Key points of biogeographic examination

Unit 1: Biology and Biosphere

1, scientific inquiry generally includes links:

Ask questions, make assumptions, make plans, implement plans, draw conclusions and express communication.

2. Biological characteristics

1) organisms need nutrition: most plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis (autotrophic); Animals get ready-made nutrition (heterotrophy) from the outside.

2) living things can breathe.

3) Organisms can excrete wastes from their bodies.

The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling and urinating.

The way plants excrete waste: fallen leaves.

4) Organisms can respond to external stimuli-stress. Exodus: The zebra flees quickly after discovering the enemy's harm. The response of mimosa to stimulation.

5) Organisms can grow and reproduce.

6) All living things are made up of cells except viruses.

3. Scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.

4. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

5. Environmental factors affecting biological survival:

Abiotic factors: light, temperature, moisture, etc. Biological factors: other organisms that affect the life of a certain organism.

Exodus: Ladybug septempunctata preys on aphids, which is a predatory relationship. Weeds and rice in rice fields compete for sunlight, which is a competitive relationship. Division and cooperation of family members of ants and bees.

6, biological adaptation and the impact on the environment:

1) Examples of biological adaptation to the environment: camels in the desert have little urine; The underground roots of Alhagi are much longer than the aboveground parts; Seals in cold seas have thick subcutaneous fat on their chests; Flag trees, etc.

2) Biological impact on the environment: Earthworms move in the soil, which can loosen the soil, and their feces increase the fertility of the soil; Sand plants such as windbreak and sand fixation belong to the biological influence environment.

7. Concept and composition of ecosystem

Concept: The unified whole formed by biology and environment in a certain area is called ecosystem.

Composition: including biological part and abiotic part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic parts include sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.

8, food chain and food web:

The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. The food chain is intertwined to form a food web.

Matter and energy in the ecosystem flow along the food chain and food web, and toxic substances will accumulate through the food chain.

When writing the food chain, pay attention: it can only start from the producer and end at the highest level of consumers.

9. List different ecosystems:

Biosphere is the largest ecosystem, including forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem and farmland ecosystem.

Unit 2:

10, and observe the loading situation with a microscope.

① The eyepiece sees an inverted image. Example: If you see a "D" in the field of vision of a microscope, then "P" is written on transparent paper.

② The magnification of microscope is the product of the magnification of objective lens and eyepiece. 10X30=300

③ When the object image is seen in the lower left field of vision, the specimen should move the object image to the lower left center.

(4) Distinguish the position of the stain: move the film, and the stain will move with it, and the stain will be on the film; Turn the eyepiece, the stain will move with it, and the stain will be on the eyepiece; Move the bracket and eyepiece, the stain will not move, then the stain will be on the objective lens.

1 1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of biological activities. Basic structure and function of cells

① Cell membrane-protects the internal structure of cells and controls the entry and exit of substances inside and outside cells.

② Cytoplasm-The cytoplasm of living cells has fluidity, which is beneficial to the material exchange between cells and the external environment.

③ Nucleus-plays an important role in biological inheritance. The nucleus contains genetic material.

④ Cell wall-support and protection.

12, unique structure of plant cells: cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole.

13, Preparation and Observation of Onion Epidermal Cell Slices

Production steps:

(1) First, drop a drop of water in the center of a clean slide.

(2) Tear off a small piece of transparent film from the inner surface of the scale leaf with tweezers.

(3) Put the torn film into the water drop in the center of the glass slide and flatten it gently with a dissecting needle.

(4) Clamp the edge of one side of a cover glass with tweezers, first touch the other side with water drops, and then gently lay it flat and cover it on the film, which can reduce the generation of bubbles.

(5) Iodine staining.

(6) observation under a low-power microscope

14. Preparation and observation of oral epithelial cells

(1) Drop a drop of normal saline in the center of a clean slide.

(2) Rinse your mouth with cold boiled water and scrape it gently from the buccal wall of your mouth with a toothpick.

(3) Put some crumbs attached to toothpicks in the drops of normal saline on the glass slide and smear them several times.

(4) Cover the cover glass.

(5) Iodine staining.

(6) Observe under a low-power microscope.

15, the function of cell membrane: let useful substances enter the cell, keep other substances out of the cell, and at the same time discharge the waste generated in the cell.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy converters in cells.

Chloroplast: converts light energy into chemical energy and stores it in the organic matter it produces.

Mitochondria: release chemical energy from organic matter for use by cells.

17, the role of nucleus in biological inheritance

The control center of a cell is the nucleus. There are chromosomes in the nucleus, dna in the chromosomes and genetic information in the dna.

18. Cells produce new cells through division: in the process of division, the nucleus is first divided into two parts, and then the cytoplasm is divided into two parts, each part contains a nucleus. Finally, a new cell membrane is formed in the center of the original cell, and plant cells also form new cell walls. As a result, one cell divides into two cells.

19. Cells differentiate into tissues.

There are four main organizations of plants: meristem, conservation organization, nutrition organization and transportation organization.

The four major tissues of human body: epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue.

20. The structural level of human body: cell → tissue → organ → system → human body.

2 1. The structural level of plants: cells → tissues → organs → plants (plants are unsystematic).

Six organs of green flowering plants: roots, stems, leaves (belonging to vegetative organs), flowers, fruits and seeds (belonging to reproductive organs).

23. An organism with only one cell.

Yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, Amoeba and so on are all single-celled organisms, which can live independently and have all physiological activities.

The causes of red tide are eutrophication of water and a large number of single-celled organisms.

24, the morphological structure of the virus and the characteristics of life activities.

(1) Species: According to parasitic cells, it can be divided into animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage).

(2) Structure: It consists of protein shell and genetic material (nucleic acid). No cell structure.

Life: It must be parasitic in living cells.

Unit 3:

27. Distinguish common algae, mosses and ferns.

Algae: Most of them live in water and can carry out photosynthesis without differentiation of roots, stems and leaves.

Common algae plants: Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Kelp and Porphyra.

Bryophytes: Most of them live in humid land environment, with stems and leaves, and their roots are false roots. Leaves have only one layer of cells, and there is no differentiation of conductive tissues. They can be used as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.

Common bryophytes: pumpkin, reed.

Pteridophyte: Most of them live in humid environment and have roots, stems, leaves and conducting tissues.

Common ferns: fern, Selaginella, Azolla.

28. Distinguish common gymnosperms from angiosperms.

Gymnosperms: The seeds are bare and there is no pericarp coating outside. Such as pine, fir, cypress, ginkgo, cycad, etc.

Angiosperms: The seeds are covered with pericarp. Such as peaches, soybeans, rice, roses, etc.

29. Main structure of seeds (similarities and differences between kidney bean seeds and corn seeds)

Geography exam focus:

Earth and globe

(1) Knowing the latitude and longitude and the division of latitude and longitude (including the division of high, middle and low latitudes and the division of the eastern and western hemispheres and the northern and southern hemispheres), you can memorize important latitude and longitude lines.

(2) Use the graticule to determine the position of any place.

(3) It can explain the characteristics and geographical phenomena of the earth's rotation and revolution. Know the five regions of the earth.

map

(1) Use maps to identify directions, measure distances, and estimate altitudes and relative heights. In production and life, we can choose maps reasonably and get information.

(2) Identify topographic types such as peaks, ridges and valleys on the contour topographic map.

World geography (6 points)

Ocean and land

(1) Use the map to tell the geographical distribution and general situation of the four oceans on seven continents.

(2) If you know the theory of plate tectonics, you can tell the relationship between world-famous mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes and plate movements.

climate

(1) Knowing the difference between "weather" and "climate", we can identify common weather symbols.

(2) Name the distribution areas of the main climate types on the world climate map.

(3) Using the data of temperature and precipitation, we can identify the temperature curve and precipitation histogram, and judge the changing law and climate type of temperature and precipitation.

resident

(1) Know the characteristics of world population growth and distribution.

(2) Know the main distribution areas of the three major races in the world.

Understand the mainland, understand the geographical location, scope, natural environment, population and economic development of Asia.

Cognitive region

(1) Understand the location, scope, major countries and their capitals of Southeast Asia and South Asia. Use maps to describe the natural environment characteristics of Southeast Asia and South Asia and the distribution, production and export of major resources.

(2) Describe the natural and geographical features of Sichuan Province.