Qingdao's area, location, population, weather, history, scenic spots and food.

Qingdao, referred to as "Jiaoao" for short, is also known as "Qindao" and "Island City", and is also known as "Oriental Switzerland" [1]. Located on the southeast coast of Shandong Peninsula, east of Jiaodong Peninsula, bordering the Yellow Sea in the east and south, facing the Korean Peninsula across the sea. Qingdao has an international seaport and a regional hub airport. Qingdao is a city under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province, a city with separate plans, a sub-provincial city, an economic center city of Shandong Province, the first batch of coastal open cities in China, a coastal city in China, a national historical and cultural city, a national civilized city, a national health city, a national garden city, a national forest city and the most happy city in China.

"World Beer City" and "World Sailing Capital" are the leading cities in the planning core area of Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone approved by the State Council. It has a national-level new district (Qingdao West Coast New District), and its economic aggregate ranks third after Shanghai Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area.

Qingdao has a maritime monsoon climate in the north temperate zone, and its famous scenic spots include Laoshan, Zhanqiao, May 4th Square, Badaguan, Olympic Sailing Center, Treasure Beach and Zhushan. International Beer Festival, International Ocean Festival and International Piano and Violin Competition are held every year.

Qingdao has a long history. Dongyi people began to thrive here in the Neolithic age. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he traveled around the world five times and visited Langya three times. During the period of 1897- 19 19, Qingdao became a colony of Germany and Japan. After the Paris Peace Conference, with the recovery of Qingdao's sovereignty as the fuse, the famous "May 4th Patriotic Movement" broke out all over the country, which became a watershed in China's modern history.

Qingdao is a famous historical and cultural city [2], and a large number of historical celebrities, including Lao She, Wen Yiduo, Hong Shen and Shen Congwen, have given lectures in Qingdao.

Area 1 1282 square kilometers, population 9,046,200, and urban area 4,875,900 (20 14).

Famous scenic spots: Laoshan, May 4th Square, Badaguan, Zhanqiao, Olympic Sailing Center, Jinyintan and Zhushan.

Qingdao is located in the south of Shandong Peninsula, between north latitude119 30 ′ ~12100 ′ and 35 35 ′ ~ 37 09 ′, bordering the Yellow Sea in the east and south, Yantai in the northeast and Weifang in the west. Total area 1 1282 square kilometers. Among them, the urban area (six districts of Shinan, Shibei, Licang, Laoshan, Huangdao and Chengyang) is 3293 square kilometers, and the four cities of Jimo, Jiaozhou, Pingdu and Laixi are 7989 square kilometers.

topography

Qingdao is a coastal hilly city, with high terrain in the east and low terrain in the west, rising on the north and south sides and low depression in the middle. Among them, mountains account for about 15.5% of Qingdao's total area (the same below), hills account for 2. 1%, plains account for 37.7%, and depressions account for 2 1.7%. Qingdao coast can be divided into three basic types: headland bay rocky coast, mountain harbor muddy coast and bedrock sandy coast. In shallow water, there are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and marine erosion plains.

Qingdao geotectonics is located in the northeast margin of Jiaonan Uplift and the south-central part of Jiaolai Depression, which is the secondary structural unit of Neocathaysia Uplift. The whole Paleozoic strata and some Mesozoic strata are missing in this area, but the volcanic rocks of Cretaceous Qingshan Formation are developed and widely exposed in Qingdao. Magmatic rocks are mainly Yuejishan gneiss granite in Jiaonan period of Proterozoic and Ai Shan granodiorite and Laoshan granite in late Yanshanian period of Mesozoic. The urban areas are all located on this granite, and the building foundation conditions are excellent. The structure in this area is mainly fault structure. Since Tertiary, this area has been dominated by fault block uplift with stable integrity, with a small overall increase.

mountain range

Qingdao has three mountain systems. In the southeast is the Laoshan Mountains, with steep terrain, and the main peak is 1 132.7 meters above sea level. From Mrding to the west and north, all the way to Qingdao. In the north is Daze Mountain (736.7 meters above sea level, all the mountains in Pingdu and some peaks in Laixi belong to it). In the south, the Jiaonan Mountain Group consists of Dazhushan (486.4m above sea level), Xiaozhushan (724.9m above sea level) and Tiecha Mountain (595. 1m above sea level). The mountains in the urban area include Fushan Mountain (elevation 384m), Taiping Mountain (elevation 150m), Qingdao Mountain (elevation 128.5m), Beiling Mountain (elevation16.4m) and Jiading Mountain (elevation/kloc-0)

river

There are 224 rivers in Qingdao, all of which are rain sources in the monsoon region, and most of them are small rivers that enter the sea independently. There are 33 large rivers with a drainage area of 100 square kilometers, which are divided into three major water systems: Dagu River, Beijiaolai River and coastal area.

Dagu River system includes the main stream and its tributaries, and the main tributaries are Xiaogu River, Guwu River, Liuhao River and Nanjiaolai River. Dagu River is the largest river in Qingdao. Originated in Fushan, Zhaoyuan City, it flows into Qingdao from north to south, passes through Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo, Jiaozhou and Chengyang, and reaches Nanmatou Village in Jiaozhou. The total length of the main stream is 179.9 km, and the drainage area is 61310.3 km2 (among which the South Jiaolai River Basin is 1500 km2), making it the largest water system in Jiaodong Peninsula. The average annual runoff of Dagu River is 66 1 100 million cubic meters. Before the 1970s, the runoff of rivers was seasonal, the summer floods soared and there was water all the year round. After that, except for the flood season, the middle and lower reaches have been cut off.

The Beijiaolai River system includes the main stream and its tributaries. The main tributaries of Qingdao are Zehe River, Wanglonghe River, Xianhe River and Baisha River, with a total drainage area of 19 14.0 square kilometers. Beijiaolai River originates from the northern foot of the watershed in Yaojia Village, Wanjia Town, pingdu city, goes north along the junction of pingdu city and Changyi City, and flows into Laizhou Bay in Damiaojia Village, xinhe town, pingdu city. The total length of the main stream is100km, and the drainage area is 3,978.6km2.. The average annual runoff of rivers is 253 million cubic meters, and the average annual sediment concentration is 0.24 kg/cubic meter.

Coastal water system refers to the rivers that enter the sea alone, and the larger ones are Baisha River, Moshui River, Wanggezhuang River, Baima River, Liji River, Zhoutuan River and Yanghe River.

climate

Qingdao is located in the north temperate monsoon region and belongs to the temperate monsoon climate. Due to the direct regulation of the marine environment and the influence of southeast monsoon, ocean current and water mass from the ocean surface, the urban area has obvious maritime climate characteristics. The air is humid, the rainfall is abundant, the temperature is moderate, and the four seasons are distinct. The temperature rises slowly in spring, which is later than inland 1 month. Summer is hot and humid and rainy, but there is no heating; The weather in autumn is refreshing, with less precipitation and strong evaporation; In winter, the wind is strong, the temperature is low and the duration is long. According to the meteorological data of 100 years since 1898, the annual average temperature in urban areas is 12.7℃, the extreme high temperature is 38.9℃ (July 2002 15), and the extreme low temperature is-16.9℃ (/. August is the hottest year, with an average temperature of 25.3℃. 65438+ 10 is the coldest month with an average temperature of -0.5℃. The number of days when the daily maximum temperature is higher than 30℃ is 1 1.4 days; The average number of days when the daily minimum temperature is below -5℃ is 22 days. The annual average precipitation is 662. 1mm, and the rainfall in spring, summer, autumn and winter accounts for 17%, 57%, 2 1% and 5% of the annual precipitation respectively. The maximum annual precipitation is1272.7 mm (191year), and the minimum is only 308.2mm (198 1 year), and the annual variation rate of precipitation is 62%. The average annual snowfall is only 10 days. The annual average air pressure is 1008.6 mbar. The annual average wind speed is 5.2m/s, and the dominant wind direction is southeast wind. The annual average relative humidity is 73%, and the highest in July is 89%. The lowest is 65438+68% in February. There are many and frequent sea fogs in Qingdao, with an average annual fog of 5 1.3 days and light fog 108.2 days.

land

According to the land classification system of the second national soil survey, Qingdao's soils mainly include brown soil, Jiang Sha black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil and saline soil.

Brown soil covers an area of 493,700 hectares, accounting for 59.8% of the total soil area. It is the most widely distributed and largest soil type in Qingdao, mainly distributed in mountainous hills and piedmont plains. The degree of soil development is affected by the topographic position, and it is divided into three soil genera from high to low: brown soil, brown soil and moist brown soil. Brown soil is mostly used in forestry and animal husbandry because of its high terrain, large slope, thin soil layer, heavy erosion and low fertility. Brown soil and moist brown soil are the main soils for growing cash crops in Qingdao.

The area of black soil in Jiang Sha is 654.38 076.9 thousand hectares, accounting for 265.438 0.42% of the total soil area. It is mainly distributed in shallow depressions in the south of Laixi, southwest of Pingdu, northwest of Jimo and north of Jiaozhou. This kind of soil has deep soil layer, sticky soil, light to heavy topsoil, poor physical properties, uncoordinated hydrothermal conditions and low available nutrients.

Tidal soil, with an area of 144900 hectares, accounting for 17.55% of the total soil area. Mainly distributed in the plains of the lower reaches of Dagu River, Guwu River and Jiaolai River. Because it is far from the river, the soil texture and soil configuration are quite different. Coastal areas are often affected by sea salt to form salinized tidal soil, and the soil fertility and utilization direction are quite different.

The cinnamon soil covers an area of 6333.33 hectares, accounting for 0.77% of the total soil area. Sporadic distribution in Pingdu, Laixi, Jiaonan limestone residual hills in the upper part.

Saline soil covers an area of 3666.67 hectares, accounting for 0.44% of the total soil area. Distributed in coastal lowlands and coastal beaches.

ocean

Coastline: Qingdao's sea area is about 1.22 million square kilometers, of which the sea area within the territorial sea baseline is 8405 square kilometers; The total length of coastline (including island coastline) is 8 16.98km, of which the mainland coastline is 7 10.9km, accounting for 1/4 of the coastline of Shandong province. The coastline twists and turns, and the headlands alternate with the bays.

Bay: a bay with an area of more than 0.5 square kilometers. From north to south, there are Dingzi Bay, Lulve Bay, Yanshui Bay (also known as Hengmen Bay), Laoshan Bay (also known as Beiwan Bay), Xiaodao Bay, Wanggezhuang Bay, Qingshan Bay, Yaodao Bay, Taiqinggongkou, Liu Qinghe Bay, Laoshan Bay, Shazikou Bay and Maidao Bay. There are 49 bays in Jiaozhou Bay, including Haixi Bay (including Xiaocha Bay and Xuejiadao Bay), Huangdao Qianwan, Hongdao Bay, Nvgukou and Cangkou Bay.

Islands: Qingdao has 70 primitive islands. 1987, Zhaitang Qiandao and Zhaitang Houdao were connected by artificial dikes to become Zhaitang Island, and Qianliyan was classified as Haiyang City. In 2006, three unreported islands (Shidao Reef, Da Qiao Island and Xiaoqiao Island) were confirmed through satellite remote sensing image analysis and field survey, while Huangdao Island and Tuandao Island lost their island attributes and were no longer listed as islands. Qingdao has 69 islands. Among them, Shuidao, Lvdao, Xiaoqingdao, Xiaomai Island, Tuandao Island, Niudao and Dao Ji are artificial land-connected islands, and only 62 islands are surrounded by the sea. The total area of 69 islands is 13.82 square kilometers, and the total length of coastline is 106.08 kilometers. Most of the islands are very small. Only Tian Heng Island and Lingshan Island have an area of more than L square kilometers, and the other islands have an area of less than 0.6 square kilometers. Of the 69 islands, only 65,438+00 have permanent residents.

Tide: Qingdao is a regular semi-diurnal tide port, with two high tides and two low tides every lunar day (24 hours and 48 minutes). The average tidal range is about 2.8 meters, and the tidal range appears in the new moon or 2-3 days after it (first quarter moon or second quarter moon). The tidal level in August is generally 0.5m higher than that in June 5438+ 10. In China, the average tidal level observed by Qingdao tide gauge station is regarded as the "average sea level of the Yellow Sea", and its height is 72.289 meters lower than the national level origin of Guanxiangshan in Qingdao. Since 1957 in China, the mainland ground elevation has been calculated from this zero point.