Where do storms, lightning and thunder usually occur in the atmosphere?

Weather phenomena such as wind, rain and lightning encountered in daily life generally occur in the troposphere of the atmosphere.

Troposphere refers to the atmosphere closest to the earth's surface and the lowest layer of the atmosphere, with the highest density, containing almost 75% of air quality and almost all water vapor and aerosol.

As the lowest layer of the atmosphere, this layer has the highest density, which contains almost 75% of the total air mass. In the troposphere, air can flow up and down, and weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, dense fog and wind shear all occur in this layer. Because the troposphere is the most turbulent layer in the atmosphere, most jet airliners will fly over the top of this layer (the tropopause) to avoid the airflow that affects flight safety. In the universe, stars also have troposphere, and the energy inside the sun spreads outward, besides radiation, there is convection.

Differences in the troposphere;

Although the atmosphere in the lower troposphere will rub against the surface, the air in the upper troposphere is not affected by this friction. So the weather phenomena in the upper and lower troposphere will be different. According to this phenomenon, the troposphere will be divided into three layers. The place from 0 m to 100 m above sea level is the grounding layer, from 100 m to 1 km is the Ekman layer, and from 1 km to the tropopause is called the free atmosphere.

The ground layer will be subjected to greater friction with the ground, so its atmospheric movement and surge are very irregular and active. The Ackerman layer will be moved by three forces: Coriolis force, barometric tilt force and friction with the ground. As for the free atmosphere, it is not affected by ground friction, and the atmosphere is in a state of free movement.

In the upper part of the free atmosphere, that is, the upper part of the troposphere, there will be a jet flow. Its height is about 1 1 km from the ground, which is the place with the highest wind speed. For example, the westerly belt flowing over Japan is also located near the height of 1 1 km above the ground, with the highest wind speed. Although jet is one of the largest horizontal atmospheric movements in the troposphere, it is also a large-scale vertical atmospheric movement.