Important knowledge points in the first volume of geography in the second day of junior high school. thank you

Summarize the key knowledge points of geography in the last semester of Grade Two

A: Hello, my classmate. The teacher provided the following information for your reference, hoping to help you:

Chapter 1: Looking at the vast territory of China from the world

1. Great motherland: The Chinese people are located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its geographical location is very advantageous: the territory spans a wide latitude from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few areas in the south are located in the tropics south of the Tropic of Cancer, with no frigid zone.

land power: ① vast territory ② land boundary (more than 2, kilometers) ③ many land neighbors (15)

maritime power: ① vast sea area ② long coastline (more than 18, kilometers) ③ six countries (Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia) facing each other across the sea

easternmost: the confluence of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers (the east)

westernmost: Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang (73 E);

southernmost: zengmu shoal (4 n);

northernmost: at the center of the main channel north of Mohe River (53° N).

China has a vast territory, with a total land area of about 9.6 million Km2, which is almost equal to the whole area of Europe, ranking third among countries in the world, and it is a country with a large area in the world.

China is an important maritime power in the world, and the adjacent oceans are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea from north to south. With a coastline of more than 18, kilometers, the mainland is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,5 islands with an area of more than 5 square meters in China's sea areas. The width of our territorial sea is 22.22 kilometers (12 nautical miles). The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers.

Numerous neighboring countries: China's land borders are long, reaching more than 2, kilometers, and there are 15 neighboring countries (jingles): East Korea, North Mongolia, Northeast and Northwest Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Nidan, Southwest India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. There are six countries across the sea (in mandarin): Indonesia, Ma Wenfei, Japan and South Korea.

2. 34 provincial-level administrations

Current administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into three levels: provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and special administrative regions), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and towns (townships). There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and two special administrative regions, namely Hong Kong and Macao.

Taiwan Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.

Grasp the names, abbreviations, administrative centers and outlines of 34 provincial administrative units

1.2 Large population

1. The number is the highest in the world: the fifth census: China's total population was 1.295 billion (in 2), accounting for more than one-fifth of the world's population. The current population is more than 1.3 billion.

2. Population characteristics of China: large population base and rapid growth.

3. China's population distribution features: more in the east and less in the west (more in the southeast and less in the northwest). The dividing line of uneven density: Heihe (Heilongjiang Province)-Tengchong (Yunnan Province), which is densely populated in the east and sparse in the west.

The characteristics of multiple populations and few populations

The eastern region has a large population;

The coastal, river and lake areas have a large population;

The plains and basins have a large population;

The developed areas of economy and transportation have a large population;

areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population;

there are many people in Han areas. The western region has a small population;

The arid desert area has a small population;

The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small;

The remote agricultural and animal husbandry areas have a small population;

The remote agricultural and animal husbandry areas have a small population;

most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

4. China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control the population and improve the quality of the population.

1.3 Multi-ethnic family

1. Ethnic groups: China is a United multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups (55) account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities. The largest population of ethnic minorities is: Zhuang; At least it's the Luoba nationality.

2. Ethnic distribution characteristics: large mixed residence and small settlement (there are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas; Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. )

3. Ethnic customs: Mongolian-Nadam Congress; Dai people in Yunnan-Songkran Festival; Chinese nation-Dragon Boat Festival and so on.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2.1 Topography of China

1. Topography features: the topography is high in the west and low in the east, showing a ladder-like distribution. Divided into three steps: the first step (Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains and Hengduan Mountains), the second step (Daxinganling Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains and Xuefeng Mountains) and the third step

Mountain trend: east-west trend: Tianshan Mountain, Yinshan Mountain, Kunlun Mountain, Qinling Mountain and Nanling Mountain; North-south trend: Helan Mountain, Liupan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. Northeast and southwest: Daxing 'anling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Taiwan Province Mountain and Yushan Mountain. Northwest and southeast strike: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain; Arc strike: Himalayas.

Five Chinese Mountains: Mount Tai, the East Mountain; Xiyue Huashan; Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; Zhongyue Songshan Mountain.

2. Topographic features: complex and diverse, with a vast mountainous area. The criss-crossing mountains and complex and diverse topography (33% mountains, 26% plateaus, 19% basins, 12% plains and 1% hills) provide us with rich and colorful natural landscapes, and the production activities and lifestyles of different parts of the motherland are different. Mountainous areas: including mountainous areas, rugged plateaus and hills, and common natural disasters: collapse, landslide and debris flow.

Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world", with snow all year round and glaciers criss-crossing; Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, with many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the northwest; Loess Plateau: the most widely distributed area of loess in the world; Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.

Four great basin: Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in China, which contains the largest desert in China-Taklimakan Desert; Junggar basin: China's second great basin; Qaidam basin: known as "cornucopia"; Sichuan Basin: Known as the "purple basin", the famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products.

Three plains: Northeast Plain: vast black soil area; North China Plain: the terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small;

the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river plain: China's famous "land of plenty".

2.2 Climate in China

1. Features: The climate is complex and diverse, and the monsoon climate is remarkable. (1) The climate is complex and diverse: in winter, the temperature difference between the north and the south is large, the south is warm, and the farther north, the lower the temperature. In summer, the temperature is generally high in the north and south. 2. Monsoon climate is remarkable: Although there are various climate types in China, the monsoon climate is remarkable, and the monsoon climate area is the most vast. )

China's climate types are divided into temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate.

the influence of monsoon (especially summer monsoon) is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space.

disastrous weather: mainly cold wave, typhoon, drought, flood, etc.

Frequent droughts and floods: Floods are frequent natural disasters with serious losses in China; Drought is a kind of climate disaster that has the greatest impact on agricultural production in China, and it is the most common and widely distributed.

2. According to the north-south temperature difference and the actual agricultural production, China can be divided into five temperature zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. In addition, there is a plateau climate zone with high ground and cold weather and a vast area.

3. The coldest place in China: Mohe Town, Heilongjiang; Hottest place: Turpan in Xinjiang;

The place with the most precipitation: Huoshaoliao, Taiwan Province Province; The least place: Toksun in Turpan Basin.

4. The comparative relationship between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there. China can be divided into: humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

2.3 rivers and lakes

A watershed refers to a concentrated area of rivers or water systems. Water system refers to the water flow system composed of all rivers, lakes, swamps and underground rivers in the basin. A river where surface and underground runoff finally flows into the ocean is called an outflow river. The distribution area of outflow river becomes the outflow area. Rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into deserts, are called inland rivers. The area where the inland river is distributed is called the inland flow area.

the hydrological characteristics of outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by monsoon climate. With the Qinling-Huaihe River as the boundary, the rivers in the south area flow through the humid area, which is rich in water. Rivers in the north flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.

Compared with the outflow river, the hydrological characteristics of the inflow river in China are obviously different. The largest lake in China: Qinghai Lake; The largest freshwater lake is Poyang Lake.

Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates from Tanggula Mountain and takes the shape of "V" and "W". Its main stream flows through 11 provinces, including Qinghai and Tibet, and finally flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,3 kilometers, making it the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. Upstream: the source-Yichang (Wuhan); Middle reaches: Yichang-Hukou (Jiangxi); Downstream: Hukou-estuary. The middle reaches are called "Jiuqu Ileum"-Jingjiang River.

The Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, with the largest sediment concentration in the world and one of the world famous rivers. It originates from bayan har, takes the shape of "Ji", flows into Qinghai, Sichuan and other nine provinces, and flows into the Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers.

Note: Please take notes on how to deal with the Yellow River's troubles.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

3.1 Overview of Natural Resources

What are natural resources: the materials and energy that people get from nature and can use for human beings?

mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

the characteristics of China's natural resources: the total amount is rich and the per capita is insufficient. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited; The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. China's natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. Restricted by some causes, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but their regional distribution is generally uniform. The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.

3.2 Land Resources (World Land Day, June 25th)

Land is the stage of human life and production activities. "More people and less land" is the basic national condition of our country.

1. Complete types: China has complete land resources, forming a variety of land types such as cultivated land, woodland and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. China's vast grassland area ranks among the top in the world, which provides good resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. China's cultivated land area is less than 1 million hectares. Land types in China: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert and rocky mountain.

2. The regional differences are obvious: the spatial distribution of land resources in China is unbalanced, and the regional differences of land productivity are obvious. According to the use of land and the situation of land use, we divide land resources into cultivated land, woodland, grassland (belonging to agricultural land) and construction land (belonging to non-agricultural land). China's natural forests are mainly distributed in the northeast and southwest; Most of the woodland in the southeastern mountainous area is artificial forest. Grassland in China is mainly distributed in the east of Inner Mongolia and the east and south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources varies greatly in different regions of China. The northwest inland is abundant in sunshine and heat, but it is dry and rainy, and the water source is insufficient, mainly grassland and desert.

3. Characteristics of land resources in China: (1) Advantages: rich total amount and complete types; (2) Disadvantages: less per capita possession, unreasonable proportion structure, uneven distribution and serious destruction of various land resources.

4. "Cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land" is a basic national policy.

3.3 Water Resources (World Water Day on March 22nd)

1. Characteristics (problems) of China's water resources: (1) Water resources are short (the total amount is abundant and the per capita is insufficient; Serious pollution and waste) ⑵ uneven distribution in time and space (① time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring (the solution is "building reservoirs") ② space: more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west, that is, more in the southeast and less in the northwest (the solution is "inter-basin water transfer project")

2. uneven distribution of time: China's water resources have more in summer and autumn and less in winter. Rational utilization of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, it is necessary to build reservoirs and transfer water across basins (such as diverting water from the Yellow River to Qingdao and transferring water from south to north) in order to make rational use of water resources.

3. Measures to solve water resources problems: ① building reservoirs; ② inter-basin regulation; ③ saving water; ④ protecting water resources; ⑤ treating and preventing water pollution; ⑤ planting trees, etc.

chapter iv economic development of China

4.1 gradually improved transportation network

1. transportation: refers to the transportation of people or things from one place to another by means of transportation.

2. Development and change of transportation: hand-carried shoulder → livestock carrying → modern transportation (roads, railways, aviation, waterways and pipelines)

3. Current distribution features: dense in the east and sparse in the west.

Comparison of various modern modes of transportation

Advantages and disadvantages of modes of transportation

Highway transportation is convenient, flexible, fast, and the freight rate is relatively expensive, and the freight rate is relatively small

Railway transportation is fast, the freight rate is low, the freight rate is large, the continuity is poor, and the short-distance transportation cost is high

Air transportation is the fastest, comfortable and safe, and the freight rate is the lowest

Waterway transportation is the lowest. Affected by the weather

Pipeline transportation is convenient, with high speed, low freight, low loss, safety, reliability, strong continuity, convenient management and poor flexibility

4. The most important transportation mode in China: railway transportation.

5. Transportation hub: refers to the place where several transportation lines cross.

type: single type and comprehensive type.

6. Factors to consider when choosing the mode of transportation:

(1) Passenger transportation: We should consider the economic situation, the length of time, the purpose of travel, the destination, the distance between the starting point and the destination, and the price and speed of each mode of transportation.

(2) Freight transportation: The nature of the goods, the freight volume, the transportation distance, the destination location and the characteristics of the means of transportation should be considered.

in a word, when choosing the mode of transportation, we should consider the influence of many factors, such as the characteristics of vehicles, transportation distance, time, transportation purpose, and the situation of people or things transported. For example, expensive or urgently needed goods are mostly transported by air in small quantities; Live animals and fresh goods that are easy to die and deteriorate can be transported by road in a short distance, and special vehicles on railways can be used in a long distance and in large quantities; For bulky goods, transport them over long distances, and transport them by water or railway as much as possible.

4.2 Develop agriculture according to local conditions-basic industries

1. Agriculture