Napoleon's main story, how did he die?

Napoléon Bonaparte was an outstanding politician and strategist in France, and the founder of the First Empire of France. He is known as Napoleon I in history. He fought in Europe for more than 20 years and commanded nearly 60 battles. He often defeated the anti-French alliance composed of Britain and European feudal countries by defeating the many with the few and the strong with the weak. His military practice had a great influence on the formation and development of bourgeois military science, and later generations praised him as a "real master of military art". Napoleon seems to be a missionary. He preached with a sword and gun. He traveled all over Europe, preaching the gospel that "the whole country is a soldier". As a result, this gospel finally became the military dogma of all European people in deep trouble. Napoleon once felt: If Rousseau and I didn't exist, would the world be quieter? This question can only be left to future generations to judge.

Section 1 Life Background

1August 76915th, Napoleon was born in a poor aristocratic family in ajaccio, Corsica. His father, Charles Bobana, received a doctorate in law and worked as a legal adviser in the city. Napoleon had one brother, three younger brothers and three younger sisters, and his family lived only on his father's salary, so his family was relatively poor. 1779, Napoleon was less than ten years old. With the help of the Governor of Corsica and aristocratic privileges, he won a scholarship from the French royal family and entered the reserve officer school in Brehon province in eastern France. From then on, the future French ruler's military career began. Napoleon studied in this school for six years and originally wanted to be a navy, but because his mother disapproved, he chose artillery as his major. He studied hard and studied all kinds of scientific knowledge about the army, which laid the foundation for his military accomplishment.

1784 10 In October, Napoleon graduated from the Reserve Military Academy and was sent to the Paris Military Academy for further study. At the Paris Military Academy, he found that the whole school was so rich and luxurious. He told the vice president about the harm of this educational system, and then told how to adapt to the hard tasks in the army. At the end of the first school year, he graduated early because of his excellent academic performance, won the rank of artillery second lieutenant, and was sent to serve in the Army Raphael Artillery Corps stationed in Vallance. Napoleon entered active service at the age of sixteen. During his probation, he personally did all the work done by soldiers and gained experience in grass-roots work. 1786, due to the difficulties of family life after his father died, Napoleon returned to Corsica to clean up the industry, deal with debts and help his mother tide over the difficulties. When he returned to the team, he realized that he would take military affairs as his lifelong career and was determined to make a career in politics in the future. In his spare time, he reads the works of Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as biographies of famous commanders in history, such as Alexander, Hannibal and Caesar. Due to hard work, he

1789, 20-year-old Napoleon ushered in the French Revolution. He has always had a strong dislike for the current ruling class, so he joined the * * * and socialist revolutionaries without hesitation. At that time, many professional soldiers were accused of being royalists and exiled, and Napoleon made a name for himself in the absence of talents. 1793, the revolutionary army attacked the Toulon fortress, and Napoleon made great contributions, so he was promoted to major general. 1795 suppressed the riots in Paris and was appointed commander-in-chief of the domestic army. Napoleon, a teenager, was lucky to climb the driftwood in the torrent of discrimination, poverty and revolution.

1796, Napoleon, who was only 27 years old, was promoted to the commander-in-chief of the Italian legion and jumped onto the historical stage. Eight years later, at the age of 35, he became the emperor of France, ruling in France and European countries. He is really a brave "General Rising Sun". However, in 1825, he was defeated by Waterloo at the age of 46 and released to St. Helena, where he disappeared from history. His rapid decline is reminiscent of the sunset in autumn, and he can be said to be a "sunset general". The process still needs to be studied by some military strategists and military scientists. As a talented leader, Napoleon broke through the tradition and invented the command tactics of using local advantages to launch divide-and-conquer operations, which swept the whole of Europe in an instant. However, the expansion of the battlefield exposed the shortcomings beyond the reach, and finally lost to the command and tactics of organizing operations with independent strategic corps. This paper briefly describes the process of Napoleon's life from prosperity to decline:

Toulon campaign, shows the military talent:

1793 In September, Napoleon was sent to join the siege of Toulon. Due to the rebellion of counter-revolutionary forces, Toulon was controlled by royalists and British intervention troops, and the city defense was very strong. There is also a powerful British fleet moored in the harbor, and the government forces cannot attack again and again. In the siege of Toulon, Napoleon played an important role in organizing firepower. At the decisive moment of launching the attack, he took the lead, defeated the tenacity, occupied the commanding heights, and then shelled the British ships, forcing them to flee into the Mediterranean. 17931February 17, the revolutionary army captured Toulon, and the rebels in the city had to surrender. Napoleon made a name for himself in this battle, and showed his excellent command ability for the first time. 1794 1 month, Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general and brigade commander. At this time, he was only 24 years old and became a young general in the French revolutionary army.

The shelling of Paris set a precedent for suppressing urban riots with artillery;

1After the hot moon coup in July 794, Napoleon was imprisoned 14 days. After he was released from prison, he was neglected in Paris and never recovered. It was not until August 1795 that he got a job in a topographic survey department of the high command. But two months later, Napoleon's life took a major turn. 1795 10, the government promulgated a new political party law to safeguard the * * * system, which shattered the hope of the Wang party to restore the monarchy. The Wang Party immediately organized 20,000 people to participate in the Paris Uprising. Ballas, the commander-in-chief of the domestic army, was in charge of commanding and suppressing the rebels, but he was not a soldier. Faced with an emergency, he was helpless, so he appointed Toulon hero and Napoleon as deputy commanders. At this time, Napoleon only commanded an army of 6000 people. He decisively bombarded the king's rebellion with artillery. The thugs dreamed of being shelled in the street fighting, but they were killed by Napoleon. After the Wang Party was quickly pacified, Napoleon became famous and immediately took over as commander of the garrison in Paris and was promoted to major general. From then on, Napoleon rose to the top. Realize the desire to conquer Europe.

The first expedition to Italy was famous in Europe;

1796, in order to remove the threat of the anti-French alliance formed by Britain and European feudal countries, the French government sent three armies to attack Austria, with the north road and the middle road as the main force, led by the famous generals Jourdain and Moreau, and marched to Vienna along the Main River and the Danube River, while the south road was led by Napoleon. The main task was to attack Italy and contain the Austrian army to cooperate with the main force. At the age of 27, Napoleon gave full play to his outstanding commanding ability. 1796 On April 9, Napoleon led 43,000 expeditionary forces to cross the natural barrier in the Alps and enter Italy. They gathered superior forces, divided their forces and surrounded them, and pursued them. In half a month, the French army forced the kingdom of Sardinia to sign a peace treaty. The French army stormed the Po River, defeated the Austrian army, occupied the capital Milan, and matched Vienna. Austria was shocked and forced to make peace. This is the first time that the anti-French alliance has been disintegrated. Napoleon became the commander-in-chief of the Italian Legion at the age of 27, adding vitality to the 30,000 weak soldiers known as the Beggars' Army and turning them into a brave and skillful army. In less than two years, he took control of Italy, defeated the sophisticated army of Austria, a powerful country, and made unprecedented achievements.

Attack Egypt, but in vain;

After Austria's defeat, only Britain continued to fight France. In order to attack Britain and force peace, Napoleon put forward the plan of expedition to Egypt, cut off Britain's eastward advance, and further seized India, the jewel in the crown of the British king. 1May, 798 19, Napoleon dispatched thirteen warships, fourteen cruisers, several small boats and more than 400 transport ships, carrying about 35,000 soldiers (including 4,000 cavalry and 3,000 artillery) and scholars, totaling 50,000 people. Starting from Toulon, Napoleon landed in Egypt in early July and successively occupied Alexandria, Cairo and most of Egypt, but in early August. French ships anchored in Abu Ghraib were burned by the British fleet led by Nelson. At this time, the Egyptian people rose up against the French invaders. At that time, Egypt was the territory of the Ottoman Empire, and Turkey, with the support of Britain, sent troops to Syria to recover Egypt. Napoleon led an army to attack Syria in order to strike first. As a result, he was forced to return to Egypt by the stubborn resistance of the local Arab people and the Turkish army in Akeborg, and was in a dilemma. The situation has reached an impasse. 1798, just as Napoleon was on his expedition to Egypt, Britain joined Austria, Turkey and Naples to form the second anti-French alliance and launched a powerful offensive against France. When the British landed in Holland, the French troops stationed in Germany retreated to the left bank of the Rhine, especially when the Russian-Austrian coalition led by suvorov expelled France from Italy, Napoleon's victory in conquering Italy was lost. The domestic political situation was unstable, and the Wang Party also stepped up its restoration activities. So Napoleon immediately handed over the Egyptian army to his men, led 500 people and four warships, and sneaked back to the Mediterranean. Therefore, the expedition to Egypt is over.

A coup d' é tat in the Imperial Capital in February, seizing power;

1799 10. After Napoleon arrived in Paris, he devoted himself to overthrowing the governor's government. He wooed two of the five governors, Roche Duco and Siegel, as well as foreign minister talleyrand of the governor's government, police governor Fu Xie and others. Many elders in the Senate supported him, and the speaker of the 500-member Senate was his younger brother Lv Xian. In addition, Napoleon was supported by soldiers, and banks and industries also sponsored him. Finally, on 1799 1 1 9/month, that is, on * * * and 18/month in France, Napoleon was appointed as the commander of the garrison in Paris, and then he launched a military coup, using troops to disperse the two houses of parliament and overthrow the governor's government. Then he called a small group of parliamentary representatives to pass a resolution and handed over the state power to three people headed by Napoleon for temporary management (three-headed politics), but in fact Napoleon monopolized the state power alone. The misty moon 18 coup lasted the court for 16 years. This dictatorship was originally called the executive government, and later it was renamed the First Empire of Francis, the Napoleonic Empire.

The second conquest of Italy:

After Napoleon came to power, the first task he faced was to remove the great threat of the anti-French alliance. Through diplomatic channels, he used the conflict between Russia and Britain over malta island to urge Russia to withdraw from the anti-French alliance. At the same time, Napoleon suggested a truce with Britain and Austria, but it was rejected, so he decided to make another expedition to Italy and attack Austria. 1800 In May, Napoleon led the French army on the second expedition to Italy. This time, he did not repeat the route of 1796 to enter Italy, but chose another route with the shortest distance, but it was difficult to pass, that is, bypassing Switzerland, risking an avalanche at any time, climbing the Saint Bernard Pass in the Alps, which is known as the "natural barrier", and walking along the narrow path at the foot of the abyss for only seven days. We recalled from a local farmer who served as a guide to climb Mount St. Banine: "-When we came to the dangerous zone called the Valley of Hell, the army couldn't move, but once Napoleon appeared and shouted, the exhausted soldiers regained their spirits, stood up and began to move forward. Whenever faced with a steep place that can't be climbed, he drinks horses in front of the team, orders soldiers to blow the horn of the charge, and enters the small drum to boost morale, which can often boost the spirit of the team. In the process of crossing the Alps, all the gun bodies were removed and put into hollowed-out logs for manual handling. Sometimes 100 people are required to carry a gun, and the wheels of the gun car are also removed and tied to wood to carry on their shoulders. Ammunition is stored in oak boxes and carried by horses and people. " This book completely surprised the commander of the Austrian army. The French army was caught off guard by the Austrian army and captured Milan and Genoa. Especially in the Battle of Marengo, he was caught in a bitter battle, but because Napoleon stood at the forefront of the front line to prevent the collapse of the army, he used clever tactics to gather troops, aroused the unyielding fighting spirit of the soldiers, reversed the war situation, and achieved a complete victory. The Italian conquest lasted for 30 days, so it was also called the "Thirty-Day Campaign". After the defeat of Austria, Napoleon negotiated and concluded a Franco-Russian alliance with Tsar Paul I. In this way, Britain was isolated and had to negotiate with France. 1802 In March, Britain and France signed the Amiens Peace Treaty, and Britain returned the territory captured in the war to France and its allies Spain and the Netherlands, recognizing the territory occupied by France in Europe. At this point, the second anti-French alliance completely collapsed.

1802-ruling for life, 1804-enthroned;

The signing of Amiens Peace made Napoleon gain a brief peace and devoted himself to strengthening and consolidating his political power. In addition to persecuting jacobins and severely suppressing the seclusion activities of the Wang Party, he took a series of measures in internal affairs:

Strengthen centralization; The whole country is strictly controlled by the top-down centralized administrative organs, and the administrative organs are monopolized by Napoleon. Senior officials of the central and local governments are appointed by him.

Establish a national police spy system: implement a whistle-blowing system, let citizens, including officials, check and supervise each other, strictly control public opinion, and establish a harsh censorship system for books, newspapers and periodicals.

Restore the legitimate religious status of Catholicism in France: Napoleon once said that religion is useful to the government and should be used to influence the people. Without religion, there would be no government. Smart conquerors never quarrel with priests, which can force them to yield and use them. Therefore, Catholicism became the pillar of Napoleon's regime and the tool of ideological rule.

Strengthen the legal system and promulgate the Civil Code (known as the Napoleonic Code in history): This code affirmed the achievements of the French Revolution, fixed the relationship between people in capitalist society in the form of law, and also determined the land ownership acquired by farmers during the revolution. With the outward expansion of the French army, this code was popularized in occupied areas and countries, which played a considerable role in the feudal order in Europe and promoted the development of capitalism. In the last years of his life, Napoleon recalled: My real glory is not that I won forty victories. The battle of Waterloo erased all the memories of these victories, but one thing will not be forgotten, and it will last forever-my civil code.

Reform the tax system: Napoleon appointed financial experts as Chancellor of the Exchequer, improved the monetary system, founded the Bank of France in 1800, and established the National Industry Association in 180 1 year, implemented the tariff protection policy, provided subsidies to private enterprises, and encouraged the adoption of new technologies, which opened up a broad road for the growth of the French economy.

Through the above measures, the military dictatorship was completed, which met the requirements of capitalist development and showed that Napoleon was not only a strategist, but also a capable politician. With the remarkable achievements in internal affairs and diplomatic work, Napoleon's dictatorship was further consolidated. 1August 2, 802, the Senate announced that Napoleon was "in power for life" and had the right to appoint successors and amend the Constitution. 1804 In May, Napoleon revised the Constitution and declared France an empire. At his behest, the Senate made him emperor. 1February 2, Pope pope pius vii crowned Napoleon at Notre Dame, calling him Napoleon I. ..

The battle of Austerlitz won the honor of the first general in Europe;

The Amiens Peace Treaty is only a temporary armistice agreement, and there is a contradiction between Britain and France for European and colonial hegemony. 1in April, 805, Britain made use of the anti-French stance of the new czar Alexander I to form the third anti-French alliance with Russia, in which Austria, Sweden, Naples and other countries participated and advanced to France. 18051February 2nd is the anniversary of Napoleon's coronation. French and Russian-Austrian forces fought in the village of Ostritz. Tsar Alexander and Austrian emperor Francis personally led troops to fight. The French army was commanded by Napoleon himself (known as the Battle of Huang San in history). In terms of strength, Napoleon is at a disadvantage. But in this battle, he adopted an offensive and defensive strategy, deployed correctly, counterattacked in time and pursued well. The battle ended in only one day, and the French army lost 8800 people. This battle destroyed the third anti-French alliance in one fell swoop.

Conquering Prussia-Battle of Jena and repelling the Russian army-Battle of Friedland;

Napoleon's expanding influence in Europe caused anxiety in many countries, so in September 1806, Britain, Russia, Prussia and other countries formed the fourth anti-French alliance, which was first attacked by Prussia. Napoleon decided to strike a devastating blow before the Russian army could help Pu Jun. He thought that the key to victory would be to defeat the Marquis of Hohenro in the northwest of Jena, so he pushed the artillery to the Lando Grafen highland near the enemy line in the north of Jena. I want to win with heavy artillery at dawn, but the mountain is steep and there is no road, and it is really difficult to climb a strange mountain with heavy artillery on a rainy night. Despite Napoleon's urgent urging, the homework could not be started at all. Finally, the troops wailed: impossible. Napoleon famously said, "For me, there is no such thing as impossible. That's what I said in this situation. He came to the front to command, and the legion rushed to open the way, tied the cannon with a rope, and finally pulled it up. This highland with an altitude of 36 1 m was later called "Napoleon Highland" or "Napoleon Soldier's Position". Napoleon's command became a decisive blow, and Pu Jun was quickly defeated. It took only six days to be completely defeated by the French army. From then on, the French army stormed the city on127 October. As Heine, a great German poet, wrote, "Napoleon blew Prussia away in one breath". After Napoleon defeated Prussia, he invaded Poland and launched an attack on Russian troops that had already driven to East Prussia. 1on February 8, 807, the French and Russian armies launched the Ailao Campaign. As the two sides are evenly matched, the fighting is quite fierce. Napoleon risked his life. In order to boost soldiers' morale, stabilize morale and command the cemetery calmly, the soldiers resolutely stood in this place shrouded in death, waiting for an attack and resisting the fierce attack of the Russian army. On June 14, the French and Russian armies rekindled the war and fought in friedland. Napoleon first sent troops to scout the enemy's position. After the troops were integrated, he put the reserve troops on the front line and ordered the whole army to attack. The Russian army could not support it, and one-third of its troops were destroyed, making it impossible to continue fighting. He began to retreat to Chejit on the banks of Cecil Mehmel. 1807 In June, Napoleon and Alexander met in a tent on a luxurious raft in the middle reaches of the Niemen River and concluded the Chejit Treaty. The fourth anti-French alliance collapsed.

The "continental blockade system" that isolated Britain failed, thus accelerating Napoleon's decline;

Seeing that Britain could not be defeated by military and political forces, Napoleon planned to conquer Britain with economic forces, so in 18061February, he issued the Berlin order to block the European continent economy. At that time, the basis of the British economy was mainly to produce industrial products from the industries developed by the colonies and export them to the European continent to obtain trade benefits. In view of this, Napoleon issued the Berlin Order: countries in continental Europe banned trade with Britain. ? Confiscation of British products and British colonial products. ? Ships docked in British ports are prohibited from entering the ports of continental European countries. Then in 1807, Milan ordered the release, arrest and confiscation of ships entering and leaving British commercial ports. This will not only deal a blow to Britain economically, but also drive Britain out of the continental European market, which will be monopolized by France, which can develop and dominate the continental European economy. This is indeed a grand national strategy. If all European countries obey Napoleon's political orders, Napoleon can dominate the European countries politically, economically and militarily and realize his dream of being king of the European empire. But the reality can't develop as he dreamed, but it has the opposite effect, because the national economies of continental European countries rely heavily on trade with Britain, and we can't lose this relationship, because:

From Spain, Portugal and even Russia, only France, Switzerland and West Germany have national industrial productivity, while others are backward agricultural countries, such as Prussia, Russia, Portugal and Northern Europe, which export primary industrial products such as agricultural products to Britain, and then Britain imports secondary industrial (industrial) products to maintain the national economy. If this relationship is severed, the economies of European countries will collapse earlier than those of Britain.

French commercial capitalists are also industrial capitalists as opposed to industrial capitalists. Some of them use the products of British colonies, which is contrary to the interests of other capitalists. In addition, the rising prices of consumer goods such as sugar and coffee have affected people's lives.

In a word, the ban on sales in mainland China is like a kind of exorbitant tax for the people of all continental European countries. This law ignores the needs of the people, which is even more disgusting. Therefore, the mainland blockade is a confrontation between British capitalism and Napoleon's military power. As a result, British capitalism, which was baptized by the industrial revolution, won the final victory.

Teach ollie who started a fight for the third time:

1809, Britain and Austria formed the fifth anti-French alliance, and Austria has been looking for opportunities to take revenge on Napoleon. When the Spanish War broke out, it tried to take advantage of Napoleon's army advancing westward and suddenly attacked France. In July, the decisive battle between the two sides was held in Henglan near Vienna. Before Napoleon's battle, he used the strategy of luring the enemy in a wide range and achieved great results. The tactics were used properly. Seeing that the battle area of the Austrian army was too wide and the central part was weak, he decided to break through the central part and finally defeat the Austrian army. The two sides concluded a peace treaty at St. Brun Palace in Vienna. Therefore, the fifth anti-French alliance was shattered. The following year, Napoleon also married the Austrian princess Louise as the queen and divorced Josephine.

The war of aggression against Russia from prosperity to decline;

Napoleon defeated the anti-French alliance five times and won a major military victory. These victories have profound and inevitable factors. But for a long time, Napoleon's foreign policy towards European powers was to subdue Prussia and Austria and unite Russia to resist Britain. However, Tsar Alexander I, who also had the ambition to dominate Europe, did not want to play the role of a small partner of the British emperor, and tried his best to expand his power and secretly resume trade with Britain. Napoleon could not bear the expansion of Russian forces in Turkey and the destruction of the mainland blockade policy, and regarded Russia as the main obstacle to his hegemony in the European continent, so he decided to attack Russia. Napoleon's attack on Russia was as unfeasible as Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean War. The French people long for peace, and their soldiers are tired of war. As early as 1807, when Napoleon fought against Russia (the war of mourning), the ominous omen had already appeared. The most fatal omen is that the French people have felt that "Napoleon is not fighting for the glory of France, but for his own glory." Therefore, all the ministers opposed it, especially Foxue, Napoleon's confidant, trying to explain the fallacy of this move, but Napoleon scolded him and said: When did you become a big shot? At this time, Napoleon seems to have lost his vision of observing the world situation. Regardless of everyone's opposition, 18 12 In June, he led an army across the Neman River and invaded Russia. On September 7th, French and Russian troops fought fiercely in Borodino village, which is 0/20km away from Moscow/Kloc. Both sides suffered great losses. Russian troops retreated and adopted the strategy of clearing the field to avoid decisive battle and save their strength. On September 14, the French army entered Moscow, but Moscow was already an empty city full of flames and almost nothing. In this way, Napoleon stayed in Moscow for five weeks in vain, doing nothing politically and militarily. With the arrival of winter, the French army fell into a desperate situation of hunger and cold. 10 19, Napoleon had to order a retreat. On the way back, the French army was attacked by the Russian people's guerrillas and pursued by the Russian army, causing many casualties and being wiped out. /kloc-in mid-February, when crossing the Neman River and leaving Russia, there were only more than 20,000 people left. In this battle, the French army suffered casualties of125,000 people, freezing to death and fatigue, while132,000 people died and193,000 people were captured, totaling 450,000 people.

Paris fell and Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba;

Napoleon's failure in Russia caused a drastic change in the balance of power in Europe. 18 13 years, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and other countries formed the sixth anti-French alliance. 10 16, Napoleon's army and allied forces fought a decisive battle in Leipzig, and Napoleon was defeated. 1 1 On September 9th, he returned to Paris. As a result of his retreat, about100000 fortresses and defenders such as Elbe River, Oder River and Wosai River all fell into enemy hands. At this time, the internal and external situation is extremely unfavorable to Napoleon, such as;

Napoleon's Rhine League has collapsed.

The allies Denmark and northwest Germany were attacked by Sweden.

Holland was occupied by Britain and Prussia.

King Miao La of Naples was a subordinate of Napoleon. He became king of Milan because of his high work, but he still wanted to be king of Italy, so he showed kindness to the allies and betrayed Napoleon.

The Duke of Wellington who attacked Spain defeated the local French army, crossed the Pyrenees and invaded France.

The French government tried to overthrow Napoleon, and the anti-government movement of the domestic royalists and the * * * party became fierce.

18 14 On March 3 1 day, the allied forces occupied Paris, achieving the goal of war, and finally externalizing the political infighting that had been dormant in Paris, forming a huge division and disintegrating the rights of Emperor Napoleon. On April 6, Napoleon was forced to sign the abdication edict and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. With the support of anti-French allied countries, France restored the Bourbon dynasty represented by the new king Louis Stanislas Xavier.

The failure of Waterloo finally ended Napoleon's dynasty:

After the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty, a large number of fleeing nobles and monks returned to France, trying to rebuild feudal autocratic rule and demanding the return of land and property confiscated during the revolution, which aroused the fear and anger of the broad masses, including some bourgeoisie, and began to miss Napoleon again. Napoleon took advantage of this situation. 18 15 On February 26th, he led 1050 officers and men defending him to escape from the island of Elba, deftly dodging the British and French patrol boats, and landed safely in Rouen Port in the south of France on March 1 5. After landing, it quickly advanced to the northwest and was warmly welcomed by farmers along the way. The Bourbon dynasty sent troops to stop him after learning about it, but the soldiers of the government refused to open fire when they met Napoleon and shouted the slogan "Long live the emperor" to surrender. On March 20th, Napoleon entered Paris and was welcomed by hundreds of thousands of citizens, while Louis Stanislas Xavier fled hastily and Napoleon ascended the throne again. Napoleon's comeback, like a bolt from the blue, greatly shocked European countries, and they immediately formed the seventh anti-French alliance. The members of the alliance include almost all European countries, and their strength far exceeds Napoleon's army. Napoleon thought that before the allied forces were unified, they should be separated one by one. 18 15 June 16, he defeated the Prussian army in the battle of Lini. However, due to the delay of his subordinates, Pu Jun's army was not completely destroyed, and the reason for the failure was planting. 18 15 June 18, Napoleon and the British army led by Wellington launched a fierce battle in Waterloo. The competition between the two sides is extremely fierce and the losses are heavy. The French army stormed many times and broke through the central position of the British army, but failed to expand the results because of insufficient troops. When the British army could not support it, Pu Jun came to support it, and the situation suddenly changed. Napoleon put the last reserve into battle. However, it was too late to turn the tide, so Napoleon had to lead the defeated troops to retreat. Although both sides suffered the same losses, the failure of Waterloo was Napoleon's last fatal blow. 18 15 On June 2 1 day, Napoleon returned to Paris. The next day, he announced his second abdication and was exiled to St. Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean. This time, Napoleon's regime only lasted for nearly a hundred days, which is called "Napoleon's Hundred Days Dynasty" in history. Napoleon lived in St. Helena for nearly six years. 182 1 On May 5th, he died of stomach cancer on the island at the age of 52. 1840, Napoleon's body was transported back to Paris and placed in the hospital for disabled soldiers.

Section 2 Analysis of the Success or Failure of Important Activities

The first conquest of Italy shocked Europe;

The battle of Italy commanded by Napoleon was one of the key battles that decided the fate of France at that time. This battle took place at the end of18th century, just after the French Revolution. At this time, European emperors formed an anti-French grand alliance, calling for the maintenance of kingship in order to suppress and interfere in the French Revolution. However, due to the trend of democracy, the interests of various countries are inconsistent, and the anti-French forces have come to an end. However, at this time, Austria is still a European power and is in a leading position in the competition with France. So the French government tried to break the power of Austria. 1796, according to the suggestion of then President Carnaud, three armies were organized in an attempt to conquer Austria. Dani led 80,000 troops from the lower Rhine, Morrow led 80,000 troops from the upper Rhine, and Napoleon led 30,000 troops from Italy to attack Vienna. At that time, the Austrian army also welcomed 240,000 people from the three armed forces, including Archduke Karl, Oolong Ze and Boli, in different ways. The French army mainly fought in the Rhine, and the Italian side assisted in the battle (Napoleon was in charge). As a result, the main help is reciprocal and counterproductive. The French army on the Rhine was repelled by the Austrian army, but it never recovered. On the contrary, the Italian army led by Napoleon was outnumbered and Lien Chan won. When Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of any army, it was for the sake of