Project Cost and Management (Practice)

(1) The engineering changes proposed by the employer or the contractor shall be submitted to the chief supervision engineer, who shall organize professional supervision engineers to review them. After examination and approval, the Employer shall hand over the original design unit to prepare the design change document. When engineering changes involve safety. Environmental protection, planning and other contents shall be approved and recognized by relevant departments in accordance with regulations.

In the treatment of engineering changes, the chief engineer has obtained the authorization of the employer in terms of quality, cost and construction period of engineering changes, and can negotiate with the contractor according to the provisions of the construction contract. The chief engineer will inform the employer of the negotiation results, and the employer will sign the change documents for approval. Without the authorization of the employer, the chief engineer shall assist the employer and the contractor to negotiate and reach an agreement on the quality, cost and time limit for the project change; If both parties fail to reach an agreement on the cost of the project change, the supervisor may put forward the tentative price as the basis for the temporary payment of the project progress payment, and the final settlement of the project shall be subject to the agreement reached by both parties.

(2) Claim is an act of claiming compensation or compensation from the other party when one party suffers losses due to the failure of the other party to perform its obligations under the contract according to laws, contract provisions and practices.

The owner's claim for compensation for the loss caused by the contractor's breach of contract is called "counterclaim".

First, the claim is two-way, not only the contractor can claim compensation from the employer, but also the employer can claim compensation from the contractor. Secondly, only when economic loss or damage to rights actually occurs can one party claim compensation from the other. Third, the claim is a unilateral act that has not been confirmed by the other party, and it is not yet binding on the other party. Whether this claim can finally be realized must be confirmed (such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration or litigation).

(3) 1. Submit the letter of intent for claim: After the claim occurs, submit the letter of intent for claim to the supervision engineer within the time limit stipulated in the contract. The letter of intent shall be copied to the relevant units according to the contract requirements.

2. Records of the same period: After the letter of intent for claim is submitted, the records of the same period from the date of the claim event to the date of the end of the claim event shall be carefully made and signed by the supervision engineer and the site representative of the construction unit. When the claim event causes site losses, the site photos and video materials should also be sorted out and recorded, and corresponding explanations and notes should be attached as a reference for expense claims. The data recorded in the same period should include: the actual situation at the scene when the incident occurred and during the process; Leading to the idleness of field personnel and equipment; Delay in construction period; The degree of destruction of the project; Projects that lead to an increase in engineering costs, etc.

3. Detailed report: For the claim events with great influence and long time, the contractor shall submit the periodic detailed report of the claim events to the supervision engineer in the process of handling, explaining the current loss degree of the claim events and the basis of the claim expenses.

4. Final claim report: When the impact caused by the claim event is over, the construction enterprise shall submit the final claim report to the supervision engineer within the time stipulated in the contract, and send a copy to the relevant units.

The contractor's claim against the employer shall, after the claim event, submit a notice of claim to the employer at the time agreed in the contract, and attach valid evidence to prove the claim event and legitimate reasons for claim.

A. The Contractor shall issue a claim notice to the Employer within 28 days after confirming the event that caused the claim, otherwise the Employer shall not be entitled to additional payment, and the completion time shall not be extended.

B within 42 days after the contractor confirms the event that caused the claim, the contractor shall submit a detailed claim report to the employer, including the basis of the claim and all the information required for additional payment. If the event causing the claim has a lasting impact, the contractor shall submit a further interim claim report every month; The contractor shall submit the final claim report within 28 days after the end of the claim impact.

C within 28 days after receiving the claim report, the employer shall give a reply, indicating approval or disapproval, and attach specific opinions.

D if the employer fails to reply to the contractor within 28 days after receiving the final claim report, it shall be deemed that the claim report has been approved.

(4) A. Claims caused by risks generally include contract risks, political risks and economic risks, such as soaring prices, changes in natural conditions, complicated construction site conditions, changes in various laws and regulations, and currency exchange risks of foreign-related projects.

B claims caused by changes in construction conditions will inevitably undergo new changes, especially design changes.

C. Claims caused by excessive changes in engineering quantity In actual construction, the completed engineering quantity often differs from the designed engineering quantity. FIDIC52 Fourth Edition. It is clearly stipulated that when the contract price changes by more than 65,438+05%, it is allowed to adjust the effective contract price. The reason for the change of the contract price is the change of engineering quantity, which mainly causes the following claims: First, the loss caused by the imbalance of the contractor's construction equipment. When the contractor bids, according to the engineering quantity and construction requirements specified in the bidding documents and contract documents, he formulates the construction plan, determines the quantity, type and model of the construction equipment to be equipped, and organizes the ordering and transportation to enter the site accordingly. However, the substantial increase of engineering quantity will inevitably require the increase of new construction machinery or the number of existing machinery, which will lead to the unplanned investment of the contractor and expand the planned cost of the project. If the engineering quantity is greatly reduced, the original equipment will be laid off or abandoned, resulting in the loss of the contractor. At the same time, the change of engineering quantity will also change the quantity of building materials prepared by the contractor, which will lead to claims. Second, due to the change of engineering quantity, the original construction period was changed, which led to the extension of the construction period or the rush to work, causing claims.

D. Claims for extension and delay of construction period The claims for extension and delay of construction period usually include two aspects: one is the contractor's request for extension of construction period, and the other is the contractor's request for payment of losses caused by project delay not caused by the contractor. In engineering construction, due to the influence of weather, hydrology, geology and other factors, the construction period of the project will be extended or delayed.

E. Claims arising from accelerated construction

F. Claims caused by other reasons: the owner fails to provide the construction site in time as required, fails to deliver the construction drawings, equipment and pay the project funds on time, resulting in the contractor's construction team failing to enter the site in time, or the contractor's cash flow is difficult, which affects the project progress and causes claims.

The counterclaim in contract construction claims the contractor's liability for breach of contract in performance. According to the provisions of the Construction Contract for Construction Projects, the project cannot be completed according to the completion date agreed in the agreement or the extended time limit agreed by the engineer due to the contractor, or the project quality cannot meet the quality standards agreed in the agreement due to the contractor, or the contractor fails to perform its contractual obligations or fails to perform its obligations according to the contract. The contractor shall bear the liability for breach of contract and compensate the losses caused to the employer by its breach of contract.

(5)

A. Monthly settlement payment: that is, monthly payment of progress payment and liquidation after completion;

B. Payment by installments: that is, the project that started in the same year but could not be completed in that year will be paid by installments according to the project image progress;

C. Other settlement methods agreed by both parties

(6)(3500*0.6/306)*60=350

(7) The comprehensive unit price applicable in Contract A shall be determined according to the existing comprehensive unit price in the Contract.

B. If there is a similar comprehensive unit price in the contract, it shall be determined by referring to it.

C if there is no applicable or similar comprehensive unit price in the contract, the comprehensive unit price shall be proposed by the contractor and implemented after being confirmed by the employer.

(8) In investment control, the difference between the actual value of investment and the planned value is called investment deviation, namely:

Investment deviation = actual investment of completed project-planned investment of completed project

The result is positive, indicating that the investment is overspent; The result is negative, indicating investment savings.

However, it must be pointed out in particular that schedule deviation has an important influence on the results of investment deviation analysis, and the actual situation of investment deviation cannot be correctly reflected without considering schedule deviation. For example, the investment overrun at a certain stage may be ahead of schedule or the price increase. Therefore, the concept of schedule deviation must be introduced.

Schedule deviation l= actual completion time-planned completion time.

In order to link with the investment deviation, the schedule deviation can also be expressed as:

Schedule deviation 2= planned investment of proposed project-planned investment of completed project.

The so-called planned investment amount of the project refers to the planned investment amount of the project content that should be completed within a certain period of time according to the schedule. Namely:

Planned investment of projects to be completed = planned quantity (planned quantity) × planned unit price

The schedule deviation is positive, indicating that the construction period is delayed; A negative value indicates that the construction period is ahead of schedule.

(9) The schedule deviation formula is on page P 182 in the book Investment Control of Construction Projects. Schedule deviation 1 = actual time of completed project-planned time of completed project, which means that there is a deviation between the actual construction time and the plan, and the deviation is measured by time. And schedule deviation 2 = planned investment of completed project-planned investment of completed project, which is to measure the deviation of schedule with cost. The calculation results of the two formulas are different, but both represent the progress deviation. For example, it is planned to install 300 aluminum alloy windows a month, each of which costs 2000 yuan. If the progress is delayed by 1 month, it means that the time is 1 month and the cost is 600,000 yuan. Although the results are different, the meaning is the same. Winning value method, the graph represented by S curve and investment deviation are the same thing. There are two curves in the winning value method and S curve, one is the actual investment amount of the completed project, the other is the planned investment amount of the completed project, and the vertical distance between the two curves is the investment deviation. This is the same as the result of calculating investment deviation with formula.