How does koi fish divide males and females?

The colors of koi fish include one or more colors, including: white, yellow, orange, red, black and blue (light gray shadow caused by black under fish scales), and the colors are dull or shiny. Although the patterns vary endlessly, the best patterns are dots on the top of the head and stepped stones on the back. Fish scales may or may not exist; Big or small; Or have wrinkles, like "diamonds". [2]

Growth habit

Koi fish is omnivorous. Koi fish is docile by nature, likes to live in groups, is easy to raise, and has strong adaptability to water temperature. It can survive in the water temperature environment of 5-30℃, and the growth water temperature is 2 1-27℃. [2]

Besides the water temperature and the richness of food will affect the growth rate of koi fish, the growth of female and male fish is also very different. The age of koi fish, like most fish, determines the number of scales, which indicates the age of koi fish. [2]

population distribution

Koi fish is the largest producer in Japan, with the most mature breeding technology and equipment, and a large number of high-quality and pure koi fish, which are sought after by lovers all over the world. Every year, they go to Niigata, the birthplace of Hiroshima and koi fish, to look for Ming carp. In recent years, China, Malaysia, Singapore, Israel and other emerging countries have sprung up suddenly, and their breeding level and product competitiveness are almost equal to those of Japan, which has strongly impacted the monopoly market structure of Japan. [3]

principal strain

The varieties in koi fish are divided into several strains according to the different colors produced in the development process and the different carp varieties. Because of the short development history of koi fish, its offspring are not as genetically stable as other animals, and can only be divided into large strains. [4]

Dazheng tricolor

Dazheng Tri-color is the representative of japanese koi, with pure white background and red and black patterns, so it is called Dazheng Tri-color. 195 1 year production. In terms of patterns and colors, in addition to the requirements of pure white background, bright red and dense red, and clear pattern edges, colored heads should not render eyes, nose, cheeks and top kisses. The tail should also reach the base of the tail, and the pectoral fin should have 2-3 black stripes, but there are no black spots on the head. Its main varieties are lipstick tricolor (red lips on the snout), red tricolor (red spots on the base from beginning to end), German tricolor and German tricolor (koi fish, a kind of German mirror carp), Fuji tricolor, Yi tricolor, deer tricolor, tricolor, Okawazu, gold and silver scales tricolor, tricolor and so on. [4]

Showa tricolor

Showa tricolor is one of the main varieties in koi fish. The background color is black, red and white form beautiful patterns, and pectoral fins have black spots protruding from the head. Produced in 1927 (Showa 2 years). On the basis of black background, it has a red spot on its head, with pure red color and clear edge, and pure white is distributed on the head, tail and back of the fish. The focus of watching is in the first half. Showa tricolor and Dazheng tricolor have special similarities, and it is easy to be confused if you can't grasp the main points, mainly in the following three aspects: [4]

1) There can be no black spots on the head of Taisho tricolor, and there are black spots on Showa tricolor. [4]

2) Big positive tricolor black spots are used for decorative patterns, accounting for a small proportion of tricolor, and are generally distributed on the back above the lateral scales; Showa tricolor black accounts for a large proportion and is distributed in all parts of the fish, including the abdomen. [4]

3) Dazheng tricolor pectoral fin has only a few black stripes, while Showa tricolor has large black spots at the base. The main varieties of Showa tricolor are Tripping Showa, Modern Showa, DeShowa, Gold and Silver Scale Showa, Dante Showa and so on. [4]

Hongbai

Koi fish with white background and red stripes is called red and white (the time of this culture is 19 17). If Dazheng tricolor and Showa tricolor can give people a sense of elegance in appreciating koi fish, then red and white can give people a clean and elegant enjoyment. The red and white background is pure white, white as snow, and red is extremely bright, similar to the color of crane top red in goldfish. These two colors form a beautiful pattern on the fish's back, so some people often use the language of "starting with red and white and ending with red and white" when appreciating red and white koi fish, which means that red and white first appeared on koi fish, and then other varieties appeared and were appreciated by people, but after repeated tasting in the long-term breeding process, it was finally found that red and white were the most elegant. When large patterns are evenly distributed around, red and white patterns are better. However, the distribution of spots on the head should not be rendered to the eyes, cheeks and snout, and the tail pattern should be about 2cm away from the root of the caudal fin. There must be a big red spot on the head, otherwise it is called "monk". The first half of the fish's shoulder and back should also have large stripes to form the focus of viewing, and the second half should have small patterns to set off the first half. Don't lose the theme of viewing because the marks in the second half are heavier than the bottom of the head and shoulders. The main varieties of red and white are two-stage, three-stage, four-stage red and white, lightning red and white, German red and white and so on. [4]

Representative varieties

Pine leaf gold

Muji is an ordinary koi fish that shines all over the body, but there is no pattern. And the pine-leaf carp with black scales is also regarded as barren, which is called "pine leaf gold". Pine leaf gold is also called "Jinsongba", which is called "Jinsongba" in koi fish of "empty carp" system. Koi fish is produced with red upper and lower abdomen, red head and fins, and reddish-brown pine leaves and golden body. But at the age of 2, he became black and became koi fish. Common pine leaf gold is improved. The characteristic of pine leaf gold is that the body itself will glow, and the scales on the body have black spots like pine leaves. Although it is a golden variety, pine-leaf carp can't do it if the scales are in disorder. Aquarium once thought that the so-called beauty of juxtaposition of fish scales was the most wonderful thing of pine leaf carp. [5]

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Koi fish photos

Jinsongye

"Jinsongye" is another name of "Jinsongye Gold", which shows the golden characteristics of dark brown series, meaning Jinsongye. People with strong muscle tension have a strong luster. There are various types of "golden pine leaves", with strong white muscle tone and weak mountain blowing color (golden yellow). After improvement, it is the mainstream, but perhaps it is too biased towards the mountain to blow color (golden yellow), weakening the pine leaf pattern. [5]

Silver pine leaf

"Silver pine leaves" means silver (empty carp) plus pine leaves, and the beauty of silver pine leaves is exactly the same as that of golden pine leaves. The top of the head and back should be platinum-based, the pectoral fin should shine like a silver fan, and the dullness of the cover wheel should extend as far as possible to the abdomen to be considered as a high-grade product. [5]

German gold

German gold is based on mirror carp, so it is wonderful to arrange large scales on the back and abdomen, but in the pool water, its scale-free place is particularly luminous. On the other hand, German yellow, a kind of leather carp with degenerated scales, is like a metal processed product, but it shines in any case, and its taste is slightly inferior to that of mirror carp. Rows of "armored carp", no matter how clever, still have no appreciation value. Aquarium.com once thought that German carp paid attention to the beauty of scales. [5]

Germany blows mountains

German carp "Dejin" and "Mountain Blowing Gold" are collectively called "Deshan Blowing". Blowing mountain flower is the national flower of Tang Di, which means golden yellow. [5]

German rat gold

German rat grey gold is called German rat gold, which is used as parent carp when producing mutant carp. [5]

German platinum

The German species of platinum carp is called German platinum. [5]

Germany orange gold

Most orange golden carp belong to German species. [5]

Lohan silver Lohan

The jet-black German gold carp produced with German gold is called "Lohan", and its silvery luster is called "Silver Lohan". It appeared in the Showa 1930s (1955), and its back top and pectoral fins exude a dark brown luster, just like an antique carved Buddha statue. In the thirty-third year of Showa (1958), Kurosawa female carp of Nanheqing crossed with German tricolor male carp of "Golden Kabuto", but it was rarely seen. [5]

German herring

When picking seedlings from German gold, many German herrings will be produced. But most of them are dark and inferior goods, and they are not worthy of being called brilliant arhats. They are just eliminated and abandoned as inferior carp during screening. [5]

value

Carp can not only be used for ornamental purposes, but also be used as medicine to treat diseases, which has the effects of invigorating spleen and regulating stomach, inducing diuresis to reduce swelling, relieving cough and asthma and promoting hair growth. Meat can be used to treat portal cirrhosis, chronic nephritis, cough, asthma, puerperal hypogalactia, irregular menstruation or metrorrhagia. Blood can cure mouth and eye deviation; Bile can cure pinkeye and suppurative otitis media. [3]

Key points of breeding

environmental requirement

Koi fish, like goldfish, has no strict requirements on water temperature and water quality. The suitable temperature range is 2℃ ~ 30℃, but it can't resist the sudden change of water temperature and the discomfort of koi fish when the temperature difference suddenly exceeds 2℃ ~ 3℃. The optimum water temperature is 20℃ ~ 25℃. It needs sufficient oxygen and is suitable for living in a slightly alkaline and low hardness water environment. [6]

Feeding requirement

Koi fish is an omnivorous fish, which can eat mollusks, fragments of higher aquatic plants, benthos, even tiny algae or synthetic granular bait. [6]

Fish species selection

Fish species with healthy fish body, no damage, no desquamation and other diseases, bright fish body, various colors and clear boundaries should be selected. [6]

Feeding density

Common carp is a highly adaptable fish, and koi fish has retained this characteristic. They can be raised anywhere from fish tanks to outdoor ponds, and they will soon grow to 30 cm or more, so it is worse to use traditional indoor fish tanks than round plastic pots. Koi fish is a cold-water fish, so it is best to raise koi fish in a hot place with a water depth of more than half a meter in summer. [6]

For general stocking of fish ponds, please refer to the koi fish density table for stocking fish ponds; The density of the aquarium is generally 60 cm× 30 cm× 15 cm, and six koi fish with a body length of 15 cm -20 cm can be raised. 90 cm× 30 cm× 50 cm can stock 8 tails; 110cm× 30cm× 50cm can be stocked10 tail. [6]

Bait feeding

Koi fish is an omnivorous fish. It is best to feed it with synthetic granules, bait, bean cakes, vegetable cakes, bread crumbs, fish worms, clams, crab meat, radishes and duckweed. It is best to feed the fish regularly to avoid the stress reaction of the fish. [6]

Four seasons management

With the change of seasonal temperature, the management methods in koi fish are different. [7]

In spring, when the weather is warm and cold, koi fish begins to recover from hibernation, and the breeding moves from indoor to outdoor. However, special attention should be paid to sudden cooling, timely mulching and keeping the water temperature stable. Plant bait is the main food, and the dosage is gradually increased from less to facilitate the digestion and absorption of koi fish. [7]

When the weather is hot in summer, it is necessary to cover the plastic sunshade net to prevent direct sunlight, and it is most appropriate to reduce the sunlight illumination from 8000 ~ 12000 lux to 5500 ~ 5800 lux. [7]

In autumn, the weather is less rainy and sunny, and the water temperature drops obviously, which is most suitable for the growth of koi fish and can increase the proportion of animals (protein), such as silkworm chrysalis. Increase investment and promote rapid growth. [7]

In winter, the weather is cold. When the temperature drops to 0℃, koi fish should be moved to an indoor fish pond for wintering, and the indoor water temperature should be kept at 2℃ ~ 10℃. Pay attention to keep warm, feed properly and prevent diseases. The wintering period in koi fish is 1 1 to March of the following year. [7]

Distinguish between men and women

Mature koi fish can identify gender in the following three ways.

Look at the picture: Abdominal hypertrophy is female; The slender figure is male.

Look at the anus: the anus is wide and flat for women; The man with small anal invagination is a man.

Look at idolization: when the male is about to ejaculate, a small reproductive tumor will grow on his head and pectoral fin, which is idolization. In the breeding season, all those who are not worshipped are females; Idolization is a hero. Touch the fin with your hand. If there are rough horny protrusions, it is a male fish. Smooth is a female fish. When a mature male fish gently presses his abdomen, white semen will flow out. [7]