Please write a suggestion to the Environmental Protection Bureau on how to reduce the harm of dusty weather to human beings.

Please write a suggestion to the Environmental Protection Bureau on how to reduce the harm of dusty weather to human beings.

We can reduce the dusty weather by planting trees.

Danger is harmful to human beings. The hazards of sandstorms are strong winds and dust. Its influence is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1. Soil wind erosion, vegetation destruction, farmland burial.

2. Polluted air According to the monitoring network of the State Environmental Protection Administration, on the day of the strong sandstorm on March 20, the amount of dustfall per square meter in Beijing reached 20 grams, and the total suspended particulate matter reached 10 times per cubic meter 1 1000 micrograms, exceeding the national standard.

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100 times the normal value.

3. The impact of sandstorms on traffic is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the visibility is reduced, which affects driving and aircraft take-off and landing. For example, seven airports in South Korea were forced to close on March 22nd, and about 70 flights were forced to cancel on March 2nd1day. Second, sand and dust bury the roadbed and hinder traffic. According to China Business Daily, the train from Urumqi to Xi was blocked because the sandstorm buried part of the railway.

4. Affect the use and production of precision instruments.

5. There are many kinds of health damage caused by sandstorm, which is harmful to human health. Panels, eyes, nose and lungs are the first parts to contact sandstorms and suffer the most. The damage of direct contact parts such as face plate, eyes, nose and throat is mainly * * * symptoms and allergic reactions, while the lung manifestations are more serious and extensive. Seven years ago, American health scientists first suggested that there was a link between fine pollution particles and lung disease and heart disease death. Australia's "Time" said that sandstorms caused by soil wind erosion are the chief culprit of asthma in 2 million people in the country.

6. Causing weather and climate changes The impact of this sandstorm not only involves China 13 provinces, but also affects South Korea and Japan; 1September, 1998, a sandstorm originated in Kazakhstan, passed through a vast area in northern China, and transported a lot of dust to North America through high altitude; In April of 20001year, a strong sandstorm originated in Mongolia swept across the Pacific Ocean and the continental United States, and finally dissipated over the Atlantic Ocean. Such a large range of dust forms suspended particles in the sky, which is enough to affect the weather and climate. Because suspended particles can reflect solar radiation, thus reducing the atmospheric temperature. Because suspended particles greatly weaken the solar radiation (about 10%), the speed of the earth's water circulation may slow down and the precipitation will decrease; Suspended particles can also inhibit the formation of clouds, reduce the precipitation rate of clouds and reduce the water resources of the earth. It can be seen that dust may aggravate the drought.

Look at the following statistics, let us realize the urgency of preventing and controlling sandstorms.

China has 1500 km of railways, 30,000 km of highways and 50,000 km of irrigation canals damaged to varying degrees by sandstorms.

In recent years, the annual direct economic loss caused by sandstorms in China has reached 54 billion yuan, which is equivalent to three times the fiscal revenue of the five northwest provinces 1996.

Scientists have calculated that it will take more than 2,000 years to scrape off 18 cm thick topsoil on a grassland. For example, it takes 49 years to scrape off the same amount of topsoil on corn farmland; On the land of * * *, it only takes 18 years.

April and May are the high incidence periods of sandstorms in northern China. Please pay close attention to the weather forecast and prepare for sandstorm prevention in advance.

What harm does dusty weather do to human body? It is easy to be infected by bacteria, because there are bacteria in a lot of dust.

How to reduce dust source control in dusty weather: "Cover" is more important than "blocking"

Desertification control is mainly based on soil consolidation. Of course, soil salinization and environmental pollution lead to the decline of plant productivity, which leads to land desertification. We are not worried about the soil "running away", but about the increase of harmful substances in the soil, so other measures need to be taken. Here, we focus on the prevention and control of land desertification in arid and semi-arid areas. Because desertification here directly induces sandstorms, soil erosion and other natural disasters, resulting in a large loss of valuable soil materials. Therefore, very scientific measures must be taken to protect the soil and prevent soil erosion.

The height of sandstorm flying is several kilometers, and the source of sandstorm is above 1000 meters above sea level in Beijing, so the "shelter forest" less than 10 meters on the ground is powerless in front of powerful "invaders". Therefore, it is obvious that the control of dust sources cannot be stopped by forests. In order to show that trees can't stop sandstorms, we made field observations in the spring when sandstorms were most serious, and found that the sand in poplar forests was still flowing when sandstorms came. The visibility outside the forest is less than 5 meters, and the visibility in areas covered by shrubs and grass is more than 200 meters. The role of forests in blocking sandstorms can be seen.

How to cover the source of dust? The following engineering and biological measures are usually adopted.

The first is the mechanical engineering measures to prevent desertification. For example, sand prevention grid, grass grid, plastic grid and dead tree branch grid along railways and highways are all commonly used measures in sandstorm areas. In the Loess Plateau, artificial terraces and fish scale pits are common engineering measures for soil and water conservation. It has also been suggested that fixing quicksand with chemicals such as asphalt or studying sand-fixing agents is another way to prevent desertification from expanding. Of course, some specific engineering measures need to stand the test of biological measures. If the land is fixed, but plants can't grow, it is artificially creating a new desert.

Second, bioengineering measures to prevent desertification. Since the beginning of the new century, six key forestry projects, grassland protection and construction projects, soil and water conservation projects, and comprehensive management projects of inland river basins are typical bioengineering measures. Among biological measures, plants are the most commonly used, but among plants, afforestation and irrigation were emphasized in the past, and grass planting was not paid enough attention. We should correct it in the future practice and fully understand the role of grass. Especially in semi-arid grassland areas and four sandy lands, the role of grass is greater than that of shrubs, and shrubs are greater than forests. In extremely arid areas, even herbs can't grow, but there is a layer of "biological crust" formed by lichens, algae and soil particles in the desert. The role of biological crust in desertification control has not attracted enough attention.

Third, rely on natural forces to restore and curb desertification. This practice is very simple, so simple that humans don't have to do anything, evacuate people and animals, and leave the task of restoring desertified land to nature. From 2000 to 2005, the author conducted an experiment in Bayinhushugacha Village, Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia, which proved that restoring natural forces is the most direct, economical and reasonable way, and should be paid full attention by relevant departments. There are 72 households in Gacha, including 3 herders10, and the land area is126,000 mu. It is a typical Hunshandake sandy land and the largest dust source in Beijing, with both sand dunes and seriously degraded grasslands. We enclose 40,000 mu of seriously degraded grassland with purse seine, and organize special people to ride horses and patrol every day to prevent animals from entering and destroying. 200 1, and the restored grass grows to 80-140 cm; The highest grass yield per mu is 5300 kg (fresh weight); In 2002, the total vegetation coverage rate reached 60%. Compared with the control (unprotected), the fixed dune increased by nearly 3.8 times, and the community biomass in the dune lowlands increased by 9 times respectively. In 2003, the highest height of beach grass was 1.85 m, and the biomass exceeded 6500kg/ mu (fresh weight). Herdsmen buy 20,000 Jin of hay every year, and each household gets 70,000 Jin of hay. Since then, the pasture has become rich. In terms of vegetation composition, Artemisia frigida, Cryptomeria asperata and inch grass moss were dominant before restoration, and agropyron cristatum and woody bark were dominant two years later. The dominant vegetation of dune lowland community is Leymus chinensis and Elymus chinensis, which replaced Chenopodium glaucum and Chenopodium acutum. In terms of wildlife, rabbits, foxes, geese, cranes and even wolves have all returned to this long-lost land.

Cover up the source of dust: grassland or forest?

For a long time, the management idea is still based on afforestation. The "Three-North Shelterbelt Project", which began in the late 1970s, is positioned as afforestation. In order to welcome the 2008 Olympic Games, the "Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project" was launched urgently, with forests as the "boss"; Returning farmland to forest (grass) has always been "shy" hiding in brackets, but only after repeated appeals from experts, grass is sometimes "released" from brackets. Even the burden of controlling sandstorms falls on the State Forestry Administration. For example, the office for combating desertification specially established by the state is located in the State Forestry Administration. It can be seen that in people's subconscious, sand control belongs to the forest.

With such a guiding ideology, it is not surprising to see the following scenes: many tree pits are dug rigidly on the well-growing grassland for afforestation, and the forests cannot survive and form artificial wind erosion pits; On the arid grassland, the dead trees are in sharp contrast with the tenacious desertification grassland; On sandy land such as Hunshandake, evergreen roebuck pine has been planted on the restored grassland; It is often seen that people use cars, tractors or people to carry water to ensure that the planted trees can "drink water". Because once you leave people's care, those trees are doomed to death. Still because of the above guiding ideology, Toyama Jingwei volunteered to plant trees in the arid areas of China; American companies come to promote their "solid water" (water retaining agent); A non-governmental organization started a "Wan Li Afforestation", trying to cover Xinjiang in China with forest. Coincidentally, the goal of "Three-North Shelterbelt" is to cover grassland with 15% forest!

However, have we succeeded? The sandstorm that has been raging for several years is self-evident. It has been nearly ten years since I visited the grassland from 1997. The poplars on both sides of the road are still standing there unwillingly, with thick fingers. In fact, the "owner" has changed several times, because the trees on the grassland are "planted every year and die every year". We can't help asking, have we fallen into the paranoia of "blind afforestation"?

Most arid and semi-arid areas in China are the source of sandstorms. From the perspective of ecological function, the role of grass is greater than that of shrubs, and shrubs are greater than forests. The current practice is that if there is a problem with grass, take the forest to treat it; The cost is used for forests, followed by shrubs and grasslands. Returning farmland to forests on grasslands means "returning" forests with money, and returning grasslands without money or with less money, so that ordinary people can go to afforestation regardless of whether the trees can survive or not. The money went out, but the forest didn't survive, which helped the sandstorm-the tree pits in those arid and semi-arid areas became man-made "wind erosion pits"

What is the relationship between grass, shrub and forest? In ecology, we use biomass to reflect their ecological functions. The commonly used value is annual net primary productivity, which refers to the amount of carbon that plants can fix in the air every year in all seasons of photosynthetic production. In Hunshandake sandy land, we spent two years dissecting this value, and found that the average productivity of sandy land last year (actually only three and a half months) was 0.67 tons per hectare/kloc-0 (including roots), of which the contribution of grass was 93.3%, shrub was 6.4%, and forest was only 1.3%. This was measured in a healthy sandy land where Sanguisorba officinalis (trees) can be distributed. If it is on the pure grassland, the contribution rate of forest is almost zero. This result is also consistent with the calculation result of coverage rate. On Xilin Gol grassland, we count the sparse forest in Hunshandake, and the forest coverage rate is only 0.87%. It can be seen that it is unrealistic for the "Three-North Shelterbelt" to achieve the goal of forest coverage rate 15% in grassland areas.

The above natural laws show that in arid and semi-arid areas where dust comes from, grass can not only be ignored, but also must be highly valued. Planting trees on grasslands can no longer be advocated, but it should be stopped decisively and a lot of money should be saved to protect or restore grasslands.

Or ask, in the sand or desert, the sand has flowed away, can the grass still work? Of course, fixing quicksand in such areas requires shrubs with strong roots or a small number of trees (such as sand). However, the mobile dunes were formed after the destruction of grassland vegetation. Before 1950s, the area of mobile dunes in Hunshandake sandy land was only about 2%. Grass is still very important after being fixed with artificial sand barriers or shrubs. Shrubs such as Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria tangutorum and pearls are very important in severe drought areas in the west. However, it is difficult to fix loose soil only by adding shrubs and grass. Shrubbery (trees naturally distributed in the sand also have this function) is used to nail the soil like nails, and grass is used for covering, because the roots of grass are closely connected. It is not feasible to plant trees in severely arid areas, because trees can't grow at all.

How to reduce the harm of typhoon to human beings can be predicted, and the daily weather forecast will also report that when a typhoon is coming, the * * * department will inform coastal people not to go fishing, tie up their boats and leave the coast.

Trees and branches along city streets should also be pruned frequently to avoid being blown down and hurting people or damaging houses and billboards.

The weather has many effects on human beings. There are direct and indirect effects of weather on human beings, such as the level of temperature and the flow of air, which can have a direct impact on human body temperature, while the reproduction of organisms and the growth of crops will reduce or increase production, which is an indirect impact on human life. These changes will change with the weather, thus affecting human life and human health.

The influence of weather on human beings

Scientists point out that the weather has a great influence on human beings. Bad weather can lead to crime, suicide, traffic accidents or let drivers escape. Many people in life think that they have feelings about weather changes. Some people can even feel the coming of dangerous weather in advance, and even children will respond to low-pressure troughs and high-pressure areas.

However, weather itself will not cause physical and mental diseases, it will only aggravate or slow down people's existing injuries.

Medical meteorologists divide people into three types: the first type is weather reaction type. Under the influence of the weather, they don't feel pain or nausea, but their mood and health fluctuate. The second kind of people are sensitive to the weather, their autonomic nervous system is unstable (not determined by people's subjective will), and their response to bad weather is stronger and earlier than that of the first kind of people. When the weather changes suddenly, they will feel headache, sleep badly, feel tired, be in a bad mood and get excited easily. They are inattentive and can only drink a small amount of wine. They will react after drinking and drive slowly. The third kind of people are sensitive to the weather. These people are usually patients, who may suffer from cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis or have suffered from fractures and other injuries. When the weather suddenly turns cold or hot, they may feel the pain of the wound or the aggravation of chronic diseases. According to the survey, about 60% people feel that they are weather-sensitive. Even according to very strict bioclimatology standards, one third of people are sensitive to the weather.

In the case of bad weather, the reaction time of car drivers is slower than usual 10%. In addition, drivers will make the wrong reaction: drivers overestimate their abilities and misjudge traffic conditions. They hesitate to overtake or overtake at the wrong time. There will also be misunderstandings between drivers and pedestrians.

It is an indisputable fact that the weather has an influence on human beings. The biggest controversy at present is how the weather affects human beings. Professor Wolfgang Span, a German medical meteorologist, believes that the influence of weather is the comprehensive influence of temperature, humidity and air pressure on human tissues through human panels, respiratory organs, sensory organs and nervous system. Human tissues and autonomic nervous system make the human body adapt to certain weather conditions. The weather has changed and the human body has to adjust accordingly. Because modern people are not used to the natural environment and are far away from nature, it is difficult for many people to adapt to the sudden change of weather. Primitive people in the Stone Age could only endure all kinds of uncomfortable weather in caves, so they were tempered, while many modern people lived in air-conditioned rooms and felt the filtered weather. In this way, people's bodies can't adapt to the outside weather quickly, that is, blood pressure will rise or fall, pulse will beat too fast or too slow, and sweating too much or too little. Only when they are sick will they arouse people's vigilance It is not clear how a single weather factor affects human beings.

What factors always affect human health? Statistics show that not only so-called ordinary weather effects such as rain, snow, fog and skating will lead to traffic accidents, but also biological weather conditions will greatly affect people's physical and mental health. For example, in areas controlled by high pressure, people can have a good sleep at night. On the contrary, when the high pressure is removed, or the low pressure is moved in and the warm air mass comes, people's sleep is often disturbed. For another example, when the cold air mass comes, the condition of patients with hypotension will be relieved, while patients with rheumatism will feel unbearable pain.

If the weather is good for human beings, human beings and creatures can live a better life.

Strengthen the human respiratory system.

The reason why sandstorm weather is more harmful to children is because the smog weather caused by fine particles is even more harmful to human health than sandstorm. Particles with a particle size larger than 10 micron will be blocked outside the human nose; Particles with a particle size of 2.5 microns to 10 microns can enter the upper respiratory tract, but some of them can be excreted through sputum, which is relatively harmless to human health; However, fine particles with a particle size less than 2.5 microns, whose diameter is equivalent to110 of human hair, will enter the bronchi after being inhaled into the human body, which will interfere with the gas exchange in the lungs and cause diseases including asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular diseases. These particles can also enter the blood through bronchi and alveoli, and harmful gases and heavy metals are dissolved in the blood, which is more harmful to human health.

How to reduce the harm of earthquake and tsunami to human beings? At present, there is no mature and effective method to deal with the earthquake and tsunami attack, and the prevailing principle is still the combination of prevention and avoidance. That is, prevention first, while grasping the fundamental resistance measures, strengthen the prediction of tsunami, and take timely measures to avoid disasters and avoid risks, so as to minimize the losses caused by earthquake and tsunami.

(1) After the earthquake, the epicenter location, magnitude, focal depth and focal fault nature should be determined quickly, and whether there is earthquake and tsunami prediction.

(2) Issue emergency warning of earthquake and tsunami.

After receiving the earthquake and tsunami forecast, the relevant units in the coastal areas should quickly calculate the possible time for the tsunami to hit the coast according to the location of the earthquake and the terrain along the way, and notify the dangerous areas as soon as possible or issue an emergency warning for the earthquake and tsunami.

(3) When a tsunami warning is issued, people in dangerous areas should be immediately evacuated to slopes, hills and highlands with solid foundations on both sides of the mountain stream. Don't stay in mountain streams, narrow valleys or walk along rivers, because tsunamis sometimes go upstream in rivers. When evacuating, narrow hutongs and densely populated areas should be avoided. When it is too late to reach the highlands, you should temporarily avoid "safety islands" or solid tall buildings. Ships anchored in the harbor should leave the harbor quickly. Because tsunami waves occur more than once and intermittently every once in a while, evacuation should be kept at 1 ~ 2h, and it is forbidden to go back immediately after a surge.

Earthquake tsunami is a strong disturbance of seawater caused by the violent fluctuation of seabed topography during submarine earthquake. Its mechanism has two forms.

"Descending" Tsunami Some tectonic earthquakes caused a large-scale sharp decline in the seabed crust. At first, the sea water rushed to the space where it suddenly sank, and there was a large area of sea water piled up on it. When the submerged seawater encounters resistance at the bottom of the sea, it turns back to the sea surface to produce compression waves, forming long waves and spreading around. The tsunami formed by this downward submarine crustal movement first appeared abnormal ebb tide on the coast. 1960 Chile earthquake and tsunami belong to this type.

"Uplift" Tsunami Some tectonic earthquakes caused the submarine crust to rise sharply on a large scale, and the seawater also rose with the uplift area, and large-scale seawater accumulation appeared above the uplift area. Under the action of gravity, the seawater must maintain an equipotential surface to achieve relative balance, so the seawater diffuses from the wave source area to the surrounding areas, forming a turbulent wave. The tsunami wave formed by this uplifted submarine crustal movement first showed an abnormal climax on the coast. 1The tsunami triggered by the China Sea of Japan earthquake of magnitude 7.7 on May 26th, 983 belongs to this type.

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