How to cultivate chrysanthemum well

(1) The preparation of culture soil is based on chrysanthemum's habit of liking loose and fertile soil. Potted chrysanthemum cultivation soil is usually made of garden soil, burnt mud ash, chaff ash, compost soil and sawdust. According to the needs of different growth periods of chrysanthemum, appropriate fertilizers, such as manure, cake fertilizer and bone meal, are added to the cultivation soil. The most commonly used culture soil in Hangzhou is garden soil: burnt mud ash: chaff ash = 5: 1: 4 or 5: 2: 3. Sandy loam is the best garden soil. If it is sticky, it should be Gaza 1. Garden soil should be disinfected before preparation to reduce the infection of germs. If the culture soil is made of agricultural organic fertilizer, it must be decomposed first. In the all-weather greenhouse of Des Moines Plant Center in Iowa, USA, potted chrysanthemums are produced in plastic pots. The seedling culture soil is vermiculite: perlite: black loam = 5: 3: 2; The culture soil at large seedling stage is vermiculite: perlite: black loam = 4: 3: 3. (2) There are many propagation ways of potted chrysanthemum, as follows: ① Cuttings: there are two kinds of cuttings: bud cuttings and twig cuttings. Tender bud cutting: using the foot buds germinated from the underground stems of chrysanthemum plants for cutting. Generally used for the introduction and traditional propagation of chrysanthemum and northern chrysanthemum. In late autumn and early winter, it is best to choose full unopened buds far from the mother plant. After cutting, put it in a protected field for cutting and seedling raising. Softwood cutting: It is the most widely used propagation method for cultivating chrysanthemums, and it is used to produce commercial potted chrysanthemums. See the section on propagation of cut chrysanthemum for details. ① Plant division: that is, the new plants produced by underground stems are propagated by plant division. This method is used to introduce and breed female parents. ② layering: generally, it is only used for the preservation of excellent varieties, and the branches can be pressed into the soil or layered in the air. (4) Grafting: used when cultivating chrysanthemum. Using Artemisia argyi seedlings as rootstock, grafting was carried out by split grafting, and the time was from February to June. Artemisia annua seedlings can be divided into Artemisia annua and Artemisia annua, both of which can be used, but Artemisia annua grows stronger than Artemisia annua. ④ Sowing: In Xiao Ju, it is generally only used for cross breeding and mass propagation. The optimum temperature of sowing and seedling raising is 65438 02℃, and seedlings can emerge in about 65438 00 days. ⑤ Tissue culture: This method should be adopted only when the provenance is scarce and large-scale propagation is needed. Shoot tips are mainly used as explants for culture and propagation. (3) In the production of commercial Chrysanthemum morifolium, because of the climate in Hangzhou, the characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium and the habit of using culture soil, most of them are still cultivated in pottery pots. In order to make chrysanthemum have a reasonable growth range, in the process of cultivating potted chrysanthemum, we pay great attention to the specifications of pots used for putting and changing pots. The internal diameters of commonly used pottery pots are 12, 15, 18 and 20cm, commonly known as 5-inch, 6-inch, 7-inch and 8-inch pots. Put the seedlings in a pot, use a 5-inch pot, and then cover the big pots in turn. Many chrysanthemums often need to change pots twice, while single chrysanthemums only need to change pots 1 time. Taiwan chrysanthemum can't be planted well at one time, so change pots. The time to change pots depends on the growth. Generally, it is advisable for the tender new roots of chrysanthemum plants to have drainage holes extending out of the basin bottom. When potted in autumn, culture soil is often added in stages to control growth. (4) Picking and pruning are the main means to regulate the growth of chrysanthemum. Nucleation is to remove the tops of the main branches and lateral branches of plants to promote the germination of their lateral branches. In cultivation, the number, height and flowering period of flower branches are adjusted by different coring times and times. Kerning can also prolong the vegetative growth process of chrysanthemum plants and prevent the occurrence of willow buds. If there is a willow bud, you can also take off your heart and let it blossom. The number of times you pick your heart depends on the training goal. Desktop chrysanthemums need 1 time for traditional cultivation of a single chrysanthemum, but now most of them are cultivated without picking the core. Many chrysanthemums need to be enucleated 2-3 times, while Xiao Ju needs to be enucleated 4-5 times. Pick your heart at the right time. Early nucleation, low branching, short bamboo spacing and beautiful plant shape. The first coring should be carried out 10 day after the upper pot, and 3-4 leaves should be left for coring. When there are 5-6 leaves on the budding lateral branch, 2-3 leaves should be left for topping. The last time you pick your heart, it is also called "fixing your head." Chrysanthemums are usually carried out in early August, and varieties with late flowering can also be set at the end of July. Flowering 80-85 days after heading; Xiao Ju (Qiuju) usually heads from late August to early September, and blooms 70-75 days after heading. Pruning is to remove unnecessary side branches. Chrysanthemums are prone to branch collapse. In cultivation, according to the target requirements, we should reasonably select and retain strong flower branches, remove redundant side branches in time, concentrate nutrients and cultivate high-quality potted flowers. (5) After autumn, the chrysanthemum plants with bud-smearing and sparse buds gradually turned to reproductive growth, and the flower buds began to differentiate, thus becoming pregnant and spreading buds. At this time, the buds of chrysanthemum plants will sprout in the axils. In order to concentrate nutrition, the buds should be wiped off in time. There are many buds on one branch of chrysanthemum, which are densely clustered at first, with the main bud in the center and the rest as auxiliary buds. When the pedicel is gradually elongated and the main bud is the size of a pea, we can start thinning the bud from bottom to top. Concentrate nutrition on the main bud. Bud thinning should be carried out in stages. L ~ 2 auxiliary buds should be reserved for preparation or adjustment according to the growth potential, and all auxiliary buds should be erased in time. Bud smearing should be carried out in sunny afternoon, when the branches of plants are soft to avoid collision. (6) Managing water with water and fertilizer is the key to cultivate potted chrysanthemum. When the basin soil is wet, it is most suitable for the growth of chrysanthemum plants. Too much water will lead to overgrowth, yellowing, root rot and even death. During cultivation, watering should be flexibly controlled according to the growth period, weather and variety differences of chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum seedlings have small plants, small transpiration and small water demand, and they should be watered when they are dry. After coring, in order to make the hair branches thick, water should be properly withheld. When axillary buds sprout branches, the amount of water should be increased appropriately. In July and August, the chrysanthemum plants have grown up, and the temperature has risen again, so we should give more water. Chrysanthemum plants will be transferred to reproductive growth after a period of vegetative growth in autumn. In order to control the height and facilitate flower bud differentiation, it is necessary to control the watering amount. However, when the flower bud differentiation is completed and visible to the naked eye, the chrysanthemum plant enters the heyday of growth, and at this time, it is necessary to give enough water until the flower bud is exposed. Chrysanthemums still need enough water during flowering, but avoid the flower heads when watering to avoid water rot. Chrysanthemum cultivated in the open field should pay special attention to prevent water accumulation in the basin. In Zhejiang, bottomless pots are often used for cultivation. If there is water in the rainy season, you can drain it with bamboo poles. Chrysanthemums cultivated in facilities should also be watered according to the weather and soil in the basin to avoid being too wet. Watering is often arranged in the afternoon. In order to prevent chrysanthemum plants from growing in vain, try not to water them at night. In the prosperous period, watering can also be arranged before noon, and individuals whose pots are too dry need to be replenished in the afternoon. In midsummer, the temperature is high and the leaf transpiration is large. When necessary, spraying water on the leaves can not only wet the leaves, but also reduce the temperature and avoid the soil from being too wet. Chrysanthemum is a fertilizer-loving plant, and base fertilizer and topdressing are equally important in cultivation. The prepared culture soil contains a certain amount of fertilizer, especially the culture soil for changing pots in vigorous growth period, which needs to be mixed with a certain proportion of fertilizer, such as decomposed manure 1/5- 1/4, which is the base fertilizer for potted chrysanthemums. In the process of chrysanthemum growth, human excrement and cake fertilizer water are often used as liquid topdressing, and compound granular fertilizer and cake fertilizer powder are also used as solid topdressing. At the seedling stage, 10- 15 was applied with 1 times diluted liquid fertilizer, and at 7- 10, the fertilizer gradually became thicker and entered the high temperature season. Fertilizer should not be too thick. However, after cool autumn, fertilization lasts for 4-5 days 1 time. About half a month after heading, flower buds gradually began to differentiate, so nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased to facilitate the formation of flower buds. When the bud is formed, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied comprehensively, and human feces are often combined with cake fertilizer and water in production. The application of liquid fertilizer should be poured in the rhizosphere to avoid polluting chrysanthemum leaves. In addition to liquid fertilizer, cake fertilizer or compound granular fertilizer can be directly applied in the pot according to the growth needs, especially in potted plants in the open field, which is more suitable in the case of long-term rain. Topdressing can also be applied outside the roots. Usually 0.2% urea or 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or both, the total concentration is 0.2%-0.4%. External fertilization is usually carried out in the late growth stage. Spray in the afternoon to facilitate absorption. Chrysanthemum likes to be fat, but the fatter the better. Too much fat also affects the quality, and even produces willow buds, which reduces the yield. The application frequency and concentration should be adjusted according to the leaf color and branch growth. If the chrysanthemum leaves are too thick and too big, when they are rolled back and drooping, it means that they are much fatter and should be controlled. In addition, for some varieties with thin petals, single circle, green and weak growth potential, it is not suitable to be over-fertilized. The application of liquid fertilizer should be carried out when the basin soil is slightly dry to facilitate absorption. It is necessary to loosen the soil and weed in time to maintain soil permeability. (7) Utilization of protection facilities Some foreign countries use all-weather greenhouses to produce potted chrysanthemums. With the development of China's commodity economy, the requirements for product quality are getting higher and higher. In order to meet the needs, Tangzha Park in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province adopted autocratic cement scaffolding as protective cultivation earlier to produce commercial potted chrysanthemums, which achieved good economic benefits. In rainy Zhejiang area, plastic greenhouse cultivation is mainly to avoid rain, which helps to control the water content of potted plants and avoid bacterial infection caused by rain. Using greenhouse as protective cultivation, it is necessary to adjust the coverage of greenhouse according to the weather, so as to combine rain protection with ventilation. In protected cultivation, you can also use local materials to build a bench 40-60 cm high in the facility, which will make the ventilation better and prevent the rain from splashing chrysanthemum leaves. Adding a bench should be specially used to cultivate fine products. Protective facilities can also be used as shading cultivation, and autumn chrysanthemum can be shaded and treated with short sunshine in time to advance the flowering period. (8) Application of dwarfing agent Because of the fertilizer-loving characteristics of chrysanthemum, the amount of fertilization is large and the times are many, and the plants are often too tall and have poor ornamental value. Therefore, dwarfing agents are often used to control the height in pot culture, especially in the cultivation of chrysanthemum morifolium and chrysanthemum morifolium, and more attention is paid to the use of dwarfing agents. Dwarfing agents include B9(N-2 methylaminobutyric acid), CCC and PP333 (paclobutrazol). B9 is the most widely used one at present, because it is easy to use, safe and reliable. The spraying concentration is 1000 mg/L, which is usually sprayed before chrysanthemum seedlings enter the peak growth period. Apply it every 10- 15 days/time. Sunny days should be chosen, potted plants should be watered and sprayed after the leaves are dried, and the front and back sides of the leaves should be fully utilized. If they get wet within 24 hours, the effect will be affected. The use of dwarfing agents depends on the growth situation and varieties to determine the spraying frequency and interval, and generally it is not sprayed after germination. (9) Erect pillars and upper sockets. Chrysanthemum flowers are huge and heavy. In order to make the chrysanthemum plant tall and beautiful and improve the ornamental effect, it is necessary to erect the style and upper receptacle. The column can be made of thin bamboo pole, the receptacle is bent into a coil shape with 20 # iron wire, and a long handle is left below for binding. Many commercial chrysanthemums put poles in pots, and each branch is hung on a vertical pole with fine brown silk or green plastic rope for fixation. For variety display or high-grade goods, the vertical pole should be painted with green paint and hung with one flower and one pole. For large flower varieties with flying petals or spoon petals, a good receptacle is needed to reflect the flower shape and show elegance. (10) Mother plants are preserved in Zhejiang, and all mother plants of chrysanthemum are preserved in the open air in winter. Choose sunny, well-drained, loose and fertile plots, carefully prepare soil and apply base fertilizer for border planting. Select plants with pure varieties, strong growth and no pests and diseases, pot them at the end of September1early October, and water them after planting. You need to insert the variety code next to the plant and draw a planting map for future reference. After flowering, cut off 20 ~ 25 cm branches until the foot buds grow out, and then cut off the old branches. In winter, when the soil is too dry, it still needs watering. In spring, timely intertillage, weeding and fertilization should be carried out to promote growth. Picking the heart at the beginning of April to promote branching. After that, the seeds were removed every 15-20 days. The ratio of mother plant to ear picking in the following year is 1: 30.