Under the arrangement of his father, Napoleon went to Brehon, France, to receive education at the age of 9.

Napoleon thought he was a foreigner at first, hoping to make Corsica independent from France one day. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he was awarded the title of artillery second lieutenant. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to promote Corsica's independence, but was excluded by another pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, and finally his family fled to France. 1793 In July, Napoleon led an army to capture Toulon, a royalist fortress, and was therefore appreciated by jacobins. Napoleon was investigated for his close relationship with the robespierre brothers in the hot month coup of 1794, and was later removed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the infantry unit of the Italian legion. 1795, entrusted by ballas, the governor of Paris, successfully put down the armed rebellion of the royalist party, and was promoted to lieutenant general of the army and commander of the garrison in Paris overnight, making a name for himself in the military and political circles.

Napoleon was an excellent strategist, who had a deep study of military knowledge at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating the centralized use of artillery and giving full play to the mobile role of cavalry. 1796 On March 2nd, Napoleon, 26, was appointed commander-in-chief of the French Italian army. On March 9th, he married his lover Joséphin Beauharnais and went to the front. In Italy, Napoleon's army repeatedly defeated the first anti-French alliance between Austria and Sa Ding, and finally forced the other side to sign a truce treaty in favor of France, and returned home in triumph.

The Battle of Egypt and the Acquisition of Power

After the victory of the Italian campaign, Napoleon's prestige became higher and higher, and he became a new hero of the French. His rise made the governor feel threatened, so he was appointed as the commander of the Egyptian army and sent to the east to curb the expansion of British power in the region. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also brought 175 scholars from various industries, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars walk in the middle of the team." Napoleon himself was proficient in mathematics and loved literature and religion very much, which was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment.

However, 1798' s expedition to Egypt itself was a great failure. Napoleon's fleet was completely destroyed by British Admiral Nelson, and his troops were trapped in Egypt. 1799 When returning to China, there were only two small boats left in the 400 warships, and the original plan to invade India was blocked and suffered heavy losses.

At this time, the European anti-French alliance gradually formed, while the French royalist forces gradually rose. 1799 In August, Napoleon finally decided to go back to Paris. 1799165438+1October 9, Napoleon, who returned to France, staged a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, becoming the first ruling power in France, actually a dictator.

After Napoleon, many major reforms were carried out in politics, education, justice, administration, legislation and economy. Among them, the most famous Code of Napoleon still has an important influence. It was drafted by Napoleon on the night of the coup, and many articles were finalized by Napoleon himself, basically adopting the more rational principles put forward in the early days of the French Revolution. This code was formally implemented in 1804. Even after more than a century, it is still the current law in France. Code plays an important role in the legislation of Germany, Spain, Switzerland and other countries. In an announcement to the people three weeks after the coup, Napoleon proudly declared: "Citizens, the Great Revolution has returned to the principles from which it originated. The Great Revolution is over. "

Conquer Europe and become emperor

1800, Napoleon defeated the Austrian army again, and Britain had to sign a peace treaty with France, forcing the second anti-French alliance to fall apart. 1May, 80418th, Napoleon announced that he was the first emperor of France, but instead of being crowned by Pope pope pius vii, he put a crown on his head and crowned his wife as the queen. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the Pope in Italy.

1805 In August, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance, so Napoleon left Paris on September 24 and went eastward in person. By June of 10, the French army had occupied Munich. 101October 17 After fierce fighting between France and Austria in Ulm, the anti-French alliance surrendered. Then France won the battle of Austerlitz, and the anti-French alliance collapsed again. Napoleon then United the German vassal states to form the "Rhine Union" and put it under his own protection. The following autumn, Britain, Russia and Prussia formed the fourth anti-French alliance, but in June 65438 +65438 10+April, the French army defeated the enemy in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Prussian army was almost wiped out, so Napoleon gained most of Germany. 1in June, 807, the French army defeated the Russian army again in Poland. Napoleon met with Russian czar Alexander I and the two sides signed a peace treaty. The year before, Napoleon issued an Amnesty in Berlin, announcing the mainland blockade policy and prohibiting any trade between the European continent and Britain.

Turning point: invasion of Spain, Austria and Russia

/kloc-at the end of 0/807, civil strife broke out in Spain, and the Spanish king was spurned by the people. Napoleon took the opportunity to invade Spain and made his eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Spain. But this move was opposed by the Spanish, and Napoleon could not quell the local riots at all. 1808 Britain intervened in the Spanish dispute. British troops landed in Montego Bay on August 8th and occupied the whole of Portugal on August 30th. Later, with the support of local nationalists, they gradually drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula.

At the beginning of 1809, when Napoleon fell into the quagmire of Spain, the fifth anti-French alliance was established. Austria attacked French territory in Germany from behind, and Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Spain and lead his army eastward. Although the Austrian army gained an advantage at first, Napoleon soon turned defeat into victory, forcing Austria to cede land again.

By the end of 18 1 1, the relationship between France and Russia began to deteriorate. Russian czar Alexander I refused to continue to cooperate with France against Britain, and eventually the war broke out. Napoleon led 500,000 troops into Russia. Russian troops retreated and did not resist until the French army entered Moscow after the bloody battle in Borodino on September 18 12 (70,000 French troops were killed and seriously injured). Napoleon thought Alexander I would compromise, but he was greeted by a fire in Moscow. At this time, another failed coup was planned in China, forcing him to rush back to France, and only 10000 people finally returned to France.

Defeat, Exile, Hundred Days Regime and Waterloo

18 13 Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria formed the sixth anti-French alliance, and the two sides fought fiercely in Germany many times. Although the French army won many victories, Napoleon's pressure was increasing. Until June, 5438+00, the French army was defeated in the battle of Leipzig, the vassal state also became independent from France, and the allies began to advance to Paris. 1865438+March 3, 20041day, Paris was occupied. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of France, and Napoleon had to abdicate. 181April 13 Napoleon signed the abdication edict at Fontainebleau Palace in Paris, and two days later Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender. Napoleon himself was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba after he abdicated. Napoleon retained the title of "Emperor", but his territory was limited to that small island.

Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to the island of Elba and tried to commit suicide. In Paris, Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to France, became the king of France again, and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored. Napoleon's wife and son were imprisoned in Austria, and it was rumored that Napoleon would be exiled to an island in the Atlantic Ocean. All these left Napoleon with no choice. Finally, he escaped from the island on February 26th of 18 15 and returned to France on March 26th of 1 year. The French army sent to stop him continued to support Napoleon. On March 20th, Napoleon returned to Paris. By this time, his regular army10.4 million people, volunteers 200 thousand people. The Hundred Days Dynasty began.

However, the good times did not last long, and European countries quickly formed the seventh anti-French alliance. 18 15 June 18 Napoleon's army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium. /kloc-in July of 0/5, he formally surrendered and was exiled to St. Helena. 1821May 5, Napoleon died on the island. On May 8th, the conqueror was buried beside Tolbert Springs on St Helena and paid tribute to him. Today, there are still different opinions about the cause of Napoleon's death. The autopsy report of a British doctor showed that he died of severe gastric ulcer, but new research believes that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning.

Nine years after his death, under the pressure of the people, the New Orleans dynasty erected a statue of Napoleon on the pillar of Vendom. 1840, Louis-Philippe of the French July Dynasty sent his son to retrieve Napoleon's body. 65438+ February 65438+In May of that year, Napoleon's coffin was transported back to Paris, passed through the Arc de Triomphe, and was buried in the old disabled soldiers' retirement home (Honorary Military Hospital) on the banks of the Seine.

Napoleon's tomb in the dome hall of the retirement home for old disabled soldiers

affect

Napoleon was an excellent strategist. He personally participated in more than 60 battles in his life, and many battles he commanded are still of great significance in military history until today. However, his campaign broke the balance of power in Europe, leading other European powers to form anti-French alliances seven times, and finally defeated Napoleon completely. At the Vienna Conference after Napoleon's defeat, the new European order and balance were quickly rebuilt.

Although Napoleon was all-powerful for decades, his achievements were short-lived. After his abdication, the territory of France quickly returned to what it was before he took office. Napoleon's military career did not have a significant impact on later European history. The only thing that can make him go down in history is the Napoleonic Code, which is the embryonic form of legal systems in many modern democratic countries.

In addition, Napoleon was also the first person who put forward the idea of a United States of Europe and tried to realize it by force. Although he himself did not successfully realize this dream, today's Europe is moving towards the goal of integration.

Napoleon brought glory to France, and the French people always loved this French soldier (interestingly, he always thought that France was not his motherland before 18). After his body arrived in Paris on February 1840, 900,000 Parisians braved the cold to meet him. Years later, Napoleon also won the respect of his opponent. 1855, Queen Victoria of England took the Crown Prince (later Edward VII) to the Veterans Hospital, and the Queen asked the Prince to "kneel at the tomb of the great Napoleon".

Respondent: Hunjun 7222- Juren Level 510-1619: 24.

Napoleon I, a famous French general and emperor, 1769 was born in Ayajo, Corsica. His original name was Napoleon Bionaz Barthes. France acquired Corsica about 15 months before his birth. Napoleon was a nationalist when he was young. He thought the French were oppressors. But Napoleon was sent to the French military academy to study. 1785 when he graduated, he was only sixteen years old and began to work as a second lieutenant in the army.

Four years later, the French Revolution broke out, and the newly established French government was involved in the torrent of war with several foreign powers within a few years. God gave Napoleon a chance to get ahead for the first time. He commanded the artillery units to recapture Toulon from the French and British troops in the siege of Toulon in 1793. By this time, he had given up Corsican nationalism and regarded himself as a Frenchman. He made a great contribution in the siege of Toulon. Promoted to brigade commander, 1796 promoted to commander of French army in Italy. From 1796 to 1797, Napoleon won a series of brilliant victories in Italy, and then returned to Paris as a hero.

1798, Napoleon led the French army to invade Egypt, and the expedition was a fiasco. Although Napoleon's army won a great victory on land, the British navy under Nelson destroyed the French fleet. 1799 Napoleon gave up his army in Egypt and returned to France.

When Napoleon returned to France, he found that people remembered his success in directing the Italian war, not his failure in Egypt. Napoleon took advantage of this advantage. A month later, he launched a coup with Abe Nishino Yu and others and announced the establishment of a new government, the Executive Government. He was the first ruling government. Although Napoleon presided over the formulation of a complete constitution and voted for the people, it was only a mask of his military dictatorship, and he quickly defeated other accomplices in the coup.

Therefore, the speed of Napoleon's career is amazing. 1793 Before the siege of Toulon in August, he was just a nobody, a 24-year-old young officer with incomplete French descent. Less than six years later, at the age of 30, he became the undisputed monarch of France, and his reign lasted more than 14 years.

During his reign, Napoleon carried out major reforms in France's administrative and legal system. He reformed France's financial structure and judicial system; Establishing the Bank of France and the University of France; French-administered centralization of authority was implemented. Although each of these reforms has had an important and lasting impact on France itself, it has little impact on other countries in the world.

However, one of the reforms carried out by Napoleon, of course, went far beyond the borders of France, and that was the creation of the French Civil Code, the famous Napoleonic Code. This code embodies the ideals of the French Revolution in many ways. For example, everyone has no blood privilege before the code, and everyone is equal before the code. At the same time, the code is close to the French laws and customs in the past and is accepted by the French public and legal circles. In short, the code is robust and moderate, clear and concise, and it is commendable. Therefore, this code was not only implemented in France (today's French civil law is obviously similar to the original Napoleonic Code), but also adopted by many other countries after some modifications. Napoleon's consistent policy was to be a defender of the revolution. However, in 1804, Napoleon officially declared himself emperor of France and made his three brothers climb to the top in other European countries. What he did undoubtedly aroused the disgust of some French * * and Republicans-they thought such behavior was a complete betrayal of the ideal of the French Revolution-but the only serious difficulty Napoleon faced was the war from abroad.

Napoleon signed a peace treaty with Britain in Amiens in 1802, in order to give France a breathing space after more than ten years of war. But the peace treaty was torn up in the second year, and a series of long-term wars took place between France and Britain and their allies. Although Napoleon's army kept winning on land, it was impossible to conquer Britain without defeating the British navy. Napoleon 1805 is unlucky. In the decisive battle at Cape Tefarra, the British navy was unstoppable and won a great victory. Since then, Britain has basically gained the right to control the sea. Although Napoleon defeated the Austrian-Russian Coalition forces only six weeks after the Battle of Cape Trafalgar and achieved a brilliant victory, it failed to really make up for the great defeat of his navy.

1808 Napoleon foolishly involved France in a protracted and aimless Iberian war, which left the French army in a dilemma for many years. But Napoleon's fatal mistake was his war against Russia. 1807, Napoleon met with the Russian czar and signed the Tilsit Agreement, vowing to establish permanent friendship. However, this alliance has gradually become vicious. 18 12, Napoleon invaded Russia.

The end of the war is well known. Russian troops usually avoid confrontation with Napoleon. Therefore, he was able to attack quickly and occupied Moscow in September. But the Russians lit a fire all over the sky and almost turned the whole city into ashes. Napoleon waited in Moscow for five weeks, but his hopes for peace were dashed, and he finally decided to withdraw, but it was too late. The ruthlessness of the Russian army, the Russian winter and the shortage of the French army suddenly made the French soldiers panic, make a mess and trample on each other. As a result, less than 10% people can escape alive.

Other European countries, such as Austria and Prussia, realize that now is the perfect time for them to get rid of French rule. They banded together to attack Napoleon. Napoleon suffered another devastating defeat in the battle of Leipzig. The following year, he announced his resignation and was exiled to the island of Elba on the Italian coast.

18 15 years, he fled from the island of elba to France, where he was very popular and successfully restored. Other European powers immediately declared war, and one hundred days after his restoration, he was finally defeated at Waterloo. After the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was imprisoned by the British in St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic, and died of cancer in 182 1.

Napoleon's military career was full of contradictions and unpredictability. His tactical command genius is amazing. If we only judge from this aspect, we may regard him as the greatest general who transcends time and space. But from a major strategic point of view, he is prone to make conspicuous blind mistakes, such as invading Egypt and Russia. Napoleon's strategic mistakes were so serious that he was not a first-class general. Is such an evaluation unfair? I don't think so. There is no doubt that the criterion for evaluating whether a general is great depends on his ability to avoid causing heavy casualties. Therefore, it is not controversial to evaluate the greatest generals like Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan and Timur, because their troops have never lost a battle. Napoleon was finally defeated, so the territory he conquered abroad was like a cloud in the sky, drifting away with the wind. 18 15 After his final defeat, France occupied less territory than when the Great Revolution broke out in 1789.

There is no doubt that Napoleon was an extreme egoist. People often compare him with Hitler, but there is an extremely important difference between them. Hitler was to a great extent the collapse of Xie Sidi, while Napoleon was an ambitious opportunist who had no special interest in the horror of the Holocaust. Napoleon's rule is no match for Nazi concentration camps.

Napoleon is so famous that people often overestimate his influence. His influence in the short term is indeed great, perhaps even greater than that of Alexander the Great, although far less than that of Hitler (it is estimated that nearly 500,000 French soldiers died in the Napoleonic Wars and 8 million German soldiers died in the Second World War). In any case, Napoleon's activities are far less than Hitler's in quantity and influence on the life of his contemporaries.

In the long run, Napoleon seems more important than Hitler, but not as important as Alexander. Napoleon carried out extensive political reforms in France, but the population of France is less than one-seventieth of the world, so we must treat such political reforms realistically. Judging from his influence on French personal life, his reform is far less than the unprecedented political reform in the past two centuries.

It is said that the Napoleonic era provided an opportunity to consolidate the achievements of the French Revolution and ensure the vested interests of the French bourgeoisie. Therefore, when the French monarchy was finally restored in 18 15, these changes were so deeply rooted in the hearts of the people that it was impossible to restore the social order of the old system. But the most important change happened before Napoleon. 1799 When Napoleon came to power, it seemed that it was too late to restore the original state. Although Napoleon had his own ambition to establish a monarchy, he played a role in spreading the ideal of the French Revolution to the whole of Europe.

Napoleon also had a great indirect influence on the history of Latin America. His invasion of Spain weakened the Spanish government and made it unable to control its colonies in Latin America for several years. It was during this period of de facto autonomy that the independence movement in Latin America began.

Napoleon made a deal, which seemed to have nothing to do with his main intention, but it became the most lasting and meaningful event in his life. That is, Napoleon sold a large piece of land to the United States in 1803. He realized that it must be very difficult to defend the land occupied by France in North America from British plunder, and he lacked funds. The Louisiana Contract is perhaps the largest land transfer in the whole history, making the United States a country with an area close to a continent. Without the Louisiana contract, it is difficult to predict what the United States would be like, and it will definitely be very different from today's America. In fact, if there is no Louisiana contract, it is hard to say whether the United States can become a powerful country.

Of course, Napoleon was not the only factor that contributed to the signing of the Louisiana contract. Obviously, the US government has also played a role. However, the asking price in France is very low. It seems that any American government may be willing to do this business, but the French government's decision to sell Louisiana territory was made by Napoleon alone.

Excerpt from: Hubei Education Press, the most influential person in history 100.

Interviewee: People who know don't talk —— Vice President 10/0-1619: 24

1August 769 15 was born in Corsica.

178 1 year (12 years old): he was promoted to lieutenant in June, returned to his hometown in September, participated in Corsica independence movement, and served as a volunteer major as deputy commander, which was quite positive, but ultimately failed.

1792 (23 years old): Napoleon returned to France, but was dismissed for "neglecting team affairs". In May, he entered Paris, and in August, he was reinstated and promoted to captain. In September, he returned to Corsica and tried to turn to the French faction, but failed.

1793 (24 years old): This year, the politics of terror began. Napoleon served as the captain of the artillery company in Nice, and was promoted to deputy commander of the artillery team in1February, making great contributions to the Toulon attack.

1794 (twenty-five years old): In February, he was promoted to major general and commander of Italian artillery. In September, he was regarded as robespierre and was imprisoned, but was released soon.

1795 (26 years old): He was reinstated in August and made great contributions to quelling the Paris mob in October. After ballas, he became the commander-in-chief of the domestic army.

1796 (aged 27): On March 9th, he was promoted to lieutenant general and commander of any army. He took office in Zia, Italy. In April, he reconciled with the Sardinian government in the battles of Montino, Diego and Seba. In May, he crossed the bridge in an open place. He entered Milan, besieged Monteba in June and fought in Lake Gada in August.

1799 (30 years old): In June, a coup took place in Paris. 1February, the ruling government was established, Napoleon was the first ruling, and the French Revolution ended. In February, the Battle of Alaris, in March, the Battle of Yafu, in March, the Battle of Yakang, in July, the land war in Aboul Kiel, and in August, Napoleon defeated and fled to Egypt.

1800 (31 years old): In December, Napoleon was assassinated and 120 anarchists were exiled. In March, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force fought and broke the British and Turkish allied forces that landed and attacked. 12, the battle of Hornlinden began, and on the third day, the main force of the Austrian army was broken.

180 1 (32 years old): 1 month, an Egyptian rescue fleet was dispatched and failed. In September, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force surrendered.

1805 (36 years old): In January, Spain formed an alliance with France; In August, the troops belonging to Hublod transferred to the Rhine; 10, Battle of Ulm; 1 1 month, occupying Vienna; 1February, Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon made his family and meritorious men nobles; This year, Napoleon became the king of Italy and began to describe the idea of a great empire.

1806 (37 years old): In March, Joseph Benapat (brother of Napoleon) became king of Naples, and in June, Louis Benapat (brother of Napoleon) became king of the Netherlands. 10, after the Battle of Jena and the Austerlitz War, he occupied Berlin and conquered Prezlu./kloc-0.

1807 (38 years old): 10 Juno sent 20,000 troops to Spain, 12 cooperated with the Spanish army to capture Portugal.

1808 (39 years old): 1 1 month, Napoleon led 240,000 troops to attack Spain. 1February, the domestic political situation in France was unstable, and the Wang Party stepped up its restoration activities and hurried back to Paris.

1809 (40 years old): 1 month, the Spanish war ended, Napoleon returned to Paris, in April, the battles of Abinsburg, Lanzford and Igku, and in May, the battle of Aspen was occupied.

18 10 (4 1 year): In July, the Netherlands was annexed.

18 12 (43 years old): In June, the offensive war in Moscow began. In September, battle of borodino and Napoleon marched into Moscow. 10, Napoleon left Moscow and Napoleon returned to Paris.

18 13 (44 years old): August, Battle of Dresden, 10, Battle of Leipzig,1/0/month, Napoleon crossed the Rhine and returned to France. His army was drastically reduced to 40,000 to 50,000, and Napoleon returned to Paris.

18 14 (45 years old): People turned away from Napoleon. In April, initiated by Dale Hang, the Senate announced the abolition of Napoleon's throne, and the Treaty of Fontainebleau was established. In May, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, and Louis Stanislas Xavier ascended the throne. In September, the Vienna Conference was held.

18 15 (46 years old): In February, Napoleon fled the island of Elba. Napoleon landed at Golf-Zhouan and entered the Chulery Palace. In May, he formulated bicameral parliamentary politics. In June, at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon left Malmaison for Lu Xu, and Napoleon abdicated. Napoleon surrendered to Britain in Paris in July.

182 1 year (52 years old): In May, Napoleon died.

1840:1February, Napoleon's bones were transported back to Paris.

Interviewee: Le Jingtian-Trainee Magician Level 310-1619: 24

Napoléon Bonaparte (1769 August 15 ~ 182 1 May 5) was a French emperor (1804 ~ 1865438) and a military strategist.

one's early years

Napoleon (meaning wild lion) was born in ajaccio, Corsica, and has just been sold to France. His family is a local aristocratic family. Under the arrangement of his father, Napoleon went to Brehon, France, to receive education at the age of 9.

Napoleon thought he was a foreigner at first, hoping to make Corsica independent from France one day. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he was awarded the title of artillery second lieutenant. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to promote Corsica's independence, but was excluded by another pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, and finally his family fled to France. 1793 In July, Napoleon led an army to capture Toulon, a royalist fortress, and was therefore appreciated by jacobins. Napoleon was investigated for his close relationship with the robespierre brothers in the hot month coup of 1794, and was later removed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the infantry unit of the Italian legion. 1795, entrusted by ballas, the governor of Paris, successfully put down the armed rebellion of the royalist party, and was promoted to lieutenant general of the army and commander of the garrison in Paris overnight, making a name for himself in the military and political circles.

Napoleon was an excellent strategist, who had a deep study of military knowledge at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating the centralized use of artillery and giving full play to the mobile role of cavalry. 1796 On March 2nd, Napoleon, 26, was appointed commander-in-chief of the French Italian army. On March 9th, he married his lover Joséphin Beauharnais and went to the front. In Italy, Napoleon's army repeatedly defeated the first anti-French alliance between Austria and Sa Ding, and finally forced the other side to sign a truce treaty in favor of France, and returned home in triumph.

The Battle of Egypt and the Acquisition of Power

After the victory of the Italian campaign, Napoleon's prestige became higher and higher, and he became a new hero of the French. His rise made the governor feel threatened, so he was appointed as the commander of the Egyptian army and sent to the east to curb the expansion of British power in the region. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also brought 175 scholars from various industries, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars walk in the middle of the team." Napoleon himself was proficient in mathematics and loved literature and religion very much, which was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment.

However, 1798' s expedition to Egypt itself was a great failure. Napoleon's fleet was completely destroyed by British Admiral Nelson, and his troops were trapped in Egypt. 1799 When returning to China, there were only two small boats left in the 400 warships, and the original plan to invade India was blocked and suffered heavy losses.

At this time, the European anti-French alliance gradually formed, while the French royalist forces gradually rose. 1799 In August, Napoleon finally decided to go back to Paris. 1799165438+1October 9, Napoleon, who returned to France, staged a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, becoming the first ruling power in France, actually a dictator.

After Napoleon, many major reforms were carried out in politics, education, justice, administration, legislation and economy. Among them, the most famous Code of Napoleon still has an important influence. It was drafted by Napoleon on the night of the coup, and many articles were finalized by Napoleon himself, basically adopting the more rational principles put forward in the early days of the French Revolution. This code was formally implemented in 1804. Even after more than a century, it is still the current law in France. Code plays an important role in the legislation of Germany, Spain, Switzerland and other countries. In an announcement to the people three weeks after the coup, Napoleon proudly declared: "Citizens, the Great Revolution has returned to the principles from which it originated. The Great Revolution is over. "

Conquer Europe and become emperor

1800, Napoleon defeated the Austrian army again, and Britain had to sign a peace treaty with France, forcing the second anti-French alliance to fall apart. 1May, 80418th, Napoleon announced that he was the first emperor of France, but instead of being crowned by Pope pope pius vii, he put a crown on his head and crowned his wife as the queen. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the Pope in Italy.