The historical position of that four field in China

1. Do you know the position of Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising in the history of China? Chen Sheng, the word involved, was a farmer in Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan).

Guangwu, uncle Zi, was a farmer in Yang Xia (now Taikang, Henan). In July of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), they led the first peasant uprising in the history of China.

They and 900 farmers were drafted into the army and went to Yuyang (now Huairou, Beijing) to defend the border. Later, because of the bad weather, it was delayed, and the Qin law stipulated that the delayed ones should be cut.

Military orders are like mountains, and everyone is afraid. They thought it was better to rebel than to be killed, so Bobby Chen and Guangwu launched an uprising of these newly enlisted farmers. Osawa Township and Qixian County were successively captured. When Chen County (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), the ancient capital of Chu, was captured, there were six or seven hundred chariots, more than a thousand horses and tens of thousands of soldiers.

Chen Sheng's rebellion was echoed by separatists and anti-Qin forces who were dissatisfied with the Qin Dynasty. Shortly after the Chen Sheng Uprising, the old nobles of the six countries also took the opportunity to arise and attempt to restore the old country by taking advantage of the chaos.

At this time, their anti-* * activities are consistent with the peasant uprising, which is the "word alliance" of the peasant uprising.

Secondly, the position and role of the gentry represented by Xie Wang in the history of China. In fact, this problem is not a problem at all. As long as you understand the system of selecting officials at that time, it will be OK.

At that time, the door-to-door politics, as the saying goes, was that one person got the word. Xie Wang and his family are not necessarily talented people, but at that time, the door-to-door politics left two generations of officials in Xie Wang behind.

The two families in Xie Wang are only representatives of the cremation class. At that time, there were not only two gate valves in Xie Wang, but also N gate valves. Only two of them were famous in Xie Wang.

The imperial court at that time was in the hands of the gentry. The court needs their support, and they need the court to give them a righteous excuse to manage the society and the country.

Therefore, it created the unprecedented strength of the gentry class at that time.

. Before the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty or the gentry who supported the royal family would not have any change in their dominant position.

This is what you call a rich family.

Three. The Status of the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty in the History of China The Han Dynasty was a great civilization in the world at that time, and it was also called "Four Empires" with Guishuang, Rest in Peace and Daqin in the same period.

The Silk Road was formed in the Han Dynasty. This is also one of the most important trade routes in world history.

China people regained control of the "Silk Road" and regained the highest point of world trade. From then on, China became the center of the world trade system, until the Mongolian uprising 1000 years later. It was because of the prestige of the Han Dynasty that foreigners began to call China "* * *".

"Han" has since become the eternal name of the great Chinese nation in China. The Tang Dynasty made brilliant achievements in culture, politics, economy and diplomacy, and was one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time.

At that time, the political system and culture of East Asian neighbors including Silla, Bohai Sea and Japan were also deeply influenced by it. The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was one of the best in China's history, so China people were also called "Tangren", and today China people in the west are also called "Chinatown".

Chang 'an, the capital, became the largest city in the world at that time, and the Tang Dynasty made many contributions to China culture. Astronomer Monk and his party measured the length of meridian for the first time in the world. Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang is a rare medical work. In 868, the printing of Diamond Sutra in China was the earliest block printing known in the world.

China's papermaking, textile and other technologies spread to West Asia and Europe through the * * * region. Tang poetry became the insurmountable peak of China's ancient poetry.

Four. The position of the Southern Dynasty in the history of China The Southern Dynasty (420-589 AD) is the general name of the four dynasties established in the south after the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD, four countries, namely Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, have appeared in the south, and their existence time is relatively short. The longest is only 59 years, and the shortest is only 23 years, which is a period of rapid dynasty change in the history of China. At this time, China is in the period of north-south division. In the history of our country, the Southern Dynasties and northern countries such as the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty were collectively referred to as the "Southern and Northern Dynasties".

The Southern Dynasties inherited the territory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, covering the southern part of China-the areas south of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. Among them: Liu Song is the largest, and northern Xinjiang reaches the Yellow River; Chen Nan is the smallest, with only a small territory east of Jiangling and south of the Yangtze River.

The historical role of the Southern Dynasties

The Southern Dynasty was a court established by the Han nationality in the south after the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Although the Southern Dynasty only existed for several decades, as the rule of the southern Han regime, it contributed to the spread of Han culture south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. At the same time, big cities such as Jiankang, Jiangling, Yangzhou and Chengdu appeared in the south, and the industry and commerce in the south also developed. Therefore, the Southern Dynasties played an extremely important role in the history of China and objectively made indelible contributions to the development and spread of Chinese civilization.

The Southern Dynasties is an important period in the history of China's poetry. Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty said in "Talking about Poetry": "By the time of Song Dynasty, the melody gradually faded, the melody was wide open, and the poem was transported once." Different from the poets in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the poets in Southern Dynasties paid more attention to sensory enjoyment and pursued the perfection and beauty of artistic forms. Liang Xiao-zixian said, "Don't seek innovation and change, don't be the first" (Biography of Southern Qi Literature), which is a theoretical summary of this trend of seeking innovation and change. The landscape poetry initiated by Xie Lingyun introduced natural beauty into poetry, making landscape an independent aesthetic object. His creation not only liberated poetry from Hyunri, but also strengthened the artistic skills and expressive force of poetry, which influenced the poetic style of a generation. Bao Zhao's Yuefu poems sang the voices of the poor, and his exploration and innovation in the art of poetry also had a very positive significance.

The appearance of landscape poems not only made landscape an independent aesthetic object, but also added a theme to China's poems and opened up a new poetic style in the Southern Dynasties. Following Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry, landscape poetry marks the further communication and harmony between man and nature, and marks the emergence of a new natural aesthetic concept and aesthetic interest.

Southern dynasty economy

The Southern Dynasties developed the economy of the South, and the population of the South increased greatly. In 464, the household registration of Song State was over 906,000, with a population of over 4.68 million. Huiji County and other developed areas have a population of 350,000. When Chen's Xuan Di arrived, the population was 600,000. When the Sui Dynasty was destroyed, there were only 500,000 households with a population of 2 million.

During the Southern Dynasties, commerce and handicrafts in the south also developed greatly. In addition, the Minjiang River and the Pearl River Basin have also been preliminarily developed.

5. Briefly describe Sima Xiangru's position in the history of China. Who complained about this situation? Tianfu Bashu, beautiful scenery, outstanding people.

For thousands of years, unique Bashu literature has been formed here. A number of famous literary masters have emerged.

One of the earliest is Sima Xiangru, a representative writer of Han Fu. Sima Xiangru was born in Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan) in the Western Han Dynasty.

He is a little dog, and he was renamed Xiangru because he admired Lin Xiangru, who was famous for returning to Zhao in perfect condition during the Warring States Period. The three generations of Emperor Wendi, Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wudi, where he lived, were the times when the unified multi-ethnic feudal empire was consolidated and developed day by day. The phenomenon of the warring states regime is gone forever, and it is difficult for Lin Xiangru to continue its glory.

Therefore, history made Sima Xiangru turn his wisdom to literature. In some people's minds, Sima Xiangru is a handsome and charming romantic genius.

It is true that Sima Xiangru is an amazing talent with handsome appearance, natural and unrestrained manner and versatility. And the story that he picked Zhuo Wenjun and won this beautiful woman's heart is even more beautiful. However, if we only regard him as a "romantic genius", it is superficial.

As a matter of fact, Sima Xiangru is not only handsome and rich in poetry, but also courageous and can be called a great husband. It is certainly a shocking move to associate freely with the widowed Zhuo Wenjun; Life was tight after marriage, and the husband and wife opened a shop to sell wine. He asked Zhuo Wenjun to be a waiter and dressed himself as a bartender. Nobody watches the washing machine market, which is beyond the reach of ordinary Confucian scholars.

What's more, as a master of Han Fu, he has been around Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty for more than ten years, but he never regards offering Fu as a means to flatter the supreme ruler, never associates with those flattering, fresh and shameless people, and is unwilling to be a soulless royal scholar. It's about trying to make a difference when conditions permit. If I can't do something, I will try to keep my integrity. "So, I am an official, and I have never been willing to cooperate with the government. I often say that I am sick and don't admire the official position. " ("Han Shu? Sima Xiangru biography) So, he was frustrated politically.

Throughout his life, except for the temporary suspension of the title of "corps commander" in Southwest China, he only served as a low-level idle post such as "Lang" and "Xiao Yuan Ling" for a long time. According to Hanshu? Guan Baigong said, "Zhang Lang keeps the door and goes out to fill his car and ride." His salary ranges from 300 to 600.

According to Sima Zhen's Historical Records Index, Guan Baizhi was quoted as saying: "The cemetery ordered 600 stones, and the case was clean." At that time, the salary of the county magistrate was 600 to 1000 stone, which was as humble as the official position.

In the Outline of China Literature History, Mr. Lu Xun pointed out: "When Emperor Wu was a scholar, he endowed Mo Ruo Sima Xiangru and Wen Ruo Sima Qian, one was lonely and the other was sentenced. Brother Gai is a scholar and often doesn't want to meet his master, so he often doesn't agree with every scholar. "

This is a brilliant theory with only one eye. As an outstanding writer, Sima Xiangru, with his bold spirit and rich talents, was brave in innovation and pioneering, and made outstanding achievements.

Fu is the most important style in Han Dynasty, and Sima Xiangru is recognized as a representative writer of Han Fu. According to Hanshu? According to Yiwenzhi, he wrote 29 poems, but only a few of them have been handed down so far, such as The Son of Heaven (generally known as Shang, inappropriate), Two Years of Mourning, Changmen Fu, Adult Fu and so on.

These works won him several "firsts" in the history of China literature. First of all, as Sima Xiangru's most important masterpiece, Han Fu is the first great poem in the history of literature that fully embodies the characteristics of Han Fu.

In terms of content, the theme is palaces, gardens and hunting, and the purpose is to safeguard national unity and oppose imperial extravagance. It not only praised the incomparable dignity of the unified empire, but also satirized the supreme ruler, creating a basic theme of the great fu in Han Dynasty. Formally, it got rid of the stereotype of imitating Chu Ci, and took Zixu, Mr. Wu and Wu Gong as false words, which were set as questions and answers, with a grand structure, strict levels, gorgeous language and diverse sentence patterns, which made the whole article look magnificent, formed a sprawling style and laid a foundation for the great fu of the Han Dynasty.

Mr. Lu Xun pointed out: "Gai Han is fond of Chu Sheng, and Emperor Wudi's left and right cronies are like this. They often advance with Chu Ci, but the similarity never changes. Thanks to the strange meaning, they are decorated with beautiful words, and the sentences are short and not arbitrary, which is very different from that at that time." (Outline of China Literature History) This summarizes Sima Xiangru's extraordinary achievements in stylistic innovation.

It is this achievement that makes Sima Xiangru a well-deserved founder of Han Fu. Secondly, Elson is the first work in the whole history of Fu that directly denounces the tyranny of Qin, which has a distinct ideological tendency and strong practical significance.

The full text is only 158 words. It is written with profound feelings and concise warning strategies, which is in sharp contrast with the exaggeration and grandeur of the layout of Tian Zi's Ode to Wandering Soul, and opens a precedent for later generations to express their feelings. Thirdly, Changmen Fu is the first work in the history of Fu to describe a locked woman in a deep palace. By expressing their loneliness and sadness, they exposed the gloomy darkness of the feudal court, which can be described as the origin of court resentment in the history of literature.

His works are good at describing the scenery, setting off the atmosphere, and writing the ups and downs of the characters' feelings vividly, euphemistically and moving with the brushwork of blending scenes, which has had a considerable influence on the later palace resentment poems. Together, these "firsts" are enough to make Sima Xiangru the first master of Han Fu.

Sima Xiangru was also a famous prose writer in Han Dynasty, and made great achievements. His essays have been handed down to this day, such as Fisherman's Book Overlord, Difficult Book Old, Jian Lie Shu, Feng Chan Wen and so on. The Fisherman Shuba was written in the fifth year of Yuanguang (before 130).

At that time, Tang Meng learned from Bashu that he was Yelang. Due to improper handling, Bashu people were frightened. Liang Wudi ordered Sima Xiangru to accuse Tang Meng and wrote an article to inform the people of Bashu. On the one hand, it shows that Tang Meng's actions such as "sending troops to promote reunification" are not the original intention of the imperial court; on the other hand, it requires Bashu officials and people to understand and support the action of "uniting the southwest with foreign countries", which quickly achieves the goal of stabilizing the people's hearts. Father Difficult to Shu was written in the first year of Yuan Shuo (BC 128).

At that time, the road construction project of "connecting the southwest with foreigners" had been going on for two years, but it had not been completed, and it consumed a lot of manpower. Therefore, some ministers in North Korea believe that "connecting the southwest with foreigners" is useless. Sima Xiangru advocated the restoration of counties established in southwest China since Qin Dynasty.