Did the Tang Dynasty go to war with Japan?

1. The first war between China and Japan was the battle of Baijiangkou in August 663. In 659, Baekje attacked Silla, and Silla turned to the Tang Dynasty for help. Paisu led an army of 65,438+300,000 to levy Baekje, and Silla responded with 50,000 elite soldiers. Tang and Silla allied forces quickly defeated Baekje and captured Baekje Wang Yici alive. Fu Xin, the second son of King Yici, collected the remains in an attempt to restore the country. In 660, he turned to Japan for help and demanded the release of Prince Zhang Feng as a hostage. Qi Ming, the reigning Japanese queen, agreed to Fu Xin's request and sent him back to the Prince's side. In 66 1, she went to Kyushu to personally direct the battle with the Tang and Silla allied forces, but she died of overwork and the expedition plan ran aground.

In 662, Japan organized a large number of war preparation materials to assist Baekje. In May, General Atan Biloff led 65,438+070 crew members to Baekje. In August 663, the Japanese sent Lu to lead more than 10,000 reinforcements across the sea to Baijiangkou. At the same time, Tang and Silla allied forces decided to attack Liucheng, the state where Baekje King Zhang Feng was located. Tang generals Liu Renyuan, Liu and Silla Wang led the army to attack. Tang generals Liu, Du Shuang and Baekje surrendered and Fu Yulong led the water army from the river to the Baijiangkou in the lower reaches of Jinjiang to cooperate with the army to attack Zhouliucheng.

13, in order to meet the Japanese reinforcements, King Zhang Feng led the water army to stand by at Baijiangkou. 17, Tang and Silla's navy arrived at the same time as the Japanese captain, and the two armies fought. At that time, there were more than 400 Japanese warships, and the combined forces of Tang and Silla only had 170, and their forces were also at a disadvantage. In the three rounds of contest, neither side has achieved a decisive result. On 18, the two armies joined forces for the fourth time. Because Japan and Baekje overestimated their own advantages, despised the strength of the Tang and Silla allied forces, and killed each other blindly, and the result was a big defeat.

After the victory of the Baijiangkou naval battle, the Tang Dynasty continued to use troops against Koguryo, so it failed to punish the Japanese for joining Baekje in waging war against the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty kept in touch with the Japanese at that time, but the closeness was lower than that of Shoto Kutaishi and Emperor Kotoku and the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China. However, the Japanese side has always been worried about the use of force by the Tang Dynasty against Japan, and failed to initiate a larger-scale close contact with the Tang Dynasty, which was completely changed after the Japanese Emperor Tianwu ascended the throne. After the Japanese lost to China in the naval battle of Baijiangkou, it aroused the enthusiasm of learning from the Tang Dynasty and began to send larger and more envoys to the Tang Dynasty. The friendliest and closest cultural exchange period between China and China finally began. Until 894 AD, this once truly friendly period in Japanese history ended only when Japan stopped sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty.

The fiasco of the Battle of Baijiangkou made Japan realize that its strength was not enough to compete with China, so in the following hundreds of years, they have been tinkering with China, sending more than a dozen "envoys in the Tang Dynasty" to comprehensively study China's advanced culture, advanced experience and technology in the political and economic fields. However, its domestic experience has always been the centralization of power by the emperor, the emperor's rule (the minister is the regent, Guan Bai, who is actually in power), and the school administration (the emperor gave way to his children and actually still exercised political rights), while during the Warring States period, peace between China and Japan lasted for more than 900 years. During this period, despite the Mongolian invasion, peace was basically maintained until Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan. All this is because the Sino-Japanese Baijiangkou War established a brand-new new order on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese respect for the Tang Dynasty after the defeat.

The Second Sino-Japanese War: Yuan Dynasty and Korea invaded Japan (A.D. 1274, 128 1, 11 years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, 18 years, 11 years from Emperor Wenyong of Japan and 4 years from Hong 'an).

Yuan Dynasty is one of the only two China orthodox dynasties in China history, which is completely different from the traditional farming China. After the nomadic people entered the Central Plains, China was established as the core area, but it spanned both nomadic areas and fishing and hunting areas. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongols who originated from the Central European grassland in northwest China. Mongolians are the most successful people in the history of nomadic peoples in the world to expand to settled ethnic groups and agricultural areas in an all-round way In their heyday, they established the Mongolian Empire across Europe and Asia. After the division of the Mongolian Empire, its fragmented fragments constitute some of the most important countries in the world system today. In fact, Mongolia's management in East Asia has created an unprecedented period of expansion and integration for China in China, while China is conservative in its territorial expansion.

Today, the geographical map of China was originally formed in China of the Yuan Dynasty, so China of the Yuan Dynasty was also an orthodox dynasty in the history of China, leaving a great legacy to China later. The Yuan Dynasty was also the only period in China's history when it actively expanded to the periphery and launched an all-out war in order to establish a unified security order. This alone is enough to make the Yuan Dynasty obviously different from all dynasties in the history of China. From the perspective of modern countries and international systems, the peripheral expansion of the Yuan Dynasty actually represents a kind of rationality in economy and security, which not only expands the scope of the core ruling system as much as possible, eliminates any potential acts of disturbing order, but also creates large-scale trade exchanges.

From the perspective of security and national development, China's foreign expansion in the Yuan Dynasty actually had a lot of modernity after the rise of capitalism and large-scale industrial production, and the second war against Japan and its defeat in the Yuan Dynasty were also major war events that affected the respective history of China and Japan. From the late Tang Dynasty to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Mongols, Japan and China broke off diplomatic relations for four centuries. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in the Central Plains, he tried to change this situation and make Japan submit to the Mongols like other regimes and nations. In order to achieve this goal, Japan is required to surrender unconditionally. Kublai Khan sent envoys to Japan several times, but they were rejected by the Japanese government.

In A.D. 1270, the Mongolian envoy arrived in Japan for the fifth time, conveying Kublai Khan's will that if Japan did not pay tribute to Mongolia, the Mongols would soon send troops. At that time 18-year-old Japanese ruler Sejong Kitajima (125 1~ 1284) resolutely rejected this request and suppressed others. When Kublai Khan heard the news, he couldn't restrain his anger and humiliation of being sent five times and being rejected five times. Ignoring the fierce fighting between Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty, he ordered the preparation of troops, ships and food and launched a war offensive against Japan. The Japanese army was also prepared under the order of Sejong of Kitajima.

In A.D. 1274, Kublai Khan ordered that "Xindu, general manager of Fengzhou, and Hong, general manager of Korean army and civilians, each take 1,000 ships, while Luqing Jizhou and Jishui in Batou each take 300 ships, and * * * 900 ships, carrying 15,000 foot soldiers." To this end, Koreans and Han Chinese were forced to build ships, transport grain and serve as soldiers, and suffered greatly. However, Kublai Khan insisted on capturing Japan. "In winter and October, I entered the country, but the official army was not complete, and the arrows were exhausted, and I came back unexpectedly." In fact, the army of the Yuan Dynasty only achieved some success at the beginning of the war. Will be defeated again and again in the future.

Although the Japanese army's weapons are not as good as the Mongolian long-range weapons, and their commanders are not as experienced as the leaders of the battlefield-tested Mongolian army, they are good at face-to-face fighting, and the sudden storm in the course of fighting caused heavy losses for the Mongolian army and ships when they retreated to the open sea, so they had to retreat in vain. The Mongols' first eastward expedition to Japan ended in failure. This is extremely rare in the history of war after the rise of Mongolia. The myth of the invincible Mongols was shattered in the naval battle.

Kublai Khan was shocked to hear that he had failed to conquer Japan. He once again sent important envoys to Japan with books, demanding Japanese tribute with a tough attitude, or resorting to force. However, the Japanese government rejected the request of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and killed the envoys. Like his grandfather, Kublai Khan was determined to punish Japan at all costs. On the one hand, he recruited and raised funds; On the other hand, the envoy asked Japan to pay tribute quickly, otherwise the Yuan Army would come. Sejong Kitajima once again rejected Kublai Khan's request and actively planned an expedition to North Korea. Kublai Khan had no choice. In the 18th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 128 1), 100,000 new surrenders from the Southern Song Dynasty were assembled to form an army to expedition to Japan. The soldiers were divided into two ways: Hong Chaqiu and Xindu led 40,000 Mongolian, Korean and Han troops to cross the sea from Korea; Atahai, Fan and Li Ting led 9,000 warships from Qingyuan and Dinghai.

The Second Route Army of the Yuan Dynasty agreed to meet at Yiqi Island and Pingyi Island before June. King Koryo also provided the Yuan Dynasty with 1 0,000 troops, 1 0,500 sailors, 900 ships and a lot of food. However, the South Yuan Army, which has a large number of troops and a large number of trench, has been slow to join the East Route Army as scheduled. The Eastern Route Army set out from Hepu in a hopeless situation, attacked the Japanese islands of Ma Dui and Yiqi, and landed on the original Shiga Island. Japanese defenders have had experience in fighting against Mongolia. They built fortifications along the outer coast of Bozaki and Imamatsu, and entered Shiga Island with elite troops (there is a land connection between Shiga Island and Kyushu) to wage a fierce battle with the Crusader Yuan Army. "Yuan army trounced, retreated to Eagle Island, Ma Dui, Yiqi, Nagato and other places, and joined the later Jiangnan Army.

However, after joining forces, the Yuan Army not only did not actively attack, but could not cooperate because of the command contradiction between North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. In this way, the Mongolian army will pay a heavy price every step forward without any shade. The confrontation between the two sides lasted for two months, and the Mongolian army could never win. Two months later, from August 15 to August 16, a huge typhoon hit the coast of Japan. Under this typhoon attack, the East Mongolian Army lost 1/3, the Jiangnan Army lost half, and some soldiers near the coast were slaughtered or drowned by the Japanese. It is also recorded in China's historical materials that the warships of the Yuan Army were "tied to the city" and "battered by the waves" under the typhoon "Langshan", and the boats were damaged and exhausted. The sergeant howled and drowned in the sea. He ordered Fan Huwen to escape from the Cold War and "sail alone in North Korea". The Mongols' second expedition to Japan ended in fiasco.

In a rage, Kublai Khan not only failed to sum up the lesson, but in 1283, ordered the southern businessmen and the northeast Nuzhen to build ships for him to go to Japan, and the North Koreans provided him with food. However, due to the worsening domestic economic situation, Kublai Khan finally succumbed to the pressure of insufficient objective forces in A.D. 1286 and gave up fighting against Japan. At this point, the military relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and Japan ended with the failure of the Yuan Dynasty.

The failure of Kublai Khan's invasion of Japan represented the Mongolian military force with the highest military organization ability and technical level at that time, and it was completely unsuitable for the sea landing operation different from Chinese mainland. In fact, the Japanese samurai forces have no real military advantage in the confrontation with the Mongolian army. Its victory was due to the complexity of the cross-sea landing operations invading Mongolia, which depended on a large number of technologies that humans had not mastered at that time, such as typhoon weather forecast and multi-wave continuous landing attacks. In fact, the Mongolian army suffered defeat in all the battlefields where it could not give full play to the advantages of cavalry, such as Annan, Java and North Korea, which is also an inevitable process of Mongolia's decline from prosperity.

From the perspective of the Asian system, the failure of Mongolia's invasion of Japan kept Japan out of the East Asian continental system and maintained its corresponding invasion power. Shortly after the failure of Mongolia's invasion, Japan invaded Chinese mainland and the Korean Peninsula, which proved from another angle that Kublai Khan needed to conquer Japan in an all-round way in order to eliminate the threat to the order of Mongolian Yuan Empire. However, the rapid decline of the Yuan Dynasty failed to complete its attempt to establish a unified imperial order in East Asia dominated by the mainland, and Japan, which was divorced from the imperial order of China, was finally proved to be a menace to China.

Third, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to aid the Korean war against Toyotomi Hideyoshi (A.D. 1592, A.D. 1597, the 19th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, the 25th year of Wanli, the first year of Luwen, and the 3rd year of Evergreen).

In the process of Japan's foreign expansion, it set all the tone for Japan's mainland ambitions and influenced Japan's later history. To this day, he is still regarded as the greatest and most aggressive figure in Japanese history, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi is the only one. To understand the madness of modern Japanese expansion and its basic ideas, it is obvious to study Toyotomi Hideyoshi's behavior.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536~ 1598) was originally a famous Japanese feudal general in the Warring States Period. Because of his repeated meritorious military service, he was gradually reused and was promoted to the title on 1573. Formerly known as Deyilang, he was subordinate to Muxia and changed his surname to Yuchai on 1558. Nomoto Nagata was attacked by a retainer at 1582 and forced to commit suicide. Toyotomi Hideyoshi took his place. 1586, established "post-Yozei", calling itself "Chen Feng". 1585 served as Guan Bai (equivalent to "the first viceroy"), 1586 served as Minister Zheng Tai (equivalent to "Tai Regent"), 1590 unified Japan. 159 1 year, he gave up his position to his adopted son Toyotomi Hidetsugu, calling himself "Taige" (equivalent to "the old man in the country") and turned to specialize in the strategy and implementation of "sea conquest".

After Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan with a disputed name during the Warring States Period by force, he felt strong and couldn't wait to wage war against China. As early as the Warring States period, he was ordered to go on an expedition and said, "It is my ambition to survey North Korea and spy on China." 1585 He said: "Now that Japan has been conquered, its status has been upgraded, its neighboring countries have been controlled, and its wealth is abundant, there is no other requirement. I only hope that my reputation and power will be left to future generations. After everything is settled in Japan, let Japan be brothers and decide to cross the sea in order to conquer North Korea and China. " 1587, he wrote to his beloved concubine Asano Shi: "In my lifetime, I swear to incorporate the territory of the Tang Dynasty (Ming Dynasty) into my territory".

1590, he wrote a letter to korean king, asking to attack China through the passage. After being rejected, he surrendered to his adopted son Toyotomi Hidetsugu on 159 1, calling himself "Taige", and built a famous house-protecting city in Songpu County as a combat base. 1592 In April, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to North Korea, claiming that the official war was not against North Korea but against the Ming Dynasty, and North Korea was just passing by, which was also reflected in the preparation order for moving the capital to Beijing issued by 18 in May, in which only the official positions of China and Japan were announced and no arrangements were made for North Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi thinks that he can move the capital to Beijing and settle in Ningbo within two years, and then he will preside over the Indian conquest.

After sending troops to Korea, Nagoya was the commander-in-chief and Yu was the commander-in-chief at the front. Kuroda, Konishi Yukinaga and Katou Kiyomasa attacked in three ways, and soon occupied the Korean capital and a large area of land. However, due to its weak naval capabilities, North Korean general Li Shunchen annihilated the Japanese elite troops through two naval battles, which hindered the Japanese army's northward advance. Nearly 50 thousand people, including Li, a reinforcement sent by the Ming government, cooperated with the North Korean army and successively recovered lost ground. When the Japanese army retreated, Toyotomi Hideyoshi proposed peace talks, which temporarily ended the first war.

Because Toyotomi Hideyoshi was dissatisfied with China's position reserved for Japan in the Sino-Japanese system in the Ming Dynasty, the negotiations for tomorrow, which lasted for more than two years, finally failed. 1597 65438+ 10, the Japanese army attacked again, Kuroda was defeated by the Ming army in Jishan, and the navy was hit hard by Li Shunchen in Liangminghai. Ming Dynasty reinforcements continued to enter Korea, attacking the armies of Katou Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga. 1August 598 18, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died of depression, and the Japanese army withdrew. By February of 65438, all of them had withdrawn from Korea, and the second invasion of Korea was a complete failure. Tokugawa Ieyasu, another Japanese feudal Lord, also established a unified Japanese shogunate to replace Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The failure of this war of aggression made the Japanese realize that the time was not ripe to attack China, so the edo shogunate immediately adopted a seemingly good-neighborly policy towards China. Until the Meiji Restoration, China and Japan fought the Fourth Sino-Japanese War for half a century.