Knowledge points to be tested in geography of college entrance examination (super-complete)

Summary of geographical knowledge points in college entrance examination

The first part of physical geography

1. The process of human understanding of the universe: the theory of heaven and earth, the theory of earth circle, the geocentric theory, Heliocentrism, and the Big Bang cosmology.

2. The basic characteristics of the universe: it is composed of various forms of matter, constantly moving, developing and changing.

3. Classification of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids and interstellar matter.

4. Causes of celestial bodies system: Celestial bodies attract each other and rotate with each other to form a celestial body system.

5. The hierarchy of celestial bodies: earth-moon system-solar system-galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-total galaxy.

6. Average distance between the sun and the earth: 6.5438+49.6 million kilometers.

7. The positions of the nine planets in the solar system: water, earth, fire (small), earth, sky and sea.

8. Nine planets are classified according to their structural features: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood and earth) and distant planets (sky and sea).

9. Reasons for the emergence and evolution of life on earth: lighting conditions, stable cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

10, the main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium.

1 1, the source of nuclear fusion reaction with solar radiation energy.

12, the influence of solar radiation on the earth and human beings, the power to maintain the surface temperature, the water cycle, the atmospheric movement, etc. , is the main energy of mankind.

13, sunspot (symptom) and flare (strongest).

14. Solar energy distribution in China: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (highest) and Sichuan Basin (lowest).

15, the external structure of the sun and its corresponding photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

16, sunspot change period 1 1 year.

17, the influence of solar activity on the earth: ① climate; ② short wave communication; ③ Magnetic storm.

18, moon phase new moon, moth eyebrow moon, first quarter moon, full moon, second quarter moon and waning moon.

19, moon phase change law: upper west (first quarter moon), lower east (second quarter moon)

20. The origin of Zhou: Wang Shuo has two strings and four phases.

2 1, the beginning of space exploration phase 1957 10, the first artificial earth satellite of the former Soviet Union was launched.

22, the beginning of the space development stage 198 1 the first space shuttle test was successful.

23. The development history of China's space industry: 1970 Dongfanghong-1 and Shenzhou-6 manned space test spacecraft in 2005.

24. Classification of natural resources in the universe: space resources (high vacuum, strong radiation and weightlessness), solar energy resources and mineral resources.

25. Protect the cosmic environment, remove space junk and strengthen international cooperation.

26. The average radius of the earth is 63,765,438+0 km.

27. The equatorial circumference of the earth is 40,000 kilometers.

28. Weft and weft, the division of low weft, middle weft and high weft, connecting the east and west lines. Every 1 latitude is11.1km; 0-30、30-60、60-90。

29. A line connecting north and south by longitude and latitude. Two opposite warp yarns form a warp yarn loop.

30. The division of the eastern and western hemispheres: the longitude circle of 20 west longitude160 east longitude.

3 1, the division of the northern and southern hemispheres: the equator is the boundary, the northern hemisphere is the northern hemisphere, and the southern hemisphere is the southern hemisphere.

32. Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle: 23 26' and 66 34' parallels.

33. The prime meridian 0 meridian passes through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

34. The judgment of the north-south direction is limited, with the North Pole as the northernmost and the South Pole as the southernmost.

35. The judgment of the east-west direction is infinite. The direction along the rotation is east and the direction against the rotation is west.

36. The judgment of east-west longitude increases in the direction of rotation and decreases in the direction of west longitude.

37. The judgment of north and south latitudes is increased to north latitude and south latitude.

38. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

39. The sidereal day of the Earth's rotation, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (real cycle); Sunny day, 24 hours.

40. The angular velocity of the earth's rotation (per hour 15) and the linear velocity (decreasing from the equator to the poles).

4 1, the orbit of the earth's elliptical orbit. Early January (perihelion) and early July (apohelion).

42. The direction of the revolution of the earth is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

43. period of revolution's sidereal year (365 days 6: 9: 10 second) and tropic year (365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds).

44. The revolution speed of the earth is fast at perihelion and slow at apohelion.

45. The angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane is currently 23 26'.

46. The law of motion of the direct point of the sun. The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer in a year.

47, the terminator line judgment along the direction of rotation, day and night transition to the morning line, day and night transition to the faint line.

48. For every eastward 1 local time, the time will increase by 4 minutes.

2009-11-1kloc-0/6: 48 reply to 2 fans on the 3rd floor of 49 middle school gas station. Find the longitude of the known time zone, divide it by 15, and then round it off.

50. Time zone calculation increases by 1 hour every eastward 1 time zone.

Beijing time 5 1 (local time 120 E) is the standard time.

52. Universal Time: Time based on prime meridian time.

53. The international international date line 180 meridian (theoretically) does not pass through land (practically).

54. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: alternation of day and night, time in different places, deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left).

55. The judgment of the direct point of the sun is perpendicular to the tangent direction of the point, and the local time is 12.

56. At the vernal equinox (February1March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian.

57. During the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of cancer, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

58. At the autumnal equinox (September 23rd), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the termination line coincides with the meridian.

59. On the winter solstice (65438+February 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

60. The concept of summer half year: March 2 1 to September 23.

6 1, winter half year concept: September 23rd to March 2nd1.

62. Interpretation of the side map of the earth: upper north and lower south, left west and right east.

63. Interpretation of the top view of the earth rotates counterclockwise, with the north pole as the center; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole.

64. Calculation of the length of day and night: based on the length of the solar arc, every 15 degrees is 1 hour.

65, the calculation of sunrise and sunset time; According to the length of a day, it is calculated around the standard sunrise (6 o'clock) and the standard sunset (18 o'clock).

66. Judgment of the length of day and night: The longer the daytime in the north in summer, the longer the daytime in Vietnam in winter.

67, the calculation of noon sun height = 90- (latitude interval between the direct point and the point)

68. Astronomical seasons: The season with the longest day and the highest sun in a year is summer.

69. Traditional four seasons in China: beginning of spring (February 4th), Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter are the starting points for dividing the four seasons.

70. The traditional four seasons in Europe and America: spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice are the starting points of the four seasons.

7 1, 24 solar terms: Spring rains startle spring, clear valleys, summer mountains are connected with Xia Xia, autumn dew, autumn frost, winter snow and winter cold.

72. Name and scope of five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.

73. The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, the change of seasons, and the division of five zones.

74. The significance of the atmosphere to the earth protects biological survival, affects the natural environment of the earth and sustains life activities.

Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air, water vapor and solid impurities.

76. Components of clean air: nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.

77. Oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust; Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain.

78, carbon dioxide pollution of the atmosphere "greenhouse effect", chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer.

Vertical stratification of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere)

80. The main features of the troposphere are: cold in the upper part and hot in the lower part, obvious convection and complicated weather phenomena. Has the closest relationship with human beings.

8 1, the main feature of stratosphere: ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,

82. The upper boundary of the atmosphere is about 2,000-3,000 kilometers above the ground.

83. The most important factor affecting the intensity of solar radiation: solar altitude angle.

84. Weakening effects of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection and scattering.

85. The law of radiation The higher the temperature of the substance, the shorter the wavelength of the strongest part of the radiation; On the contrary, the longer the time.

86. Ground radiation is the main direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere.

87. Atmospheric inverse radiation clouds are warmer at night and sunny and cold at night.

88. Atmospheric heat insulation: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere have strong absorption capacity for long-wave radiation on the ground.

89. The average income of the global thermal equilibrium earth for many years is equal to the expenditure.

90. The fundamental cause of atmospheric movement is the uneven heat and cold between latitudes.

9 1, thermal circulating air circulation formed by uneven ground heat and cold.

92, the direct cause of the formation of the horizontal pressure gradient force of wind.

93. Direction and magnitude of horizontal pressure gradient force. High pressure points vertically to low pressure. The greater the air pressure difference per unit distance, the greater the wind force.

94. The direction of geostrophic deflection is right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

95. The influence of friction on the wind direction Due to the influence of friction, the wind direction is not parallel to the isobar, but has an intersection angle.

96. Steps of judging wind direction according to isobar ① High pressure points vertically to low pressure ② Right deviation in the northern hemisphere and left deviation in the southern hemisphere ③ Draw resultant force.

97. Microclimate: urban wind, land wind and valley wind.

98, the sea level isobar and the size of the wind low pressure center and high pressure center. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind.

99. The significance of atmospheric circulation in regulating the global distribution of water and heat is an important factor of weather change and climate formation in various places.

100. Distribution of pressure belts and wind belts on the earth: northeast trade winds, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly winds, subtropical low, polar easterly winds and polar high.

2009-11-1kloc-0/6: 48 reply to the seasonal displacement of two fans in middle school gas station, that is, the fourth floor 10 1, pressure belt and wind belt. Generally speaking, they go north in summer and south in winter.

102. In winter, the main pressure centers are on land and sea: Asian high (mainland), Aleutian low (Pacific Ocean) and Icelandic low (Atlantic Ocean).

103. In summer, the main pressure centers are on land and at sea: Asian low (mainland), Hawaiian high (Pacific Ocean) and azores high (Atlantic Ocean).

104, the cause of monsoon ① the difference of thermal properties between land and sea ② the seasonal movement of the position of pressure zone and wind zone.

105, East Asian monsoon (northwest, southeast wind) in typical monsoon distribution area; South Asian monsoon (northeast wind and southwest wind).

106, classification of front and cold front, warm front and quasi-static front. Temperature, pressure, weather.

107. Examples of frontal impact on weather in China: summer rainstorm (cold front) and winter cold wave (cold front) in northern China.

108, cyclone pressure, airflow conditions, weather characteristics, low pressure; Updraft; It is raining. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is counterclockwise.

109, anticyclone pressure, airflow conditions, weather characteristics, high pressure; Downward flow; The sun is shining. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is clockwise.

1 10, weather behind the front cyclone. One side of the cold air mass is rainy.

1 1 1, climatic factors, temperature, precipitation.

1 12. Climate forming factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

1 13, comparison between continental climate and maritime climate, annual range, highest temperature month, lowest temperature month.

1 14. Names of world climate types: tropical (four kinds), subtropical (two kinds), temperate (three kinds) and frigid (one kind).

1 15. Steps to judge the climate type ① judge the northern and southern hemispheres, ② judge the hot areas, and ③ judge the rain type.

1 16. Characteristics, causes and distribution of subtropical monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter; Affected by the monsoon; East coast of the mainland 20-35

1 17. Characteristics, causes and distribution of Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Controlled alternately by subtropical high and westerly wind. 30-40 West Bank

1 18. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and low temperature and dry in winter. Monsoon. 40-60 on the east coast of the mainland.

1 19. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate maritime climate. Warm in winter and cool in summer, with even precipitation. The west wind prevails all year round. 40-60 west coast mainland.

120. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate continental climate: severe cold in winter, hot in summer and little rain all year round. Controlled by continental air mass all year round. Temperate inland

12 1, geological period of climate change, historical period, since the end of 19.

122, the characteristics of climate resources are renewable, ubiquitous, numerical and highly variable.

123, climatic resources and agricultural planting system (crop structure, maturity, allocation and planting mode).

124. Climate resources and community building. The street forms an angle of 30-60 with the meridian.

125, Wind and Urban Planning Industrial enterprises are located in the downwind direction of the prevailing wind, and residential areas are located in the upwind direction of the prevailing wind.

126, climate resources and traffic roads, railways, airports (rainstorm, debris flow, wind speed, bridges and culverts, clouds, topography, etc. )

127, typhoon (hurricane) tropical cyclone strongly developed into a large vortex.

128, intensity grade of tropical cyclone: tropical depression, tropical storm, strong tropical storm and typhoon.

129. Typhoon monitoring and forecasting. Meteorological satellites are used to determine the center position of typhoons, estimate their intensity and monitor their moving direction and speed.

130, the formation conditions of rainstorm are ① sufficient water vapor ② strong upward movement ③ continuous weather system.

13 1, flood disaster prevention to improve forecast accuracy, and adopt engineering measures and non-engineering measures.

132, the harm of drought has reduced grain production, made drinking water difficult for people and livestock, and affected economic development and social stability.

133, drought resistance, improving ecology, selecting drought-tolerant crops, developing water conservancy construction, improving farming system, etc.

134, cold wave brings severe cold, strong wind and frost. Spring and autumn are the most harmful to crops.

135, cold wave defense, release accurate cold wave news or alarm in advance.

136, global warming trend and its human causes ① burning fossil fuels ② deforestation

137, consequences of global warming ① sea level rise ② changes of precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions.

138. The main reason for the decrease of the total ozone layer in the atmosphere is that HCFCs consume ozone.

139, the harm of total reduction of atmospheric ozone layer ① directly harms human health ② harms ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

140, ozone layer protection ① development of new refrigeration system ② participation in international cooperation.

14 1. The causes of acid rain burn coal, oil and natural gas, and emit acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

142, distribution of acid rain area in China ① Sichuan basin ② Pearl River Delta ③ Yangtze River Delta.

143, the harm of acid rain ① acidification of rivers and lakes, affecting fish ② soil acidification ③ corrosion of buildings ④ endangering human health.

144, preventing acid rain and reducing the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. Comprehensive utilization of sulfur resources in coal.

145. The atmospheric environment protects the "greenhouse effect" of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer, and acid rain.

146. The ocean is the main heat source and water source of the atmosphere. The water volume of the ocean accounts for 96.53% of the total water volume of the earth, and the ocean accounts for 7 1% of the earth's surface.

147, the vast area between coastal plain and continental shelf.

148, Coastal Zone and Human Activities More than 50% of the world's population lives within 60 kilometers from the coast.

2009-11-1016: 50 reply