Arrangement of knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one.

1. knowledge points of the first volume of geography in senior one

1. the earth in the universe

1. the level of celestial system: the total galaxy-the galaxy outside the river-the solar system-the earth-moon system.

2. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation:

(1) Day and night alternate: the dividing line between the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere-terminator line (circle)-and the time of intersection with the equator are 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock respectively-the height of the sun is degrees-the plane where the morning twilight circle is located is perpendicular to the sun's rays.

(2) local time difference: the east is early and the west is late, and the longitude varies by 1 hour every 15 degrees.

(3) The deviation of objects moving horizontally along the surface: not biased on the equator, right-leaning in the northern hemisphere and left-leaning in the southern hemisphere. The deflection force increases with the increase of latitude.

3. The earth's geosphere structure is divided into inner geosphere and outer geosphere.

(1) According to the characteristics of seismic waves (P-wave and S-wave), the geosphere inside the earth is divided into three layers: crust, mantle and core. Crustal materials are mainly composed of rocks (magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks), the asthenosphere of the upper mantle is the source of magma, and the core is mainly composed of iron and nickel materials.

(2) outer sphere: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

2. Material movement and energy exchange in natural geographical environment

1. Rocks can be divided into three categories:

① Magmatic rocks (formed by magma rising, cooling and solidification).

② sedimentary rocks (rocks are formed by external weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation).

③ metamorphic rocks (metamorphism).

2. Names of six plates: Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate.

3. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric weakening, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave) and atmospheric reverse radiation (thermal insulation).

4. Common weather systems: frontal system (cold front, warm front, quasi-static front), cyclone (low pressure), anticyclone (high pressure) and frontal cyclone.

Third, the integrity of geographical environment and regional differences

1. Geographical environment includes natural geographical environment and human geographical environment. Physical geographical elements include climate, hydrology, landform, biology, soil and other elements.

2. Regional differentiation of geographical environment: regional differentiation (latitude zonality) from the equator to the poles: influenced by the decreasing solar radiation from the equator to the poles-natural zones change regularly along the latitude change (north-south) direction, and this differentiation is based on heat.

Fourth, the influence of natural environment on human activities

1. The relationship between the formation of settlements and geographical environment can be reflected from the form: in the plain area, the terrain is relatively complete, open and flat, and the settlements are round or irregular polygons with large scale; Mountain settlements are distributed along river valleys or in relatively open lowlands.

2. the influence of topography on the distribution of traffic lines: the highway route selection avoids unfavorable topography, and the traffic line network density is relatively high in flat terrain areas (low cost and small engineering quantity), while the density in mountainous and hilly areas is relatively low (high cost and large engineering quantity).

2. Sorting out the knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one

Salinity and ocean currents

(1) The salinity is the Red Sea, and the reasons are:

① It is located in the subtropical sea area, with little precipitation and strong evaporation.

② The surrounding area is a tropical desert area, lacking of river injection.

(2) The lowest salinity is found in the Baltic Sea. The reasons are:

① It is located at higher latitude, with low temperature and weak evaporation.

② It is surrounded by temperate maritime climate zone with fresh water injection.

(3) The reason why Balkhash Lake is salty in the east and weak in the west:

① The east: located inland, with little precipitation and vigorous evaporation; Lack of river injection.

② west: there is river injection, which plays a diluting role.

③ The middle part is narrow, which is not conducive to the exchange of water bodies on both sides, resulting in a great difference in salinity between the two sides.

(4) The horizontal distribution law of surface seawater salinity in the world:

It decreases from the subtropical sea area in the northern and southern hemispheres to the low latitudes and high latitudes on both sides respectively.

(5) The reasons for judging that an ocean current is cold (warm) are as follows:

Temperature: the temperature of the ocean current flowing through the sea area is lower (higher) than that of other sea areas at the same latitude;

Direction: it flows from higher (lower) latitude to lower (higher) latitude.

3. knowledge point arrangement of the first volume of geography in senior one

(1) the sun height at a certain moment:

(1) the sun height in the daytime hemisphere is greater than zero, and the value appears at noon, that is, at 12 o'clock local time.

(2) The height of the sun in the night hemisphere is less than zero, and the minimum value appears at midnight, that is, at o'clock local time.

(3) The height of the sun on the terminator line (circle) is equal to zero.

(2) midday sun height:

(1) The latitude where the sun shines directly is equal to 9 at noon.

(2) There are two parallel lines with the same height of the sun at noon on the same day. These two parallel lines are distributed on both sides of the direct parallel line, which is equal to the weft difference of the direct parallel line.

(3) The noon sun height on a certain latitude is equal to 9 minus the latitude difference between the latitude and the direct latitude.

(3) Distribution law from bisection to sun height:

(1) At the vernal equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the noon sun height on the equator is 9, and the noon sun height gradually decreases from the equator to the poles.

(2) During the summer solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, and the height of the sun on the Tropic of Cancer is 9. The noon sun height in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer reaches the annual value and the southern hemisphere reaches the minimum value.

(3) At the autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the noon sun height on the equator is 9, and the noon sun height gradually decreases from the equator to the poles.

(4) During the winter solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun on the Tropic of Capricorn is 9. The noon sun height in the north and south of the Tropic of Capricorn reaches the annual value, and the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum value.

4. The knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one

The regional differentiation of geographical environment:

(1) Regional differentiation from equator to poles (zonality of latitude): affected by the decreasing solar radiation from equator to poles-the natural belt changes regularly along the latitude (north and south) direction, and this differentiation is based on heat. For example, there is a tropical rain forest belt near the equator, and its two sides rise with latitude, which is a tropical grassland belt and a tropical desert belt.

(2) regional differentiation (longitude zonality) from the coast to the inland: influenced by the distribution of land and sea, natural landscapes and natural belts are regularly differentiated from the coast to the interior of the mainland, which is based on moisture. For example, mid-latitude areas (especially mid-latitude areas in the northern hemisphere) appear from coastal areas to inland areas: forest belt-grassland belt-desert belt

(3) vertical regional differentiation of mountains: in alpine areas, with the change of altitude, the water and heat conditions from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain are very different, thus forming a vertical natural belt. For example, in the mountains near the equator, the natural belt seen from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain is similar to the horizontal natural belt from the equator to the poles.

5. arrangement of knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one

1. East Asia:

1. East coast: monsoon climate is remarkable; (XX tropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate);

2. The western inland: the temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate;

2. Southeast Asia:

1. Tropical monsoon climate; (Distributed in most parts of Indochina Peninsula and Philippine Islands, with high temperature and rainy summer in the north);

2. Tropical rain forest climate; (distributed in Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, with high temperature and rainy all year round);

Third, South Asia:

1. Tropical monsoon climate is dominant; (most of the Indian Peninsula);

2. Tropical desert climate; (Middle and lower reaches of India; Pakistan is dominated by tropical deserts);

Fourth, Central Asia:

The temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate;

V. West Asia and North Africa:

1. Tropical desert climate is dominant; (more than 7.7 million square kilometers);

2, a small part of the climate is Mediterranean;

VI. Sub-Saharan Africa:

1. Tropical grassland climate;

2. Tropical rain forest climate;

3. Tropical desert climate;

4. Mediterranean climate;