Ask an expert about the cultivation techniques of "Western Lily"?

First, land selection and land preparation

(1) land selection

Sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage should be selected. Lily should not be planted in places with heavy soil and poor drainage. In hilly areas, gentle slopes with a slope below 5 degrees should be selected to avoid continuous cropping. Reasonable rotation and stubble replacement can adjust fertility, reduce pests and diseases and increase yield. Generally, the rotation system is implemented for more than three years. Onion and garlic should not be planted in the previous crop, and melons, beans or rice and wheat should be chosen. Continuous cropping of lily, the root system is underdeveloped, the color turns yellow, the pests and diseases are aggravated, the reproductive coefficient is reduced, and the yield is greatly reduced. Wu Hanbin and others carried out experimental planting in Yixing City, and the results are shown in Table 3- 1.

(2) Soil preparation

After the land is selected, in order to control pests and diseases, the soil can be chemically treated in combination with tillage. Kill underground pests with 2.5 kg of methyl hexafluoride powder or 2 ~ 2.5 kg of carbofuran per mu; Spraying 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1 kg and 500 kg water on the soil for disinfection.

When preparing soil, apply sufficient base fertilizer according to local conditions. Lily is more tolerant to fertilizers and needs more fertilizers. Generally, compost or manure 1500 ~ 2500 kg, fermented cake fertilizer 50 ~ 75 kg, urea 15 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 20 ~ 30 kg and potassium sulfate 7.5 ~ 10 kg are applied per mu. If you don't intercrop, you can reduce the dosage. Soil fertility varies from place to place, and fertilization should also be based on the actual situation of the soil.

In the process of fertilization, attention should be paid to compost, manure and cake fertilizer. Must be fully decomposed, and the base fertilizer can't directly contact with the seed ball to prevent rot. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the scientific application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements.

The soil preparation should be fine, depending on the terrain and climate. All hillsides, hills, places with low groundwater level and smooth drainage can be leveled. Drainage ditch, width 1 ~ 1.2m, width 20 ~ 25cm, depth10 ~/5cm. Where the groundwater level is high and there is a lot of rain, it is appropriate to cultivate in a high border. The width of the border is about 2.0 ~ 2.5 m, the width of the ditch is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the depth of the ditch is 15 ~ 20 cm to facilitate drainage. Ridge farming is also used in the north. The width of ridge bottom is 60cm, the width of top is about 30cm, the height is about 25 ~ 30cm, and the width of ditch bottom is about 30cm, which is convenient for irrigation and drainage.

Second, the method of reproduction.

There are many ways of lily propagation, such as scales, bulbs (bulbs), beads, seeds and so on. Usually, bulbs are cultured first in production. But some lilies, such as Yixing Lily, are sown by peeling off the scales of the finished lily, so there is no need to cultivate bulbs.

(1) scale communication

This method is suitable for Lilium longiflorum, because it does not produce beads and little bulbs, and can also be used for Lilium lancifolium. Scale propagation is the most commonly used in lily asexual propagation, and the propagation coefficient is also the highest.

In autumn, when lily leaves begin to wither in the field, healthy and disease-free plants are selected, bulbs are dug as propagation materials, scales with poor surface quality or dryness are peeled off, and the internal scales are treated with chemicals after peeling off scales, that is, the scales are soaked in 500 times of carbendazim or captan aqueous solution for 30 minutes to kill germs on the scales, and cuttings are carried out after taking out in the shade. At present, there are generally the following scale reproduction methods:

1. Seedbed cutting method: First, we should choose sandy soil with good drainage, which is loose and fertile, and make a seedbed. The width of the seedbed is 1.3m, and the height is about 25cm, depending on the terrain. The cutting period is generally from August to September (southern region), and it is carried out in the north after thawing in early spring. When inserting scales, the base is downward, the spacing between each piece is 3 ~ 6cm, and the top is covered with fine sand about 6cm thick. Then cover it with grass to help keep the soil moist. Bed soil should not be too wet to prevent scales from rotting, and daily field management should be done well. The suitable temperature for the formation of scales and bulbs is 20℃. Generally, after transplanting 15 ~ 20 days, bulblets take root from the incision at the lower end of scales. In the next spring, bulbs germinate and appear, forming plants with basal leaves. Topdressing during the growth period promotes growth. The scales planted in autumn in South China can be harvested in autumn of the next year, and then planted and cultivated at the spacing of 1 2cm× 1cm/year, and harvested in autumn of the third year. The big one has reached the standard of seed ball, and the small one can continue to be cultivated 1 year. Scales sown in early spring in the north are not dug, and can only be dug out for field cultivation after the bulbs grow up to the standard of seed bulbs in the third year. For example, 300kg bulbs are needed for sowing 1 mu seedbed of Lilium longiflorum, 350kg bulbs can be harvested in the second autumn, 2-3 mu seedlings can be sown in the nursery, and 1.050kg seeds can be harvested in the third year, and 5 mu of fields can be sown. Lanzhou Lily needs 250kg bulbs for sowing 1 mu seedbed, and bulbs harvested in the third year can be sown in 5 mu of land.

2. Indoor sand culture method: Choose the house of 1 with a cool and ventilated land surface and a relatively stable temperature (about 20℃). First, lay a layer of 5cm thick clean wet sand on the ground, with width 1m and unlimited length, then lay a layer of scales and cover it with a layer of wet sand, and then lay five layers of 5cm thick wet sand on it. Pile height is 25 ~ 30cm, not too high. In the future, according to the situation, spray water evenly on the sand pile (it is advisable to have no water seepage at the bottom) to keep it moist. Generally, bulbs can grow on scales in about 0/5 days, and roots with a length of 3cm can grow in about 25 days. Within 1 month, it can be transplanted into the field seedbed together with scales and bulbs with roots to continue to grow.

3. Large-scale air culture technology: Large-scale air culture is a cultivation technology that exposes peeled lily scales to air for artificial culture. The method is simple and low in cost. After 60-80 days of indoor culture and a natural growth season, the growth amount equivalent to two growth seasons of scale soil cutting method can be obtained, which effectively shortens the growth cycle of lily flowering and harvesting.

(1) Material preparation: The quality of lily bulbs used for air culture has a great influence on the air culture effect. Therefore, after determining the variety, we should choose the mother ball with good quality, that is, the mother ball with large sphere, diameter above 3.5cm, no disease, neat and bright appearance and large and thick scales.

(2) Scale peeling: firstly, remove the dry wrinkled scales on the periphery of the selected mother ball, and then break off the fresh scales by hand for culture. The utilization rate of scales is generally 70% ~ 80%, and the mother ball with a diameter of 4 ~ 7 cm can generally take 35 ~ 55 scales. When peeling fish scales, the scales should be peeled off from the base to avoid damage, and the rest should be planted in the soil.

(3) Basket culture: Wash the peeled fish scales and put them in a ventilated plastic basket. Baskets should not be loaded too much to facilitate washing and reduce rot. There are no nutrients and substrates in the basket, but you can use a wet cloth as the bottom, put scales on the wet cloth and cover it. In order to make full use of space, baskets can be stacked during cultivation. The culture time should be selected when it is connected with the field stubble. For example, in northwest China, it can be carried out from February 65438 to the following year 10.

(4) Management in gas culture: In the process of gas culture, the differentiation of bulbs on scales is the key to the success of gas culture. Generally, the temperature should be kept at 20 ~ 25℃, too low is not conducive to differentiation, and too high is easy to aggravate rot. After 10 days of air culture, the scales began to thicken at the base, which is also the most rotting period, so the temperature should be controlled. At the same time, wash scales with 1 time every day, and pick out rotten scales in time. After bulblet differentiation and formation, good ventilation conditions should be maintained. In the initial stage of gas culture, that is, within 40 days, light has little effect on it, so light should be strengthened in the future.

(5) Differentiation of organs on scales: After scale air culture 10 days, the vascular bundles at the base became thicker obviously. 14 ~ 16 days, the base began to swell and form callus. From16 to18 days, the scales began to differentiate into small bulbs and bulbs appeared. After 40 days, the bulbs began to grow leaves, forming seedlings with complete bulbs, roots and buds. Generally, as long as the scale quality is guaranteed, the bulb differentiation rate can reach above 90%, the empty valve rate is about 65438 0%, and the rot rate is below 3%.

(6) Transplanting field growth: after 60-80 days of indoor culture, bulbs, roots and buds are formed on the scales, the number of small bulbs is basically stable, the diameter growth is gradually slow, and the scale consumes a lot of nutrients. At this time, we should move into the field seedbed in time, strengthen nutrient supply and strengthen illumination, so as to avoid the phenomenon of bulb atrophy and yellow leaves due to insufficient nutrients and illumination. Bulbs without leaves can still grow normally when they are moved into the ground. After air-cultured bulbs are moved into the ground, they begin to grow again after 30-40 days of adaptation. Generally, after another growing season, each plant has about 8 leaves, the plant height is above 10cm, the bulb diameter is 0.8-2.5 cm, and the number of race balls can reach 2-5.

(2) Bulb propagation

Bulbs, also known as young bulbs, are born in the soil at the base of stems above ground. This method is suitable for Lanzhou lily, because it does not produce beads, but it is easy to produce small bulbs. When Lanzhou lily is harvested, 30 ~ 50g bulbs can be directly used as seed bulbs. Bulbs smaller than 30g can be graded according to their size, and those cultivated for 2-3 years and over 30g can be re-sown. Seed bulbs cultivated with small bulbs can be sown in early winter or early spring. In winter, the seedlings emerge early and grow fast. If the soil moisture is good, try to sow in early winter. Before sowing, small bulbs without plant diseases and insect pests should be selected as seeds, and the fibrous roots on the stem chassis should be cut off and disinfected according to the large-scale propagation method. On the selected sowing land, about 65,438+0,000 kg of decomposed manure and 65,438+0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate were applied as base fertilizer per mu, then the ground was turned over and leveled, and a ditch was dug every 40 cm, with a width of 65,438+07 ~ 20 cm and a depth of 7 cm. Sow a row every 5 cm along the border, and sow 3-4 rows per border with a spacing of 6-7 cm. Put the bulb head up in the ditch and cover it with soil for 3cm, or cover it with a layer of straw to keep warm and moist and prevent weeds. If it is covered with film, the effect is better, and seedlings can emerge one week in advance.

The next spring, after the seedlings are in full bloom, they should be watered with diluted human and animal urine, and pay attention to ditch drainage and weeding. Sow fertilizer in the field before emergence in the late spring of the following year, and carry out intertillage after emergence to strengthen field management. Generally, larger bulbs can be harvested in late autumn and early winter after growing for 2 years, and smaller bulbs can be cultivated for 65,438+0 years if they fail to meet the standard of seed bulbs.

(3) Propagation of pearl buds

This method is suitable for Yixing lily, because Yixing lily produces pearl buds. In summer, the beads are harvested when they mature and fall off, and the sand is stored in a ventilated and cool place. In autumn, on the whole seedbed, a shallow ditch with a depth of 5cm is opened according to the row spacing of 15cm, and beads are evenly planted in the ditch with a spacing of 3-5 cm. After sowing, the soil is covered with 2-3~5cm thick, and the grass is covered with water. When the seedlings emerge in the next spring, cover the grass and strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. In autumn, after the overground part withered, the bulbs were dug out and planted on the seedbed according to the row spacing of 15cm×7cm. After one year of cultivation, some bulbs can be used as seeds, and the bulbs can be cultivated for another year or two. The propagation and growth of pearl buds is slow, and it takes a long time in the field, so it has no benefit in the cultivation process. Therefore, this method is generally not used in the production of Yixing lily, but the large bulb splitting method is used for propagation, but in the absence of introduction and large-scale development and production, it is still a better method to cultivate bulbs with beads. See fig. 3- 1 for the propagation of wild Lilium lancifolium.

1. The beads fell to the ground.

2. Beads in the first winter

3. In the second year, the young bulbs were underground.

4. Adult plants with bulbs reaching normal depth

(4) Scale flap propagation

This method is suitable for Yixing Lily and Longyan Lily. There are axillary buds between scales, which are supported by small scales layer by layer to form a scale flap. When cultivating bulbs with scale petals, sow the scale petals in autumn, and each bulb can produce 3 ~ 5 scale petals in the next year. Finally, due to the existence of aboveground stems, the nutrients of the old scales are consumed, so that the old scales shrink and rot, and the scales grow and mature into new bulbs, which can be used for field sowing.

(5) Seed propagation

Lily and Lilium tenuifolium can produce seeds for reproduction. Lily seed morphology: the capsule is oval, 5cm long and 3cm in diameter, angular, and the ventricle cracks when it matures. Most seeds are rectangular, surrounded by triangular wings, which are membranous, brown and densely reticulate. The seed is 65438 0.3 cm long, 0.8 cm wide and 0.35 mm thick. Endosperm cartilaginous, embryo small, cotyledon 1, linear, radicle short. One thousand grains weigh about 6.2g.

The seed morphology of Lilium tenuifolium: the capsule is oblong and ovoid, with a length of 1.5 ~ 2 cm, a blunt edge and a flat top. The seeds are triangular, ovoid, thin and brown, slightly winged around, with a slightly slender embryo in the center, with a diameter of 4 ~ 6 mm and a thickness of 0.2 mm, and the surface is dull and hairless. The 1000-grain weight is about1.48g.

In autumn, mature seeds are harvested and then planted in seedbeds. The bed soil was mixed with 4 parts of garden soil, 4 parts of fully decomposed compost and 2 parts of river sand, and spread on the seedbed with a thickness of about 65438±00cm. After sowing, cover with fine soil about 3 cm thick, and then cover with grass. Seeds can differentiate and take root in winter, and emerge early and grow fast in the next spring. If sowing is postponed until the next spring, the seedlings will emerge late and the seed germination rate will be low. After the emergence of seedlings in spring, the grass is uncovered and the seedlings are topdressing, and small bulbs can be produced in autumn. Bulbs can be cultivated for about 4 years before they can be used as seeds. This method of cultivating seed balls is rarely used in production because of its long time and changeable seed properties.

Propagation method of main cultivated lily varieties

Table 3-2 Propagation Methods of Main Lily Varieties

Third, sow.

(a), sowing date

Lily is widely cultivated and distributed in China, and the climatic conditions vary greatly from place to place, so the determination of sowing date should be flexibly grasped according to local conditions. Planting in autumn, although it does not germinate before winter, takes root in the soil and germinates early in the next spring, and the seedlings grow more vigorously than those planted in spring. However, it should be noted that it will germinate if planted too early, and it will suffer from freezing injury during the year, and it is not conducive to root growth if planted too late. When sowing, it is generally required that the seeds have completed the dormancy period, some roots have germinated, the external temperature has dropped to about 20℃, and there is no high temperature above 32℃. Sow on a sunny day after autumn rain. For example, the suitable planting period of Yixing Lily in Yixing, Jiangsu Province is 10 from early September to late June. Proper early planting in the planting period can make full use of the effective accumulated temperature before winter, promote the growth and development of the underlying surface, and form a better root system before wintering, which is beneficial to overwintering and early emergence of seedlings in the following spring. The experimental planting experiment shows that the best planting period of Yixing lily is the first half of September, followed by the last half of September, with an average of 20 days and 3 days later. The suitable planting period of Lilium longiflorum in Wanzai, Jiangxi Province is from early September to early October of 65438+/kloc-0, and if it is cultivated in rice fields, the planting period is the middle and late October of 65438+/kloc-0. The suitable planting period of Lilium longiflorum in Shaoyang, Hunan Province is from early September to mid-late June 10.

In the cold area of the north, in order to prevent freezing injury, it is advisable to sow as soon as possible after freezing in spring. The experience of Yuanjiawan in Lanzhou is that the winter planting is 20 days earlier than the spring planting, the budding stage is 7 days earlier, and the plant height is 7.9cm on average. In Lanzhou, Gansu, the planting period of Lanzhou lily is generally in late March in spring and early October in/kloc-0 in winter.

(2) Selection of seed balls

The quality of lily bulbs has a great influence on the yield. Selecting a single big bulb can make the plant grow vigorously and obtain higher yield, but the investment cost is high. Therefore, it is generally appropriate to choose medium-sized bulbs for sowing.

Choose healthy plants in the field, and then choose bulbs after harvest. Seed balls should be selected according to the characteristics of the species. Lanzhou lily should choose bulbs with white scales, tight clasping, uniform size and no diseased spots on the surface, especially single buds, that is, "single-headed lily". Yixing lily uses the scales of the finished bulbs, that is, the scales of the sub-bulbs. Because the number of scales in each finished bulb is different, four-petal bulbs are generally selected. This light bulb is neither too big nor too small. Each sub-bulb weighs 30-40 grams and is round in shape. In addition, bulbs should be selected without pests and diseases, scales without stains and stems without mildew. The bulbs of Longya Lily are similar to Yixing Lily. Generally, a bulb contains 2 ~ 3 scales and its weight is 100 ~ 150g. After splitting before sowing, the bulb weighs about 50 grams. Except for the weight, other conditions are the same as those of Lanzhou Lily. Lily selected as seed ball at harvest time should not be planted immediately, but must be dried, that is, the seed ball should be spread indoors with a thickness of no more than 65cm, covered with grass and dried for about 7 days, so that the water on the surface of lily can evaporate, promote after-ripening, and be conducive to rooting and seedling emergence.

(3), seed ball treatment

After the seed ball is selected, the bottom root should be cut off before sowing, and the mother ball of Yixing Lily and Longyan Lily should be divided into petals, that is, the scales should be peeled off one by one. When splitting petals, the injection force should be uniform, and each bulb must have a stem chassis. At the same time, defects such as gray-black stem chassis, weakness, diseased scales, heartbreak and serious insect mouth should be eliminated. According to the size of bulbs, they are divided into three grades: large, medium and small, and planted in grades. Graded planting is beneficial to balanced growth in the field and high yield of graded management. It is reported that the yield of large bulbs is 32.5% ~ 45.23% higher than that of small bulbs, the yield of secondary bulbs is15.95% ~17.01%higher than that of conventional mixed planting, and the average yield of graded planting is 24.23% higher than that of conventional mixed planting.

Chemical treatment: 50% carbendazim thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1kg, water 500 times, seed soaking 15 ~ 30 minutes; Or soak the seeds in 20% quicklime water 15 ~ 20 minutes, dry and sow. You can also mix bactericidal drugs and pesticides with soil, sprinkle them on the seed balls and cover them with soil.

(4) cultivation method

Before planting, ditch 9 ~ 12 cm deep on the whole land according to the row spacing, hoe off the subsoil, then plant seeds and cover the soil according to the row spacing. In order to prevent freezing and keep the soil moist, grass can be covered to facilitate the growth of underground hair roots.

The plant spacing of Yixing lily is generally 20cm and 25cm, per mu 13000 plants; Lanzhou lily plant spacing is 40cm, row spacing is 20cm, and the yield per mu is 8000 plants; The plant spacing of Lilium longiflorum is 60 cm, the row spacing is 28 cm, and there are 4000 plants per mu.

The planting depth depends on the size of the seed ball. Generally, the planting depth of small balls is 3 ~ 5~8cm, and that of big balls is 5~8cm. The heavy soil should be planted shallowly, and the loose soil and poor water retention should be planted deeply.

Yixing lily bulbs should be planted shallowly. According to the experiment, the yield of bulbs with the top 3 cm away from the ground is 28% higher than that of deep planting 6 cm, and the bud mouth is good, and the top of bulbs is full and flat. If the planting depth is 9cm, not only the seedlings emerge late, but also the stems are thin and weak, and the rate of missing plants increases by more than 1 times.

See Figure 3-4 for the common high ridge cultivation modes at present.

Fourth, on-site management

Different kinds of lilies have different growth periods. For example, Yixing lily can be harvested one year after sowing, while Lanzhou lily has a long growth cycle. It takes two years to cultivate seeds from bulbs (about 4g), and three years to grow into commercial lilies (150g or more) after digging them out and transplanting them into the ground.

The field management of lily mainly includes soil management, fertilization and soil improvement, plant regulation and so on. However, due to different lily varieties and different cultivation conditions in different regions, there are also different measures in management.

(A), soil management

1. intertillage weeding

After planting in 9 ~ 10, if the lily is interplanted with other crops, it is mainly interplanted with radish after 10, and it is necessary to loosen the soil and weed during this period. Intercropping crops should harvest early in June11~ June 65438+February, and it should be done on a sunny day before the earth freezes. After the radish is harvested, the radish hole should be leveled in time to prevent freezing and keep warm. If other interplanting vegetables are harvested, the residual roots should be uprooted and cultivated once. In the lily field without intercropping crops, we should also pay close attention to the cultivation in sunny days and dry the topsoil, so as to keep moisture, keep warm, ventilate and fatten, and ensure the good growth of lily underground roots. At the same time, we should pay attention to the control of weeds. For plots with no intercropping, no grass cover or too many weeds, you can choose sunny days, use glyphosate 1.5 kg per mu and 70-80 kg of water, and spray 1 time evenly all over the field to eliminate weeds and prevent grass shortage.

After the temperature rose in the following spring, lilies quickly emerged. Before emergence, the interplanting spring crops should be harvested as soon as possible, and the soil should be loosened in time to weed in sunny days. Loose soil should be shallow, not deep. Loosening the topsoil and letting the sun shine in can increase the ground temperature and promote the early emergence of lily seedlings, but it can't be deeply hoed, otherwise it will hurt lily buds.

2. Trenching and drainage

Lily is drought-tolerant and afraid of waterlogging, and the thick soil is easy to cause lily bulbs to get sick and rot. There is more rain in winter, which is easy to cause water accumulation in the field. Therefore, ditch cleaning should be combined with fertilization and soil improvement. Before the emergence of seedlings in February and March, intertillage weeding, a small amount of fertilizer supplementation and deepening the furrow system in the field can ensure smooth drainage and no water accumulation in the field after the rainstorm. In case of drought before winter and after spring, it should be irrigated in time to prevent the soil from being too dry, causing the seed bulbs to dry up and shrink, which will affect the underground growth. However, irrigation should not be too much, and it is advisable to wet the soil.

In the first half of May, the tender bulbs are tender and juicy, which is prone to diseases under the conditions of high temperature, high temperature and poor soil permeability. It is forbidden to trample on the site in rainy days or after rain, so as to avoid solid soil and bulb rot. Weeding should be done when the soil is dry. Usually, ditch cleaning and drainage should be done frequently to reduce the humidity in the field. Lily is a drought-tolerant crop, but it still needs enough water. As long as the soil is well drained, it should be properly kept moist. Too much water or sudden dryness and wetness can easily lead to bulb rot and a large number of pests and diseases. In case of high temperature and drought, irrigation should be done in time. Generally, according to the weather and soil conditions, irrigation 1 ~ 2 times a year.

If it is found that the leaves of lily plants turn yellow and purple, it means that the underground bulbs have begun to rot, and the diseased plants should be dug up in time to reduce losses.

Cover with plastic film

Plastic film mulching can increase the ground temperature, increase the accumulated temperature, promote the root growth of lily seeds during overwintering, and have obvious effect on early emergence. According to the experiment of plastic film mulching in different periods, the average yield increased by 7%, of which February 5 was the best, which could increase the yield by 1 1%. The cost of using plastic film is not high and the operation and management are very convenient. The purpose of plastic film mulching is to keep moisture and heat. In production, plastic film mulching can be carried out in early February, or it can be appropriately advanced to the middle and late June of 65438+ 10. Plastic film should be covered when the weather is clear, it is not frozen and the soil humidity is good, but it is too wet to cover. The way to cover the film can be to cover the whole frame plane. The plastic film clings to the soil surface, and the frame presses the soil to prevent the wind from blowing off. After plastic film mulching, lilies can germinate in early March, generally about half a month earlier than those without plastic film mulching. At this time, the plastic film can be uncovered or broken. When all the seedlings are planted, all the plastic films are removed for storage and weeding, and then covered with straw.

Cooling in the shade

Shading is a measure to prevent high temperature. Straw mulching at seedling stage is beneficial to the later growth of lily, which can reduce water evaporation and soil temperature. In addition, the effects of promoting the growth of interplanting crops, shading by vines and preventing high temperature are also very good. Intercropping sweet potato, vegetable, melon and sweet potato can make lily get higher yield. If there are producing areas, melons and cowpea crops should be planted between lily rows in April, and after melons and beans are put on the shelves in May, they can be properly shaded.

(2) Fertilization and soil improvement

Lily planted in autumn should be topdressing once before soil freezing. Sprinkle pig manure and sheep manure on the border, about 1000 kg per mu. If possible, 50 ~ 75 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer can be used for better effect.

Before emergence in spring, if the soil fertility is poor or the base fertilizer is insufficient, N, P and K compound fertilizer can be supplemented, and the dosage per mu is 15 ~ 20kg, but it is not advisable to apply too much ammonium carbonate, acidic superphosphate and potassium chloride to avoid burning the buds to be unearthed. If supplemented by plant ash, the effect will be better. Generally speaking, after fertilization, the soil can be loosened, and then the topsoil is dried and the ditch is cleaned, so that the soil accumulated at the bottom of the ditch can be covered on the ridge again.

At the beginning of April, around Tomb-Sweeping Day, when lily seedlings gradually grow to the height of 10cm, fertilization should be applied in time to promote seedling growth. According to the experiment, the application of 1500 kg of human or pig manure per mu can increase the yield of lily by 7% ~ 8%. If the fertilization amount is below 500kg, there is no obvious yield increase effect, and the fertilization amount is increased to 2000kg. The application of quick-acting fertilizer is beneficial to the emergence and absorption of the upper packaging and can promote the accelerated growth at seedling stage. Because there is more rain in the south, it is generally necessary to fertilize several times according to the growth of seedlings. It is the first time that Tomb-Sweeping Day fertilized before and after. For the second time, before the "packing" of stems on the ground occurred in large quantities, cake fertilizer 150 ~ 250 kg was applied per mu, applied between rows, combined with intertillage and ridging, and buried in the soil. The fertilizer effect of topdressing cake is lasting, and there are many and complete three elements, especially phosphorus and potassium, which have obvious yield-increasing effect.

When the bulbils of lily are mature, it means that lily has entered the late growth stage. After timely harvesting of pearl buds, if the color of lily leaves gradually becomes lighter, it shows that the nutritional components are unbalanced, and it is necessary to increase the nutritional components to prevent lily from premature aging. At this time, an appropriate amount of quick-acting fertilizer should be added. Irrigation with 20 kg ammonium bicarbonate once per mu in lily flower stage can achieve good results. In addition, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves to meet the demand of phosphorus and potassium in the later stage of lily.

In addition, attention should also be paid to proper control of topdressing, especially nitrogen fertilizer, after topping, in order to prevent the stem and leaf from growing too fast and affecting the bulb development and hypertrophy. At the same time, it can also prevent vines interplanting melon crops from climbing on lily plants prematurely, which will affect the photosynthetic effect of lily and cause yield reduction.

(3) Plant regulation

In the middle and late stage of lily growth, in order to inhibit the vegetative growth of aboveground parts and transport nutrients to bulbs, corresponding measures should be taken to promote the development and expansion of bulbs. The usual technical measures are topping (core removal), bud removal and bead wiping.

1. Topping (coring)

May 20-25 is the suitable time for lily topping. Generally speaking, when the height of seedlings is 40cm, the top should be topped, so that the height of aboveground plants can be controlled at about 45cm, which not only ensures a certain growth and leaf area of plants, but also can be adjusted in time to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption, so that nutrients can be transferred to beads and underground bulbs, and the development and growth of bulbs can be accelerated. Topping should be done at noon on a sunny day to facilitate wound healing and prevent the invasion of germs. When the height of seedlings is too high, topping should be done more, which can be delayed for a few days or only a few hearts, so as to achieve growth balance.

Remove flower buds

Lily aims to harvest underground bulbs, but doesn't want to produce seeds. If it is allowed to blossom and bear fruit, it will consume a lot of nutrients, affect bulb development, and have low yield and poor quality. Removing flower buds in time can reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption, transfer nutrients to underground bulbs and promote bulb development. The flower buds should be removed when the inflorescence is formed and the tissue is not old enough to be broken by hand. If it is too late, it will not only consume more nutrients, but also be more difficult to decompose and more laborious. It needs many times of continuous bud removal.

Wipe off the beads

When the bulbs are harvested early at the right time, there is a tendency to increase the yield. Generally speaking, mid-June is the right time to harvest bulbs. Late harvest will not only affect the yield of lily, but also automatically fall off when the bulb matures. If you don't plan to breed seed beads with beads, you can pick them in advance to reduce nutrient consumption and improve lily yield. Pearl picking should be carried out on sunny days, so as to avoid the plants breaking and the upper green leaves being knocked out.

Five, pest control

Rational rotation is the main method to control lily diseases and insect pests. In addition, the hilly slope should be planted from the downhill and rotated from bottom to top year by year. It is forbidden to rotate up and down, otherwise the downhill land will be infected by germs, which will aggravate the harm of lily germs.

(1) disease

leaf blight

Gray mold, also known as gray mold, is one of the most common diseases on lily plants, which occurs seriously in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other provinces and cities. When the disease is serious, the stem and leaf will die and the bud will rot, which will affect the bulb yield.

1. Symptoms

The symptoms of this disease vary from place to place. Leaves are usually yellowish brown to reddish brown round or oval patches with different sizes, 2 ~ 10 mm long, and some patches are light gray in the center and lavender in the edge (Figure 3-5). When the weather is extremely humid, there is a layer of gray mold on the scene; When it is dry, the diseased spots become thin, brittle, translucent and light gray, and severely infected leaves cause leaf blight. When the disease spreads to the stem, it will kill the growing point. When diseased spots appear on the buds, the buds turn brown and cannot bloom normally. When it happens to flowers, petals will form water stains. Under warm and humid conditions, the disease can occur from the growing period to the flowering and fruiting period, especially in the germination period. Disease spots on fruits can cause local rot.

2. Relevance Law

Pathogenic bacteria mainly survive in bad environment in the form of sclerotia, which is rarely born on bulbs, but often occurs on flowers that fall to the ground in summer. The next spring, a gray mold layer grew on the sclerotium in the soil, which contained a large number of conidia and spread rapidly among plants through wind and rain. The suitable temperature for the growth of pathogenic bacteria is 22 ~ 25℃. From the beginning of June, due to heavy rain and fog, the disease spread rapidly.

3. Prevention and control methods

(1) Burn the leaves of diseased plants to prevent the spread of germs.

(2) implement rotation for more than three years, such as paddy-upland rotation for at least two years, to avoid the spread of germs through soil.

(3) Strengthen field management, rationally increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, increase disease resistance, pay attention to ditch cleaning and drainage, and ventilate the field. (4) Spraying 50% carbendazim 500 times solution, or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 500 times solution, or 50% prochloraz 1000 times solution, once a day, 2-3 times in a row.

viral disease

This disease is a common disease of lily, which is difficult to control.

1. Symptoms

Leaves turn yellow, or there are yellow spots, yellow stripes, acute defoliation, plant atrophy, yellow flower buds can not open, corolla cracking. After being infected by diseases, plants grow poorly, bloom poorly, and even wither and die.

2. Relevance Law

Generally spread by aphids, but also through intertillage weeding, human contact and other human contact.

3. Prevention and control methods

At present, viral diseases are mainly solved by prevention, and damaged plants are difficult to treat. Prevention mainly includes the following measures:

(1) Control aphids in time. Aphids have a sucking mouthparts, which pierce plants like needles and suck juice. When it sucks the juice of infected plants and then sucks healthy plants, it also transmits the virus to the juice of sick plants. Especially winged aphids, can spread diseases on a large scale. Therefore, controlling aphids is an effective way to prevent the spread of viruses.

(2) prevent contact infection. Don't often touch lily plants with hands or tools to reduce the chance of plant infection.

(3) Pull out the seriously damaged plants. Seriously damaged plants must be pulled out and burned in time. For plants that can still bloom with mild infection, we should be diligent in management and apply more fertilizer. Their bulbs can only be used as commodities, and they can no longer be used as seeds.

Lily Fusarium wilt

It often happens in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other provinces and cities, especially in rainy years, which leads to stem and leaf rot, plant lodging and affects bulb yield.

1. Symptoms

The onset period is from June to August, which mainly harms stems and leaves. Water stains or even brown patches were formed on the stems below the soil surface, and the damaged plants died quickly. If the bulb is damaged during germination, the top of the tender stem will wither. Leaf diseases produce waterlogging spots, which gradually expand into gray-green to light brown spots without obvious edges. In severe cases, leaves and flowers soften and rot. When the weather is wet, the affected area produces a white mold layer.

2. Relevance Law

The pathogen overwinters in the soil as oospores, chlamydospores or mycelium of diseased tissues. Oospores or chlamydospores germinate in spring, infecting the host and causing diseases. Heavy rainfall, high air and soil humidity, pathological tissues can produce a large number of sporangia, which can be reinfected by splashing rain and cause disease in a short time.

3. Prevention and control methods

(1) Dig out the diseased plants and burn them centrally.

(2) Pay attention to ditch cleaning and drainage, and don't hurt the roots during intertillage weeding to avoid the invasion of germs from the wound.

(3) At the initial stage of the disease, spray 1000 times of 0.5% Bordeaux solution, or 300 times of 40% ethyl phosphate, or 2000 times of 25% metalaxyl, or 1000 times of 70% Dixon powder. When spraying, enough liquid medicine should flow to the stem base of the diseased plant and the surrounding soil.

damping off

This is the main disease in seedling stage, with wide spread and wide host range.

1. Symptoms

After the buds are infected, the roots turn brown and die. After the adult plant is damaged, it turns yellow from the lower leaves, and then the whole plant withers and even dies. The bulb gradually turns brown after being damaged, and irregular brown patches are formed on the scales.

2. Relevance Law

Pathogens can live on diseased residues or humus in soil. Generally, it can survive for 2-3 years. Under suitable conditions, that is,