Summary of Basic Knowledge Points of Geography in Senior High School

Knowledge is the best honor for young people, the greatest comfort for the elderly, the most precious property for the poor and the most precious ornament for the rich. Then I will share with you a summary of some basic knowledge points of geography in high school, hoping to help you.

Basic knowledge points of geography in senior high school 1

1. Longitude gradient: East longitude increases to east longitude, and west longitude increases to west longitude.

2. Latitude gradual change: the degree to the north increases to the north latitude, and the degree to the south increases to the south latitude.

3. The shape and length of the weft: a circle parallel to each other. The equator is the circle with the longest latitude, and it gradually becomes shorter towards the poles.

4. The shape and length of meridian: All meridians are semicircles with equal length where the north and south poles intersect.

5. Judgment of east-west meridian: East longitude increases along the rotation direction, while west longitude decreases.

6. Judgment of north and south latitudes: The degrees increase to north latitude and south latitude.

7. Division of the eastern and western hemispheres: 20 W to 160 E in the east is the eastern hemisphere, and 20 W to 160 E in the west is the western hemisphere.

8. East-west direction judgment: bad arc law (for example, 80 E is east of1E and west of170 W).

9. Scale size and graphic range: the larger the scale, the smaller the range; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope.

10. Determination of the direction on the map: generally, "north to south, left to west and right to east"; A map with a beacon tower, the arrow pointing to the beacon tower points to the north; On the map of latitude and longitude network, longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction.

1 1. Contour density: the denser the contour lines in the same map, the steeper the slope; The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force; The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference.

12. Convexity and topography of contour lines: where the contour lines protrude upward is the valley, and where the contour lines protrude downward is the ridge.

13. Contour line and convexity of river: the convex direction of contour line is opposite to the flow direction of river.

14. the protruding direction of isotherm and ocean current: the protruding direction of isotherm is the same as the flow direction of ocean current.

Basic knowledge points of geography in senior high school II

1. Earth's revolution: At the beginning of July, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the slowest; At the beginning of 1 month, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest.

2. Noon sun height: around June 22, the highest in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, the lowest in the equator and southern hemisphere; On February 22nd, 65438+, it reached the maximum in the south of Capricorn and the minimum in the equator and the northern hemisphere.

3. Length of day and night: the day is long, the night is short, and the extreme day appears in the Arctic Circle; The days are short and the nights are long, and the polar night appears in the Arctic Circle.

4. Isotherms: The land isotherms all protrude northward; Terrestrial isotherms all protrude to the south, while oceans are the opposite.

5. Pressure zone and wind zone: move northward with the direct point of the sun; As the sun points south.

6. Snow line: the snow line rises; Snow line descent

7. North Indian Ocean Current: Affected by the southwest monsoon, the ocean current flows clockwise; Affected by the northeast monsoon, the ocean current flows counterclockwise.

8. Precipitation in China: Affected by the summer plum wind, there is more precipitation; Affected by the winter plum wind, the precipitation is less.

9. Rivers in China: The inland rivers are flooded with high temperature and snow, and the outflow rivers are affected by the summer monsoon. Most rivers enter the flood season, northeast China.

Divided into spring flood and summer flood; Most of them enter the dry season. There was an ice age in the rivers north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, and some rivers were cut off.

10. China monsoon: most parts of the country are affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean, which is hot and rainy; Most parts of the country are affected by the mainland winter wind, which is cold and rainy.

1 1. Agricultural production in China: the high temperature is widespread throughout the country, and crops are entering the growing period, and the crop maturity system is gradually transitioning from south to north, from three crops a year to three crops a year and then to one crop a year; Crops in most parts of the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are abundant in water and heat, which can produce anti-season vegetables and fruits.

12. Meteorological disasters: drought and flood (spring drought in North China, summer drought in Yangtze River), rainstorm and typhoon (gale, rainstorm, storm surge); Cold wave, sandstorm, drought, snowstorm

13. Geological disasters: there are many landslides and mudslides; fewer/ lesser

Basic knowledge points of high school geography 3

1. Celestial body types: nebula, star, meteor, comet, planet, satellite, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.

2. The hierarchy of celestial bodies: the master galaxy-the Milky Way (extragalactic galaxy)-the solar system-earth-moon system.

3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).

4. Moon: (1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night.

(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, with many craters, no sound and no wind.

(3) There are mountains, plains and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.

5. Reasons for life on the earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

7. Solar activity-sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest). The change period of sunspots is 1 1 year.

8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate influence, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm.

9. The influence of solar radiation: ① The main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes on the earth.

Solar energy is the energy we use every day.

10. Rotation direction: from west to east, counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole.

Speed: ① linear speed (decreasing from equator to pole to zero) ② angular speed (equal everywhere except pole to zero).

Period: ① sidereal day (real period is 23h56m4s) ② solar day (at 24 o'clock, day and night alternate week).

Significance: ① Alternating day and night; ② Different longitude places; ③ Deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left).

1 1, terminator line: along the direction of rotation, it transitions to the morning line at night and to the night line during the day (the height angle of the sun on the terminator line is 0 degrees).

12, terminator line and meridian: terminator line and meridian-vernal equinox coincide in spring and autumn; The intersection angle between the termination line and the meridian is the largest-the summer solstice and the winter solstice.

13. Time calculation: required time = known time zone time difference+en route time.

14, time zone = longitude/15 (rounded when it is not divisible), time zone difference = time zone difference.

15, Universal Time: when the prime meridian (0) time is taken as the standard, it is also called Greenwich Mean Time, and it is also the time zone of the zero-time zone.

16, date division: east of zero meridian is "today" on the earth, and west is "yesterday".

17, international date line: the date of crossing international date line from west to east (not completely crossing 180 meridian) is reduced by one day, and the date of crossing from east to west is increased by one day.

18, Location of Satellite Launch Base:

Natural factors (① Meteorological conditions need sunny days; ② Initial rotation speed of the earth: it depends on latitude and topography; ③ Flat and open terrain);

Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).

① Taiyuan: Strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed; ④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude and high initial launch speed; Convenient transportation.

19, revolution speed: 65438+1early October-perihelion-fast, early July-perihelion-slow;

Significance: ① the change of day and night, ② the change of sun height at noon, ③ the change of four seasons, ④ the formation of five zones.

20, revolution and rotation formed the ecliptic angle (23 26'):

(1) the existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon-the four seasons.

The existence of declination angle-that movement of the direct point of the sun-the seasonal movement of the wind belt in the pressure belt-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate.

② Five-zone dividing line: tropical zone between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Cancer, temperate zone between polar circles of Tropic of Cancer and cold zone between poles.

(3) If the Huang Chi angle becomes larger, the tropics and frigid zones become larger and the temperate zones become smaller; If the Huang Chi Angle becomes smaller, the tropics and frigid zones become smaller and the temperate zone becomes larger. If the equatorial angle is zero, the sun will always point directly at the equator, the world will be divided equally between day and night, and the Mediterranean climate and savanna climate will disappear.

2 1, the variation law of noon sun height: ① decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides.

② Calculation of noon sun height = 90-△ (latitude interval between the direct point and the search point)

③ The noon height angle is the largest in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer from summer to Japan, and the smallest in the southern hemisphere;

During the winter solstice, the noon height angle in the south of Capricorn is the largest in a year, and the smallest in the northern hemisphere.

④ The area between the Tropic of Cancer-there are two direct opportunities-two maximums.

⑤ The higher the latitude, the smaller the midday sun altitude angle and the larger the building spacing.

22, the length of the day and night time distribution:

(1) In which hemisphere is the direct sunlight point, which hemisphere has long days and short nights. In the northern hemisphere in summer, the direct sunlight point is in the northern hemisphere, with long days and short nights.

(2) Which hemisphere the direct point of the sun moves to, the daytime in this hemisphere will become longer, and the daytime in the northern hemisphere is the longest on June 22nd, and the shortest on June 22nd, 65438+February 22nd.

③ The maximum day length between the Tropic of Cancer and the maximum noon sun height angle do not appear on the same day, such as Haikou City.

23. Latitude distribution of the length of day and night:

In the summer half year in the northern hemisphere, the days are long and the nights are short. The farther north, the longer the days (the earlier the sunrise, the later), such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

Winter in the northern hemisphere has short days and long nights. The farther south, the longer the day (the earlier the sunrise, the later the sunset). Such as Haikou, Guangzhou and Shanghai,

24. Day length = sunset time-sunrise time; Length of day =24 hours-length of night

Sunrise time = 12:00- day length /2 (or 0:00+ night length/2); The sunrise time at that point on the equator is 6 o'clock.

Sunset time = 12:00+ day length /2 (or 24:00- night length/2); The sunset time at this point on the equator is 18: 00.

25, the earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere-the phenomenon of day and night appeared.

Earth's rotation-a sphere alternating day and night (the rotation speed period affects the temperature difference between day and night)

The rotating sphere tilted by the earth-the movement of the straight point, the change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night-four seasons and five zones.

26. Typical seasonal phenomena

Summer half year in the northern hemisphere; Winter half year in the northern hemisphere

Basic knowledge points of geography in senior high school 4

Location selection of traffic routes;

1. Location analysis of railway line (Beijing-Kowloon line): 1. Reasonable layout of traffic network; 2. Promote economic development along the route; 3. Maintain the long-term stability and development of Hong Kong; 4. Advanced science and technology is the guarantee; The greatest significance of building Beijing-Kowloon lies in activating the national railway network and promoting the economic development along the line.

2. General method of highway route selection: 1. Make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions; 2. The mountain road is most affected by the terrain, and it is generally zigzag along the contour line; 3. Plain areas should handle the relationship with cultivated land, villages and towns, and water conservancy facilities; 4. Highway route selection should try to find a balance between the maximum traffic volume and the minimum occupation of cultivated land.

3. Main port location factor: 1. Greatly influenced by natural conditions. 2. The hinterland of the port is an important economic factor, which determines the nature of the port to a great extent and is the basis for the rise and fall of the port. 3. Urban dependence: cities and ports depend on each other.

4. Bus station location requirements: 1. Good natural conditions and flat and open terrain; 2. It not only ensures the connection between the city and the traffic, but also pays attention to protecting the urban environment, and is generally arranged on the edge of the city; 3. It should be convenient to directly connect with internal main roads and other external traffic, and should be arranged on both sides of urban main roads or near railway stations to facilitate transfer and distribution.

5. Airport location requirements: 1. The ground is open, which is conducive to runway construction and clearance conditions for aircraft take-off; 2. The airport has proper slope and high terrain to ensure drainage and fog dispersion; 3. Good geological conditions and stable foundation; 4. The runway shall be built according to the prevailing wind direction (taking off and landing with the wind); 5. The airport covers a large area and is noisy, so it is necessary to handle the relationship between the airport and the urban area and connect with expressway.

6. Characteristics of urban traffic: 1. Traffic points, lines and areas are closely combined; 2. The flow direction and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles are constantly changing; 3. It is a typical mixed traffic; 4. There are many urban road traffic facilities and management facilities, which occupy a large area and space of the city and are an organic part of the city.

7. Urban traffic environment problems: traffic line congestion and traffic environment pollution; Solution: 1 Implement technical measures to reduce automobile exhaust pollution; 2. Plant flowers and trees widely, and green and beautify traffic roads; 3. Developing urban public transport; 4. Reasonable planning of urban roads; 5. Stagger the commuting time to avoid the traffic peak.

Basic knowledge points of geography in senior high school 5

● Memory formula of China provincial administrative regions.

Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai-Chongqing municipality; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of Ning Meng; One country, two systems, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao; Three northeastern provinces, Heijiliao; Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong belong to North China; Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi are in East China; Hunan, Hubei and Henan belong to Central China. South China has Guangdong, Fujian and Qiong; Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou belong to the southwest; There are Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai in the northwest.

● The best in China.

The smallest province is Macao; The province with the highest latitude is Heilongjiang; The largest province is Xinjiang; The province with the largest longitude span is Inner Mongolia; Hainan province, the province with the widest latitude; Henan, a populous province; Macao, the least populous province.

● Seven ancient capitals of China.

The seven ancient capitals are Beijing, Xi, Nanjing and Hangzhou; The Yin Ruins in Luoyang, Kaifeng and Anyang in Henan Province are rich in historical materials. Beijing Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, Summer Palace and Badaling. There are two Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an, Mount Li, Huaqing Pool and the Qin Mausoleum. Nanjing Yuhuatai River Bridge, Xu Wu Lake and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Hangzhou West Lake has two scenic spots, Lingyin Temple and Feilai Peak. The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang are fine, and the White Horse Shaolin Temple is famous. Kaifeng Tower and Long Ting, Zhong Guanyin at Suoguo Temple.

● China Iron Mine

There are eight iron mines in China, Baiyun Lake in Inner Mongolia. Liaoning Anshan and Benxi, Hebei Qian 'an Anhui Horse. Hainan Iron Mine is located in Shilu, Panzhihua, Sichuan.

● China Coal Mine

There are eleven coal mines in China, and the peak province of Kailuan is Hebei. Liaoning coal mine is Fuxin, and Dayang Xishan is in Shanxi. Anhui Huaibei Jiangsu Xu, Black Dragon catches cranes and chickens, Pingdingshan picks Henan.

● Non-ferrous metal mines

Dexing copper mine produces antimony, and Jiangxi and Hunan tin mines produce antimony. Tongren, Guizhou produces mercury mine, and Gejiu, Yunnan produces tin. Jinchang, Gansu produces nickel and tungsten, and Dayu, Jiangxi produces it. Lead and zinc are produced in Shuikoushan, Hunan, and aluminum is produced in Pingguo, Guangxi. Inner Mongolia has thin white clouds and thin soil, and Shandong Zhaoyuan has gold coins.

● Three principles of freight selection

Expensive and urgent demand is not great, and the best choice is aviation. Perishable and fresh goods can be transported by road in short distance, long distance and in large quantities, and there are special cars on the railway. Bulk heavy and long-distance, water transport and railway.

● Top Ten Tourist Attractions in China

Badaling, the Forbidden City in Beijing, and Hebei, a summer resort. Shaanxi Province, Qin Huangling, Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Hubei, Chongqing. Anhui Huang, Suzhou Garden of West Lake in Guilin, Zhejiang, Taiwan Province Island Ming.

Low population of ethnic minorities.

China is a multi-ethnic country, with 55 ethnic minorities, of which the largest population is Zhuang, and 4 million people have returned to China, including Miao, Wei, Yi, Tibetan and Mongolian.

Fourteen land neighbors of China

Russia and Mongolia are in the north, and North Korea is on the east coast. Hajita in the northwest, three Gaistans; Indonesia and Bhutan; The four countries are in the southwest; Pakistan and Pakistan in the west, and Afghanistan; Three southern countries, Laos and Vietnam.

● Characteristics of China's topographic regions

There are snow-capped mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Seen from a distance, the mountain is near Chengchuan. Inner Mongolia Plateau is the second largest plateau, which is endless. The Loess Plateau is loose and broken, with many gullies and ridges. There are many peaks and valleys in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and karst dams abound. There are Chengdu elephants in Tali, Junggar, Qaidam, Gobi Desert in the basin and the mountain ring in the Sichuan basin. The three plains are north-south, and the northeast is on the bank of the Yangtze River in North China. Northeast China is 200 meters above sea level, and people often turn over black soil. North China, also known as Huanghuaihai, is 50 square meters above sea level. There are many rivers, tributaries and lakes intertwined, and "water towns" are all over the Yangtze River.

● Geographical boundaries of population distribution in China.

Generally speaking, Heihe City in Heilongjiang Province and Tengchong City in Yunnan Province are bounded by a straight line, with a large population in the southeast and a small population in the northwest.

● Terrain ladder boundary

The dividing line between the first step and the second step: it starts from Kunlun Mountain in the west and crosses Qilian Mountain to the east edge of Hengduan Mountain in the southeast. The dividing line between the second step and the third step: from northeast to southwest, there are Daxing 'anling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain in turn.

● Topographic boundary

(1) The dividing line between Inner Mongolia Plateau and Northeast Plain: Daxinganling.

(2) The dividing line between Loess Plateau and North China Plain: Taihang Mountain.

(3) The dividing line between Sichuan Basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Wushan.

(4) The dividing line between Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Hengduan Mountains.

(5) The dividing line between Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin: Tianshan Mountain.

(6) The boundary between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Tarim Basin: Kunlun Mountain.

(7) The dividing line between the Loess Plateau and Hanshui Valley: Qinling Mountains.

(8) The dividing line between Hexi Corridor and Qaidam Basin: Qilian Mountain.

(9) The dividing line between Sichuan Basin and Hanshui Basin: Daba Mountain.

(10) The dividing line between the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Loess Plateau: the ancient Great Wall.

(1 1) The dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the North China Plain: Huaihe River.

● Climate boundary

0℃ isotherm of (1) 1 (which is also the dividing line between subtropical zone, warm temperate zone and plateau climate zone): roughly along the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and eastward across the Qinling-Huaihe line.

(2)800 mm isoprecipitation line (dividing line between humid area and semi-humid area): along the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, crossing the Qinling-Huaihe line eastward.

(3)400 mm isoprecipitation line (the dividing line between semi-humid area and semi-arid area): from the western slope of Daxing 'anling to the eastern Himalayas via Zhangjiakou, Lanzhou and Lhasa.

(4) 200mm isoprecipitation line (the dividing line between semi-arid area and arid area): it passes through Yinshan Mountain, Helan Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Bayankala Mountain to Gangdise Mountain.

● River boundary

(1) Boundary between outflow area and inflow area: The northern section is roughly along the line from Daxinganling to Yinshan to Helanshan to Qilian Mountain (the eastern end), and the southern section is close to 200 mm isohyet.

(2) The watershed between the Yangtze River system and the Yellow River system: Bayan Kara Mountains to Qinling Mountains.

(3) The watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River: Nanling.

(4) The watershed between Lancang River and Nujiang River: Nvshan.

(5) The watershed between the Yangtze River basin and the southeast coastal rivers: Wuyishan.

The boundary of three natural areas

(1) The dividing line between the eastern monsoon region and the northwest arid and semi-arid region: 400 mm isohyet.

(2) The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet alpine region and the eastern monsoon region: 3000m contour.

(3) The dividing line between the northern Qinghai-Tibet alpine region and the arid and semi-arid region in the northwest: generally, it runs from Kunlun Mountain to the east via Altun Mountain and Qilian Mountain.

● Natural boundary

(1) Natural boundaries in the eastern monsoon region

(1) The boundary between the southern district and the northern district (warm temperate humid zone in North China and subtropical humid zone in Central China): Qinling-Huaihe River (1October 1℃ isotherm, daily average temperature ≥ 10℃, accumulated temperature ≥ 4,500℃ isoline).

② The boundary between the humid and semi-humid areas in the temperate zone of Northeast China and the humid and semi-humid areas in the warm temperate zone of North China: the isoline with daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ and accumulated temperature ≥ 3,200℃.

③ The dividing line between the subtropical humid area in Central China and the tropical humid area in South China: the isoline with daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ and accumulated temperature ≥ 7,500℃.

(2) The boundary of natural areas in arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China.

The dividing line between Inner Mongolia temperate grassland area and northwest temperate and warm temperate desert area: Helan Mountain Line, which is equivalent to 200 mm isoprecipitation line.

The boundary of agricultural activities

(1) The boundary between pastoral area and agricultural area: approximately close to the 400 mm isoprecipitation line. (2) The dividing line between paddy field and dry land: Qinling-Huaihe River.

● Administrative boundaries

(1) The boundary between southern Xinjiang and northern Xinjiang (the boundary between mobile sand dunes and fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes): Tianshan Mountain.

(2) The dividing line between Hubei Province and Chongqing: Wushan.

(3) The dividing line between Fujian Province and Jiangxi Province: Wuyi Mountain.

(4) The dividing line between Guangdong Province and Hunan Province: Nanling.

(5) The boundary between Xizang Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Kunlun Mountain.

(6) The dividing line between Gansu Province and Qinghai Province: Qilian Mountain.

(7) The dividing line between Sichuan Province and Shaanxi Province: Daba Mountain.

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