Han Yu's poems, stories and materials

Su Shi, an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, called him "the decline of eight generations" in the Song Dynasty (referring to Han Yu's ancient prose, which boosted the eight generations' languid writing style. ), the Ming people praised him as the first of the eight masters of prose in Tang and Song Dynasties, and called him "Han Liu" with Liu Zongyuan. Du Mu juxtaposed Korean and Du Shi as "Du Shi Han Bi", which is known as "the great writer of articles" and "the literary Sect of one hundred generations". He is the author of 4 volumes of Han Changli's Collection, 1 volumes of Foreign Collection, Teacher's Commentary, etc. Later generations spoke highly of Han Yu and respected him as the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Mu juxtaposes Korean with Du Shi, which is called "Du Shi Han Bi". Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature." The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Liu has opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasis on momentum and originality. Han Yu took prose as poetry, and introduced new ancient Chinese language, rules and techniques into poetry circles, which enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetic style since Dali (766 ~ 78).

Han Yu

Han Wengong's name is Yu Zi, but when it comes to this harmony, there is a much-told story. Han Yu's parents died early and was raised by his elder brother and sister-in-law since childhood. In a blink of an eye, it was the age of admission. Sister-in-law Zheng wanted to give his brother a beautiful and elegant scientific name. On this day, Zheng opened the book year, choosing a word on the left was too bad, and choosing a word on the right was too vulgar. After half an hour, he still didn't choose a suitable scientific name for his brother. Han Yu stood by and watched. Seeing that it was difficult for his sister-in-law to name him, he asked, "Sister-in-law, what are you going to name me?" Zheng's way: Your eldest brother's name is Hui, and your second brother's name is Jie. Hui and Jie are all herringbone heads, symbolizing that they all want to be the heads of the crowd, and Hui is gathering, and Jie is honest and frank. Their meanings are all very good. The scientific name of your third brother should also be headed by someone, and the meaning should be more exquisite. After hearing this, Han Yu immediately said, "Sister-in-law, you don't have to turn over the words. This person is the head." Hearing this, Zheng quickly closed the calligraphy book and asked his younger brother, "What's the good meaning of the more words?" Han Yudao "The more, the more. When I grow up, I must do something great. I will surpass the ancients before, and I will never be a mediocre person. " After hearing this, sister-in-law clapped her hands and exclaimed, "Good! Ok! You really know how to name, what a word' Yu'! " How can Han Yu give himself such a beautiful and elegant name? It turns out that he has been smart since childhood and has read a lot of classics. He has been literate since he was three years old and can remember thousands of words every day. Before he was seven years old, he finished reading the works of various philosophers. That extraordinary talent and cultural accomplishment made him hold high aspirations early, and the word "Yu" was revealed by his teenage mind. By the time he reached the age of nineteen, he was already a brilliant young man. This year coincided with the opening of the imperial examination. Zheng packed his bags and sent him to Beijing to take the exam. After arriving in Beijing, he was only self-possessed, thinking that he would win the prize when he entered the city, and never put his companions in the eye. As a result, others got in the exam, but he failed in Sun Shan. Later, he lived in Beijing for several years in a row, took the exam four times in a row, and finally got the thirteenth place. After that, I went to palace examination three times in a row, but I didn't get an official position. As the money had already been spent, he moved from Kyoto to Luoyang to ask his friends for help. In Luoyang, a friend was engaged to Miss Lushi, who was both talented and attractive. Miss Lu's father joined the army in Facao, Henan province, which is very promising. Han Yu lives in his house and is going to choose an auspicious day to marry Miss Lu. Miss Lu is lively and frank. On the one hand, she admires Han Lang's talent, on the other hand, she is worried about Han Lang's pride. She has thought many times that it is time to persuade Lang Jun to do something in the future, but how to persuade him? After dinner that day, the two chatted about poetry and poetry. During the talk, Han Yu mentioned the frustration on the way to seeking an official position in recent years. Miss Lu said kindly: "Xianggong doesn't have to worry about this anymore. Frustration in the examination hall is a long-term thing. My father always praises me for your knowledge and sincerity. I think you will do something in the future, but this field has been frustrated repeatedly, and it must have its own shortcomings. Now it is time to find out the reason. " After hearing this, Han Yu nodded frequently, saying in his heart, Miss Lu is insightful, and then said, "What Miss Lu said is very reasonable. As the saying goes, you can't see the black on your face. Please give me your advice." When Miss Lu heard this, she laughed out loud and said, "You are really a smart man!" Immediately, he spread out his paper and wrote: people seek truth, fire seeks guilty conscience, and if they want to achieve greatness, they must first retreat. Han Yu held a message and thought for a moment: this is the language of the young lady's dirty bowels! Since ancient times, pride goes before a fall, and what I lack is modesty. The word "more" is evidence. So, he immediately chose the last two words in Miss Lu's message: Quit and give himself a new name.

Han Yu advocated the unification of the world politically and opposed the separatist regime of the buffer regions. When he was in Tang Xianzong, he accompanied Pei Du to pacify the rebellion of Huaixi buffer region. He and Liu Zongyuan had different political views, but it didn't affect them to join hands in advocating the ancient prose movement. They oppose excessive pursuit of formal parallel prose, advocate prose and emphasize the importance of article content. Han Yu, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", was once demoted to Chaozhou because of his advice on Buddhist bones. Later, he moved to Yuanzhou because of his outstanding governance, which is now Yichun, Jiangxi Province, and stabbed Yuanzhou's history. During his tenure in Yuanzhou, Han Yu made outstanding achievements and cultivated the first champion in Jiangxi Province at that time. At present, there is a sandbar in Xiujiang, Yichun, which is called Zhuangyuanzhou. Legend has it that it was the place where students studied in those years. There is Zhuangyuan Building on the highest hill in Yichun City, and Changli Road in Yichun City, all to commemorate Han Yu's special achievements.

Literary Creation

Theoretically, he thinks that Tao (that is, benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, while literature is the means and form, and emphasizes that literature carries Tao, and literature and Taoism combine with Han Yu's stone statue, giving priority to Tao. Advocating the study of ancient Chinese prose in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and acquiring works of Zhuang Zhou, Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. It is advocated that learning from the past should be innovated on the basis of inheritance, and that "words must come out on their own" and "words must be dealt with". Pay attention to the writer's moral cultivation, and put forward the theory of nourishing qi, "If the spirit is strong, the short words and the high voices are suitable" (Answer to Li Yishu). Put forward the argument that "injustice makes noise". It is believed that the author's injustice to reality is the reason for deepening the thought of his works. In the style of his works, he emphasizes "strangeness" and takes strangeness as good. Han Yu is listed as the first of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and he is also mentioned with Du Fu, which is known as "Du Fu's poetry in Korean".

Poetry Creation

He has also made new explorations in poetry creation. The so-called "taking prose as poetry" is unique and uses rhyme to create a poetic style of "reasoning poetry school" Of course, his poems also have the shortcomings of scattered culture and discussion, which have a bad influence on future generations.

On the essay

On the portrait of Han Yu

The essay occupies an important position in Han Wenzhong. The middle and long novels, which mainly focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism, include The Original Tao, On the Table of Buddhist Bones, Original Nature, Teacher's Commentary, etc. Most of them are well-organized and well-organized. Essays mocking the current social situation, such as "Miscellaneous Notes" and "Gaining Understanding", have clever metaphors and profound meanings; Long novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", use question-and-answer forms, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. On literary thoughts and writing experience, the genre is diverse, the writing style is changeable, the image is fantastic, and the theory is exquisite. Narrative has a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Those who study Confucian classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Ode, which are large in length, heavy in sentences and hearty; Hua Ji tells many characters directly, and its writing style is detached from Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji Zi Ren Zhi. Inheriting the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, it combines narrative, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Learn from Historical Records and Hanshu to depict vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Zhen Yao. However, in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works of "praising the tomb" (referring to the act of praising the deceased, exaggerating all his achievements in the epitaph), which had been ridiculed at that time.

The eulogy in the lyric of The Complete Works of Han Yu, one kind of eulogy is about the deep affection of flesh and blood, which breaks through the four-character rhyme convention in the form of prose, such as the eulogy of Twelve Lang; One kind writes about friends' friendship and life in trouble, with four rhymes, such as "A foreign language for Zhang Yuan in Henan" and "A thick article for Liu Zi". In addition, letters such as A Wild Letter with Meng Dongye and a Preface to Send Yang Shaoyin are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Shi Ding's Couplet Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is full of momentum, vertical and horizontal opening and closing, odd and even staggered, clever metaphor; Or sly, or solemn, with diverse artistic characteristics; It swept away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties. He was good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as novel words such as "Flying for a Dog" ("Seeing the Poor"), "Different Works with the Same Work" and "Taking Everything" ("Learning Solution"), which were widely used in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "literary order", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expression function of classical Chinese style. But he also has a kind of awkward sentence. Self-assertion that "you can't do it at the right time, just play with yourself" ("Send the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strange, majestic and bizarre. For example, Lu Hun's Mountain Fire and Huangfu's Rhyme, Moon Eclipse Poem and Yuchuan Zi Zuo are strange and profound in content. Poems of Nanshan, Bie Dou Si Zhi of Yueyang Tower, Meng Dongye's Lost Son, etc. are magnificent. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poems tend to be filled with strange words and rhyme. Han Yu also has a kind of simple and unpretentious poems. Korean poetry is ancient but short in body, but there are also excellent poems and quatrains. For example, the Seven Laws "Move Left to Lan Guan to Show My Grandnephew Xiang", "Answer Zhang Eleven Gong Cao", "Title Yi Liang", the Seven Unique Poems "Send Zhang Twelve Pavilion Old First in Tongguan" and "Title Chu Zhaowang Temple" and so on. Han Yu

Han Ji's ancient edition, with Wei Huaizhong's Collected Works of Mr. Changli from Five Hundred Schools of Music and Waiji as the best; Liao Ying Zhongshi Tang edition "Mr. Changli Collection", "Waiji Collection" and "Legacy" (reprinted by Dong Ya Tang of Xu Family in Ming Dynasty) are the most popular. In Qing Dynasty, Gu Sili and Fang Shiju each had a single-line annotation of poetry. Qian Zhonglian's Collection and Interpretation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is a collection of notes in another year. In addition, those who made collations or supplementary notes for Han Ji without listing the text included Song Fang Qin Qing, Zhu Xi, Qing Chen Jingyun, Wang Yuanqi, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng and modern Xu Zhen. The chronicle of Han Zi's Annals written by Hong Xingzu of Song Dynasty is the most detailed. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems in Oubei, Fang Dongshu's Zhaomei Zhanyan and Lin Shu's Research Method of Han Liuwen are representative works to comment on his poems. Ma Shuo was selected as a junior high school textbook.

Prose works

Han Yu's prose is rich in content, diverse in forms, distinctive and concise in language, novel and vivid, which sets an example for the ancient prose movement. Korean style is bold and unrestrained, with twists and turns. His prose works can be roughly divided into the following categories: ① Essays can be divided into two categories: one is to promote orthodoxy and Confucianism, such as The Original Tao, The Original Nature and The Primitive Man; The other kind also has more or less Ming Dow tendency, but it focuses on reflecting the reality and making grievances. Moreover, many articles have a kind of anti-vulgar and anti-traditional power, and there is a strong emotional tendency in their writing, such as the most representative Shi Shuo and Ma Shuo. 2 essays, compared with essays, essays are more free and casual, either long or short, or Zhuang or harmonic, and the essays vary with things, so they should be used for their own purposes. For example, "Jin Xue Jie" is ironic by asking questions and answering questions, and the full text uses the method of rhetoric and prose to compare and antithesis, and the writing is relaxed and lively. The most notable essays are those short essays that mock reality and have sharp arguments, such as ZaShuo and Huo Lin Jie, which are lively and eclectic in form and have high literary value. (3) Prefaces (that is, giving prefaces) are mostly concise and ingenious, showing all kinds of feelings about the real society, such as Postscript of Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, Preface of Sending Li to Pangu, Preface of Sending Meng Dongye, etc. In addition, Han Yu also showed his outstanding ability of material narration in biographies and epitaphs, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Epitaph of Liu Zihou. (4) Biography and lyrical prose. Han Yu's biographical prose inherits the tradition of Historical Records, portraying characters in narrative, discussing and lyrical appropriately and skillfully. Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography is a well-known masterpiece. His lyric poem "A Tribute to Twelve Langs" is also a unique tune in the memorial poem, which has a strong lyrical color.