Brief introduction of meteorological satellite

Chinese name: Meteorological Satellite English name: Meteorological Satellite Definition1:Artificial Earth satellites carry instruments and devices for meteorological observation of the Earth. Applied discipline: atmospheric science (first-class discipline); Atmospheric exploration (two disciplines) Definition 2: Special satellite technology used to detect and monitor global atmospheric and marine meteorological conditions. Applied discipline: geography (first-class discipline); Remote sensing applications (two disciplines)

Meteorological satellite: an artificial earth satellite for meteorological observation of the earth and its atmosphere from space. Space part of satellite meteorological observation system. Various meteorological remote sensors carried by satellites receive and measure visible light, infrared light and microwave radiation of the earth and its atmosphere, and convert them into electrical signals and transmit them to ground stations. The ground station recovers the electric signal from the satellite, draws various pictures of clouds, surfaces and seas, and then obtains various meteorological data through further processing and calculation. Meteorological satellites are divided into solar orbit (polar orbit) meteorological satellites and geostationary orbit meteorological satellites according to different orbits; According to whether it is used for military purposes, it is divided into military meteorological satellites and civil meteorological satellites. Meteorological satellites have the advantages of wide observation range, many times of observation, fast observation time and high quality of observation data, and are not limited by natural geographical conditions. The meteorological information provided by them has been widely used in daily meteorological operations, environmental monitoring, disaster prevention and mitigation, atmospheric science, oceanography and hydrology research. Meteorological satellite is also one of the most widely used satellites in the world. The United States, the former Soviet Union/Russian, French and China and many other countries have launched meteorological satellites. 1958, satellites launched by the United States began to carry meteorological instruments. 1,1In April 1960, the United States launched the first artificial experimental meteorological satellite for the first time. By the end of 1990, in 30 years, 1 16 meteorological satellites had been launched all over the world. The blank area of meteorological observation in 4/5 regions of the world has been eliminated, so that people can accurately obtain continuous and global atmospheric motion laws, make accurate meteorological forecasts, and greatly reduce catastrophic losses. According to incomplete statistics, if natural disasters can be predicted for 3-5 days, the losses in agriculture can be reduced by 30%~50%, and only agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery can benefit 654.38+0.7 billion US dollars every year. For example, from 1982 to 1983, none of the 33 typhoons that landed in China were missed. 1986 Typhoon 8607, which landed near Shantou, Guangdong Province, lost more than 10 billion yuan due to timely and accurate forecast. 1 April 19601day, the United States launched the world's first experimental meteorological satellite "Tyrus"1. This experimental meteorological satellite is a 18 cylinder with a height of 48 cm and a diameter of 107 cm. The satellite is equipped with a TV camera, a remote recorder and a photo data transmission device. It circled the earth 1 135 times in a nearly circular orbit with a height of 700 kilometers, and * * * took 22,952 cloud pictures and topographic maps, with a useful rate of 60%. It had the best technical performance at that time. From 1960 to 1965, the United States launched 10 meteorological satellites, of which only the last two were in sun-synchronous orbits. 1 On February 3, 966, the United States developed and launched the first practical meteorological satellite "Elsa"1,which is the second generation of American sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellite, with an orbital altitude of about 1400 km and a resolution of 4,000 meters. From 1966 to 1969, * * * launched 9 satellites and obtained a lot of meteorological data. Its launch successfully opened up a new field for the development of meteorological satellites in the world, greatly reducing all kinds of losses caused by meteorological reasons.

China launched its first meteorological satellite Fengyun-1 on September 7th, 1988. The clarity of the satellite image can be comparable to that of NOAA in the United States, but it only worked for 39 days due to the failure of the on-board components. After that, four polar-orbiting meteorological satellites (Fengyun) and three geostationary meteorological satellites (Fengyun-2) were successfully launched, which experienced the development process from polar-orbiting satellites to geostationary satellites and from experimental satellites to operational satellites. At the same time, the satellite ground receiving and application system, which mainly receives Fengyun satellites and also receives foreign environmental satellites, has played a great role in meteorological disaster reduction and prevention, national economy and national defense construction. At present, China's polar-orbiting meteorological satellites and geostationary meteorological satellites have entered the business. The satellites in orbit are Fengyun-1D (launched in 2002) and Fengyun-2C (launched in 2004). China is one of the few countries in the world with both polar-orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites, and it is also an important member of the operational monitoring network of Earth observation satellites of the World Meteorological Organization.

Meteorological satellite is essentially an automatic advanced weather station suspended in space, which is the product of the combination of aerospace, remote sensing, computer, communication and control. Due to different orbits, it can be divided into two categories: solar synchronous polar orbit meteorological satellites and geosynchronous meteorological satellites. The former is called sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellite because the satellite is synchronous with the sun and opposite to the rotation direction of the earth; The latter keeps running synchronously with the earth and is fixed relative to the earth. It is called geostationary orbit meteorological satellite, also known as geosynchronous orbit meteorological satellite. There are also two forms of shooting satellite cloud pictures, which are very important in the process of weather forecast: one is a visible light cloud picture taken by using the backlight degree of objects on the earth to sunlight, which is limited to daytime work; The other is to form an infrared cloud picture with the help of the temperature of objects on the surface of the earth and the radiation degree of atmospheric temperature, which can work all day. Meteorological satellite has the following characteristics: 1 orbit (low orbit and high orbit), 2 short-period repeated observation, 3 large imaging area, which is conducive to obtaining macro-synchronization information and reducing data processing capacity, 4 continuous real-time data source and low cost. Meteorological satellites mainly include polar-orbiting meteorological satellites and synchronous meteorological satellites. ① Polar-orbiting meteorological satellite. The flying altitude is about 600 ~ 1500 km, and the orbital plane of the satellite always keeps a relatively fixed angle with the sun. Such a satellite passes through the same area twice a day at a fixed time, so a global meteorological data can be obtained every 12 hours. ② Synchronous meteorological satellite. It runs at an altitude of about 35,800 kilometers, and its orbital plane coincides with the equatorial plane of the earth. Seen from the earth, the satellite is at rest at a certain longitude above the equator. The observation range of a synchronous satellite is 100 longitude span, from 50 south latitude to 50 north latitude, and the latitude span is 100, so five such satellites can form an observation network covering the middle and low latitudes of the world.

The main observation contents of meteorological satellites include: ① the shooting of satellite cloud pictures. ② Observe cloud top temperature, cloud top, cloud cover and condensation phase in the cloud. (3) Observation of land surface conditions, such as ice, snow and sand, and observation of ocean surface conditions, such as ocean surface temperature, sea ice and ocean currents. ④ The total amount of water vapor, humidity distribution, precipitation area and precipitation distribution in the atmosphere. ⑤ The content and distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. ⑥ The incident radiation of the sun, the total reflectivity of the earth-atmosphere system to solar radiation, and the infrared radiation of the earth-atmosphere system to space. ⑦ Monitoring space environmental conditions, such as the flux density of protons, alpha particles and electrons emitted by the sun. These observations help us to monitor the movement and evolution of the weather system; It provides a lot of basic data for studying climate change; It provides a large number of environmental monitoring results for space flight.