Encyclopedia of camellia

Camellia, also known as Camellia, is a plant of Camellia in Theaceae, which was called sea pomegranate in ancient times and likes warm and humid environment. Camellia has different degrees of red, purple, white and yellow flowers, and even camellias with color stripes. The highest flower branch can reach 4 meters. Because of its beautiful plant shape, bright green leaves and colorful flowers, it is cherished by the world horticultural community. Camellia is a traditional ornamental flower in China, ranking eighth among the "Ten Famous Flowers" and one of the precious flowers and trees in the world.

catalogue

1. Living habits

2. Morphological characteristics

3. Distribution range

4. Planting techniques

5. Main values

Living habits

Camellia belongs to loose and fertile sandy loam, loess or humus, with Gao Shuang topography, good ventilation, warmth and humidity, and good drainage. PH5.5-6.5 is the best. The optimum temperature is between 20-32℃. When the temperature is above 29℃, the growth will stop, and when the temperature is 35℃, the leaves will be anxious, which requires a certain temperature difference. The environmental humidity is above 70%, and most varieties can withstand the low temperature of -8℃ (naturally overwintering, but Yuncha is not cold-tolerant). Generally, it can overwinter naturally in acidic soil south of Huaihe River, which requires good air permeability.

In order to promote the growth of root hairs, peat, sawdust, red soil, humus soil or a mixture of the above substrates can usually be used for culture. Camellia can not shade in spring, autumn and winter, but can shade 50% in summer.

morphological character

Camellia is an evergreen broad-leaved shrub or small tree. Branches are yellow-brown, and branchlets are green or green-purple to purple-brown. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovoid, oblong, ovoid to obovate, 4 ~ 10 cm long, tapering or acute at the top, wedge-shaped to nearly semicircular at the base, serrated at the edge, dark green at the front end, glossy on the back, smooth and hairless, short and thick petiole, hairy or hairless. Flowers are bisexual, often solitary or 2 ~ 3 flowers are inserted at the top of branches or between leaf axils. Pedicels are very short or inconspicuous, bracts are 9 ~ 10, imbricate and fluffy. Flowers are solitary, with 5-7 petals arranged in 1-2 bands. The flower is 5-6 cm in diameter, red, with concave or serrated petals at the top and a single petal at the base. Stamens are well developed, which can reach more than 100. Filaments are white or flush, and the base is tubular, gathering flower hearts, and the anthers are golden yellow. The pistil develops normally, the ovary is smooth and hairless, with 3-4 cells, a single style and 3-5 cracks on the stigma, and the seed setting rate is high. Yin fruit is round, and the shell is essential. Mature fruit can naturally crack from the back seam and spread seeds.

distribution range

Originated in Himalayas, Chongqing, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Shandong; Japan and the Korean peninsula are also distributed, especially in Yunnan. Later, camellia was introduced to Europe and America and became one of the world famous flowers.

Mainly distributed in China and Japan. Most of the central and southern provinces in China are cultivated in the open field, with a cultivation history of 1400 years, and potted plants in greenhouses in the north. There are wild species in Sichuan, Taiwan Province, Shandong and Jiangxi.

Planting technique

Lighting temperature

It is best to plant in spring in the north and autumn in the south. Ground planting should be selected with good drainage and strong water retention performance. Sandy loam rich in humus.

Camellia is a semi-negative flower, which needs to be shaded by a shed in summer. After beginning of autumn, the temperature dropped, and camellia entered the flower bud differentiation stage, so the whole plant should gradually receive sufficient light. In winter, it should be placed in a sunny place indoors. If the indoor light is too weak, camellia will grow poorly and be prone to pests and diseases.

liquid manure

Camellia requires high fertilizer and water, and neutral and alkaline loam is not conducive to its growth. In the north, it is particularly important to pay attention to the acidification of alkaline water before watering flowers. The specific method is to store tap water for 2 days to volatilize chlorine in the water, and then add an appropriate amount of ferrous sulfate (about 0.5% of water). Don't water too much, or the roots will rot easily. Pot soil can't be dry, otherwise the roots will shrink due to water loss, so it is advisable to keep the pot soil and surrounding environment moist.

Camellia likes fat. Generally, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied at the bottom of the basin when putting or changing the basin. In autumn and winter, due to the rapid development of flower buds, decomposed light liquid fertilizer should be poured once a week and topdressing 1 to 2 times of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Too much nitrogen fertilizer is easy to scorch the flower buds, and it can be applied less or not after flowering. It is best to apply thin alum fertilizer and water to avoid applying thick fertilizer. Generally, after germination in spring, dilute fertilizer water is applied 65,438+0 times every 65,438+07 days, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are applied in summer, and fertilizer can be stopped for about 65,438+0 months in early autumn, then alum fertilizer water is applied before flowering, and quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied when flowering, so that the flowers are bright in color and have a long flowering period.

Plastic trimming

Camellia planted on the ground mainly prunes dead branches, weak branches, cross branches and over-dense branches, which obviously affects the branches of trees and sparse redundant buds. Besides the above work, potted camellia should be pruned according to personal preference, but it is not suitable for re-pruning because of its weak growth potential.

Flowering period control

Because camellia is not cold-tolerant, delayed flowering is not commonly used. Generally, the flowering period is controlled by variety selection, temperature control and hormone treatment. In order to make camellia bloom, 0. 1% Gibberella can be dipped. Brush it once in mid-July or early August and smear it on the buds every 3 days 1 time to ensure the normal management of fertilizer and water. In September, it is decided whether to coat the bud according to the growth of the bud. If it is estimated that the eleventh flower is unsafe, we can increase the number of flower bud coating, increase the amount of fertilizer and water, and the flower bud will grow rapidly, so that we can see the eleventh flower.

Winter maintenance

Freezing and heat preservation When the temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius, move the outdoor potted camellia to a sunny and warm place, or put it in a plastic greenhouse with three sides sealed and one facing the sun. It can also be placed indoors, but it needs good lighting and ventilation. In case of cold and frosty weather, keep warm, and it is best to move the outdoor camellia indoors before the sudden cooling. If you put it outdoors, cover it with plastic film, newspaper or cloth at night.

Water and fertilizer management Camellia likes warm and humid environment and is afraid of water accumulation. Before flowering, you should master the principle of watering the pot soil, and water it thoroughly without watering it.

Spray 1 time water temperature close to room temperature on the leaves every 3-5 days in winter to increase humidity and clean the dust on the leaves. During flowering, it is advisable to water the pot soil when it is wet and dry, and the suitable watering time is sunny noon. Winter is the period of camellia bud expansion, so it is necessary to spray 0. 1% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 1 time every month, or apply dilute liquid fertilizer (the ratio of fertilizer to water is 1:4) 1 time at the root.

When other indoor overwintering potted flowers bloom (early flowering variety 165438+ 10 starts to bloom at the end of October, and general varieties bloom in February-April), don't put them in places with too strong light or too high temperature, otherwise the flowers will wither early. Removing too many buds can promote the flowers to be large and colorful, and can prolong the flowering period.

Package description

Soil is the growth foundation of potted camellia, because the root system of camellia depends on the growth and development of soil, and the water and nutrients needed for camellia life activities are mainly absorbed from the soil. Camellia likes mountain red (yellow) loam with acid, high humus content and loose ventilation, and its pH value is between 5 and 6.5. Alkaline soil or cohesive soil cannot be used as the substrate for potted camellia. Soil preparation: 50% of mountain soil (mature red loam for crops), 40% of sawdust or edible fungus residue, 65,438+00% of cake fertilizer powder or livestock manure and phosphate fertilizer powder, all of which are evenly mixed, properly watered, bagged and aged for more than 20 days in summer and autumn and more than 30 days in spring and winter. This kind of soil is not only loose and breathable, but also can keep fertilizer and water, which is suitable for the growth and development of camellia.

control of insect

The main diseases of camellia are ring rot, anthracnose, shoot blight, leaf spot and bituminous coal disease. The main control agents are: bactericide 800 times; Carbendazim 500 times; Chlorothalonil 800 times; Kemeiling should be controlled 800 times regularly, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of gray mold and flower blight before flowering.

Camellia pests mainly include red spider, aphid, scale insect, leaf roller moth, bridge builder and so on. The main control chemicals are cypermethrin15ml+isocarbophos 20ml or monocrotophos 25ml-30kg water spray.

Main value

Ornamental value

afforest

Camellia can be combined with other plants in urban green space, parks, residential quarters, city squares, flower beds and green belts as long as the requirements for water and soil are paid attention to. When camellia is in full bloom and full of trees, it will be a great finishing touch.

reason

Camellia is most suitable for landscaping. From the perspective of cultural connotation, it is a traditional Ruihua Jiamu and an auspicious happy tree. From the morphological point of view, camellia is evergreen all the year round and has a moderate tree shape, which is suitable for ground planting, potted plants and flower beds. However, the types of tea trees in Nanshan, Yunnan need a large courtyard space to be planted easily, so they are mostly planted in temples and academies. Dali Bai people, every family has running water, and every family raises flowers. First, they must grow camellias, but mainly in pots or pots. [7]

exhibit

Camellia can form the theme of the spring flower show and is very popular. Hangzhou, Kunming, Dali, Chengdu, Wenzhou and other places have agreed to become a custom, and camellia has also become the theme of the annual flower show. Flower shows usually choose venues that are conducive to camellia exhibitions, mainly potted flowers, organize exhibitions in indoor and outdoor exhibition areas, and hold camellia academic conferences.

Professional garden

In the research departments of plants or horticulture at home and abroad, in the relevant garden scenic spots, special gardens of Camellia plants are often set up according to the conditions, which are used for the taxonomy, ecology and horticulture research of Camellia plants, and most of them have the function of opening exhibitions. China is famous for its mountainous tea gardens in Kunming Institute of Botany, with many varieties, high age and large scale. The mountain tea garden in Jin Dian Garden and Botanical Garden has a larger scale and has become a first-class mountain tea garden in Yunnan. There are a large number of private mountain tea gardens in the ancient city of Dali, among which Yangjiayuan and its neighboring Zhao Jia Garden are the most famous, and the latter was transformed into Dali Camellia oleifera variety base in 1986.

In East China, there are many kinds of camellias and camellias in mountain tea gardens in Hangzhou Botanical Garden, subtropical forestry research institute of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Fuyang, Zhejiang, Nanchang Forestry Institute in Jiangxi and Changsha Forestry Institute in Hunan, as well as tea gardens in Wenzhou and international camellia species garden in Juma Township, Jinhua. Camellia japonica protected areas and variety gardens established in Nanning, Guilin and other places in Guangxi are also quite large.

The landscape area refers to the macroscopic scene of a large area of camellia natural community or cultivated community, such as the spectacular scene of safflower camellia forest blooming on the east slope of Gaoligong Mountain in Tengchong, Yunnan, the magical landscape of Guangxi camellia reserve, the blooming scenery of large camellia forests in Jiangxi and Hunan, and the exotic island camellia ecological landscape of coastal islands in Shandong Peninsula, all of which are places that camellia workers yearn for.

Medicinal value

The medicinal value of camellia was first seen in Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty. Wu, a famous doctor in Qingganlong, has recorded in detail in New Materia Medica: "Camellia is slightly pungent, sweet and cool, and cools blood. It is used to treat intestinal wind, vomiting and bleeding, and the soup is burned in the fire (sesame oil smear). " The hair of children and women is straight, and they are mixed at the end of the study. Wu (1849) wrote in volume 35 of Textual Research on Plant Names: "Camellia, the compendium of materia medica, is a medicine for famine relief. Its leaves are edible and used as tea. Single petal is used to extract oil, planted in mountainous areas. Flowers cure blood diseases. "

In the southwest of China, people often use camellia buds as medicine, and regard camellia as medicinal camellia. Other camellias have similar effects. Camellia contains astringents such as anthocyanins and anthocyanins, which have the functions of stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis and reducing swelling. Mainly used for hemoptysis, nosebleed, gastrointestinal bleeding, uterine bleeding, burns, traumatic injuries, traumatic bleeding. Soak the wine into Camellia wine, or add Camellia glutinous rice porridge when cooking glutinous rice porridge to treat dysentery.

Efficacy and function: cooling blood and stopping bleeding; Removing blood stasis; Eliminate blood stasis and swelling. Main vomiting blood; Bleeding; Cough up blood; Bloody stool; Hemorrhoid blood; Red blood dysentery; Bloody; Blood collapse; Take it down; Scalding; Fall injury. Used for hematemesis, epistaxis, hematochezia and metrorrhagia; Topical treatment of burns, scalds and traumatic bleeding. ① Zhu Zhenheng: For hematemesis, epistaxis and intestinal wind bleeding, taking red as the end, mixing with children's drowning, ginger juice and wine can replace Yujin. 2 "Outline": the soup is burned, ground and mixed with sesame oil. ③ "Medical Forest Compendium": Tonifying the liver and soothing the liver, and breaking the serum fever. ④ Herbal mirror: cooling blood, breaking blood and stopping bleeding. Eliminating carbuncle, swelling, chronic dysentery, blood under intestinal wind, blood stranguria, epistaxis and hematemesis; Topical medicine for treating sores. ⑤ "materia medica rejuvenation": treating blood, regulating intestinal wind, clearing liver and purging fire, moistening lung and nourishing yin.