Lecture notes on two chapters of "Mencius"

Two Chapters of "Mencius" Lecture Notes

Calm Lectures

"Two Chapters of (Mencius)" is selected from "Mencius? Gongsun Chou Xia". During the Warring States Period, the annexation wars between princes and countries became increasingly fierce. In order to survive and even establish hegemony, the monarchs of various countries invariably advocated force and did not care about the people. Faced with this reality, Mencius put forward his ideal of governing the country.

The purpose of the article "A good man can get many help, a bad man can help little" is very clear. It highlights the importance of "humanity" and "humanity". "Humanity" is the primary condition for defeating the enemy. Specifically, it is to clarify the victory or defeat of the war. It mainly depends on the support of people's hearts, and the support of people's hearts depends on whether the ruler is "righteous". It starts with talking about war and ultimately boils down to how to govern a country and bring peace to the world.

The article "Born in Sorrow, Die in Peace" first takes six dignitaries who came from humble origins and finally assumed "big responsibilities" after various hardships as examples to illustrate that only after hard training can people achieve success. Only by what you do can you achieve great things. From this, I explain the benefits of tempering from both positive and negative aspects, and finally draw the conclusion that "I am born in sorrow and die in happiness". The analogy from cultivating talents to governing a country seems to be a matter of course.

When teaching two short essays, on the basis of clearing up the sentences and understanding the meaning of the text, students should be guided to learn the method of Mencius’ theory and argument, appreciate the expression effects of rhetoric such as parallelism and contrast, and comprehensively understand the prose of "Mencius" artistic characteristics. When studying classical Chinese, emphasis is placed on reading ancient and modern texts, giving new connotations to classic works and reflecting the characteristics of cultural inheritance. Based on this, teachers should guide students to correctly understand the contemporary significance of "De Dao Duo Zhu" and "Born from Worry".

Classroom teaching should be based on the reading method, supplemented by teaching methods such as discussion method, comparison method, competition method, etc., to guide students to read aloud, translate reading, think about reading, memorize reading, extend reading, and appreciate reading. Finally, beautiful reading is achieved, and the sound of reading accompanies the entire classroom teaching.

Teaching objectives

Knowledge objectives

1. Accumulate knowledge of classical Chinese and master the phenomenon of ancient and modern synonyms and parts of speech.

2. Understand the characteristics of the prose of "Mencius" and understand Mencius' political opinions.

3. Recite two short articles and accumulate famous sayings.

Ability objectives

1. Read repeatedly, understand the meaning of the text, and cultivate students’ self-study ability in classical Chinese.

2. Learn the ancient methods of reasoning and argumentation, and appreciate the expression effects of rhetoric such as contrast and parallelism.

Goals of moral education

1. Understand the right time, the right place, the right people, the right people, the right people, and the right people, and the right people, more help, and the wrong people, less help, and enhance the understanding of the political situation of national stability and unity,

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2. Understand the meaning of "Born in sorrow, died in happiness". And gain lessons from it, enhance the awareness of worries, and treat life with an optimistic attitude.

Teaching focus

Clarify the argumentation ideas and master the reasoning methods.

Teaching Difficulties

Correctly understand the significance of the times of "Tao Dao Many Helps" and "Born from Worry".

Teaching methods

1. Recitation method The key to learning classical Chinese is recitation. Especially for articles as rich in literary talent as "Mencius", recitation is particularly important. Through different reading methods, students can be guided to read the text beautifully and read the rhythm and beauty.

2. Discussion method

3. Competition method

4. Comparison method

Preparation of teaching aids

Multimedia, tape recorder, teaching tape

Lesson schedule

2 lessons

Teaching process

First lesson

[Teaching Points]

Materials to assist reading; teachers and students study "Many Helps for the Right, Little Help for the Unjust" together, read the text aloud, and have an overall perception: translate and read the text, accumulate knowledge related to classical Chinese, and grasp the meaning of the text. Clarify the reasoning ideas, master the reasoning methods, and taste the language: extend and deepen the understanding of the article's ideas.

[Teaching Steps]

1. Introduction Design

Students, everyone still remembers the magnificent news "The People's Liberation Army's Millions of Troops Cross the Yangtze River" ? What was the reason for the victory of the Western Route Army? (Students answered in unison; ? He who wins the hearts of the people wins the world. ?) Today, we study "The right way will help you many, the wrong way will help you few" and deeply explore the primary conditions for defeating the enemy.

2. Material reading aids

Mencius and "Mencius"

Mencius (372 BC ~ 289 BC), a native of Zou, is the grandson of Confucius. Only pass it on to disciples. He lobbied among the Qi and Liang Dynasties, but was not reused. He retreated with his disciples Gongsun Chou and Wan Zhang to wait for the book to be written. Inheriting the teachings of Confucius, he also talked about benevolence and righteousness, put forward the slogan of "benevolent government", and advocated the restoration of the "Jingtian system" and the Shiqing system. At the same time, he advocated that the people are noble and the king is despised, calling the tyrant "a husband", and believing that human nature is inherently good. , emphasizing inner cultivation such as cultivating the mind and being intentional, became the foundation of the study of mind and nature among the scholars of the Song Dynasty.

After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, his status became increasingly respected. From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun, he was named Zou Guoya Shenggong. In the ninth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, he was designated as "Yasheng Mencius". His status in Confucianism is second only to Confucius. Most of his thoughts and deeds can be found in the book "Mencius".

The articles in "Mencius" have always been famous for their eloquence. Reading Mencius's works, one feels majestic, passionate, and unstoppable. Out of indignation at the greed and cruelty of the rulers at that time, sympathy for the people struggling in suffering, hostility to other schools of thought, a strong desire to implement their own ideas, and the kind of... My unique sense of responsibility for saving the world made Mencius's articles passionate, resolute, and confident. He is also good at using various techniques to lure his enemies into submission. In addition, his words are bold and harsh, and he likes to use a long series of paired sentences, so his writing style is aggressive.

3. Reading the text aloud, overall perception

1. The teacher plays the demonstration reading tape and the students listen and read.

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the words, pauses and stress.

2. The teacher demonstrates how to recite the text and pay attention to the momentum of the article.

3. Students read the text together, and the teacher provides some reading guidance.

Pay attention to the rhythm of parallel sentences, such as: The people of the region / do not use / to seal the boundaries of the frontier, the country is consolidated / do not use / the dangers of mountains and rivers, the world is powerful / do not use / the benefits of military revolution. Those who have attained the truth/have more help, and those who have lost the truth/have little help. If there is little help, the relatives will be there; if there is much help, the world will follow.

4. Translate and read the text to grasp the meaning of the text

1. Students translate the text by themselves, circle and outline, and highlight difficult words and phrases.

2. Group discussion, questioning and solving doubts.

3. Teachers guide students to accumulate knowledge of classical Chinese.

The teacher distributes written materials, the content of which is as follows:

(1) Tongjiazi:

When there is little help, relatives are nearby (Pan Tong? Rebellion?, Betrayal)

(2) Ancient and modern synonyms

A city of three miles, a country of seven miles (city, inner city; Guo: outer city)

Commissioned Fortunately (leave. Today's meaning: go, arrive)

Relatives and friends (relatives and friends, including parents and brothers. Today refers to the family or its members who have a marriage relationship with one's own family.)

< p> The pond is not not deep (moat. Today it refers to the pond.)

(3) The word has multiple meanings;

The people of the region do not regard the boundary of the border as three miles (by) The city (its) geographical location is not as good as the people (favorable)

Attack it in a circle and be invincible (pronoun)

If the world obeys it (use) the more you help it, the world will obey it (To) The military revolution must be strong and sharp (sharp)

(4) Pay attention to the use of the following punctuated words:

The people of the region do not seal the boundaries of the territory (the noun is used as a verb to limit )

To strengthen the country, do not rely on the dangers of mountains and rivers (the adjective is used as a verb, to strengthen)

To control the world, do not use the benefits of military revolution (the adjective is used as a verb, to deter)

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(5) Pay attention to the translation of the following sentences;

The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people (the weather and season that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat: conducive to combat) The geographical situation of the battle is not as good as the people's will and internal unity in the battle)

If you attack the enemy's surroundings, you must have the right time, but the one who loses is because the right time is not as good as the right place. If you attack a city by encircling it from all sides, you will definitely get the weather and season that are conducive to combat, but you can't win because the weather and season that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat. )

On the condition that all the people in the world submit to him, he attacks the helpless king who even his relatives are against. Therefore, if the monarch does not fight, he will definitely win. )

5. Think about the text, clarify the argument, and recite the text

1. What is the central argument of this article? How does the article develop the argument layer by layer? Students discuss and communicate with each other at the same table.

Clearly: The central argument is that the weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people.

The article puts forward an argument at the beginning, pointing out that harmony is the primary condition for defeating the enemy. From there, it unfolds layer by layer and uses general combat examples to prove it. It compares weather and location, location and harmony, and points out that The three factors of time, location, and people play different roles in war. Then, the principles of governing a country and ensuring peace can be derived from the people and people in the war, and the conclusion is drawn that "the right people will get more help, and the wrong people will get less help." This clarifies the "people". The essence of harmony is that "more help means the world will be in order"; finally, comparing "many help" with "few help", it naturally leads to "a gentleman will win whether he fights or not".

The teacher forms recitation ideas based on students’ answers on the blackboard.

2. Students recite the text according to the prompts written on the blackboard.

6. Summary and Sublimation

Teacher reminds me, "The Six Classics annotate me, and I annotate the Six Classics". When studying classical Chinese, we must pay attention to the connection with reality, apply the past to the present, and give classic works the significance of the times; How did you get to know "Ren Ren" and "De Tao"? Please contact us and share your views.

Student discussion.

Student 1: I think "human harmony" means forming cliques. If you don't see it, in this world, it's easier to get things done if you work in groups.

Student 2: Some anti-China forces in Japan tampered with history textbooks without authorization. As a result, they aroused unanimous opposition from knowledgeable people at home and abroad, causing everyone to betray their relatives and alienate them. This is in line with the ancient saying of Mencius. Little help?.

Student 3: This proposition of Mencius emphasizes that everything must be done in accordance with the people's will, which reflects Mencius's foresight at that specific stage of historical development. However, it should also be noted that the fundamental purpose of Mencius' proposal of "harmony" was to safeguard the interests of the ruling class, which inevitably made his views subject to the limitations of the times.

Student 4: I think the outcome of a war depends on the nature of the war and the support of the people. The power of the world cannot depend on the right weather, time and location, but can only rely on: the theory of protecting people and people. Applicable to ancient societies with underdeveloped science. In today's era of high-tech development, if you want to win a war, you must have the most advanced weapons, and the rest are secondary. Isn’t the US-Iraq war a good example?

Student 5: Power can only be rampant for a while, but it can never be rampant for a lifetime. The world's political landscape has developed to this day. Although developed countries in Europe and the United States are still relatively dominant, we can see that the hegemony of major powers is in decline. Whether it is ethical in the operation of world politics is becoming the criterion for dealing with the relationship between countries and nations. "If you are right, you will get more help, if you are unjust, you will get less help" will become an important concept that dominates the world political landscape in the 21st century.

Student 6: In today’s society, what is morally appropriate? What is not morally appropriate?

The teacher is clear, maybe you can answer this way; first, It is in line with the principle of equality between countries, that is to say, countries, regardless of their size, rich or poor, strong or weak, should participate in international affairs under the principle of equality. Secondly, it is conducive to maintaining peace and coexistence. This is in view of the development of the 20th century. War brings huge disasters to human society. Maintaining peace and avoiding war are crucial to the development of human society in the 21st century. ?The Chinese Confucian thought of "Many helpers will be gained, but few will be helped if the wrongdoers are unjust". As a valuable resource, we value it.

7. Assign homework

1. Recite the full text.

2. Organize the class speech and write a review.

Second Lesson

[Teaching Points]

Students read "Born in Worry, Die in Peace" by themselves. The teacher designs relevant questions to guide students in self-reading. Help students understand the meaning of the text, clarify the argumentation ideas, recite the text; extend, summarize and sublimate: comparative reading, and grasp the artistic characteristics of the prose of "Mencius".

[Teaching steps]

1. Introduction design