When the ancient cold wave struck, what methods did the ancients have to avoid the cold?

In the cold winter, keeping warm has become everyone's primary need. Northerners open home heating mode, while southerners open their own wrapping mode. Modern society has different ways to keep warm from the cold. So in ancient times, when the conditions were not as good as ours, what did the ancients use to block the cold air outside the window and keep the room warm?

Qin Shihuang was also afraid of cold, and Xianyang Palace used a fireplace to keep warm. Xianyang Palace is the imperial palace of the Qin Dynasty, located in today's Shaanxi. Since moving to the capital in the twelfth year (the first 350 years), the Qin royal family has built palaces here. In the process of unifying the six countries, Qin Shihuang continued to expand Xianyang Palace until Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and rebuilt the new palace.

According to the description in the book Qin Palace Culture, Xianyang Palace in Qin relies on a fireplace to keep out the cold and keep warm. Archaeologists found three fireplaces beside the bath of Xianyang Palace site in Qin Dynasty. The fireplace leads to the bathroom and also to the palace. These fireplaces are used by the Qin royal family to keep warm. The length, width and height of these fireplaces are all around 1 meter. The burning area of charcoal in the furnace is large, and there are ash pits and charcoal troughs in front of the fireplace. Therefore, Qin Gong uses a fireplace to burn wood for warmth.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built greenhouses, and the harem loved peppers alone. According to legend, the greenhouse was built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu" records that the greenhouse temple was built by Emperor Wu, and it was warm in winter. Pepper paste is stuck on the wall of the greenhouse temple, and splendid bags are hung on the indoor wall. The bags are filled with cinnamon, equipped with stoves and screens. At the same time, the floor is covered with a carpet made of feathers. The stove is a little warmer, and the room is warm, full of the smell of pepper and osmanthus. In winter, the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty often called courtiers to discuss in the greenhouse, and also served as examiners in the greenhouse.

The greenhouse is made of pepper wall and cinnamon in Zhang Xiu, with fire screen and feather tent.

In addition to the greenhouse, the house where concubines warmed up in the Han dynasty was called pepper room. "Saint Fu Huang Map" said: "Jiaoshi Temple, in Weiyang Palace, is painted with pepper mud to make it warm and fragrant." Pepper room temple is the palace where the queen lives, so later generations often call it "pepper room". "Taiping Magnolia" records: "The queen called the pepper room, painted the room with pepper, and dispelled evil in the greenhouse."

The tradition of palace heating has been spread to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and we can also find the ancient wisdom of keeping warm from the cold in the Forbidden City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The first is to build a high palace wall to resist the invasion of cold air. Secondly, according to the introduction of the Palace Museum, the researchers found that the Palace Museum used "fire ground" for heating. That is, laying a fire path under the palace and burning the fire outdoors. Heat is transferred to the room through the fire escape, and a smoke outlet is also set outside. Finally, there are many braziers and hand stoves in the palace.

We often see the imperial concubine holding an exquisite hand stove in film and television dramas, which reflects the heating situation of the Qing palace at that time. This is a small charcoal stove with a red basket of charcoal burning inside. There is a hanging beam at the top of the hand stove to keep warm. On the other hand, there is also a foot stove in the venue, which is slightly larger than the hand stove. These small objects are beautifully made and are very popular with concubines.

For ordinary people, winter is a tough season, and their most common way to keep out the cold is to hang warm curtains and make a fire indoors. Zhang Zi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Snow", in which it was recorded that there was heavy snow in Chang 'an, and the walls of rich families were coated with peppers, and stoves were lit and curtains were hung at home. In such a warm room, the rich children are drinking and having fun, and the ladies-in-waiting are singing and dancing, sweating like rain, but they don't know that the people outside Chang' an are too poor to eat, and their hands and feet are frozen.

It is difficult to find birds in Chang 'an on snowy days. Among them, Hao Gui's home is surrounded by mashed peppers. The red stove is hot everywhere, and the curtain falls every week. Warm your hands and adjust the gold thread, dip your nails and pour nectar. Drunk singing jade dust flies, sleepy fragrance smells good. I'm afraid that people who are hungry and cold will have chapped hands and feet.

Du Fu once wrote a poem: "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones", which means that the wine and meat of the famous family exudes fragrance, but the poor people starve to death and freeze to death on the roadside. The season mentioned here is probably winter. When the dynasty declined, the people were miserable, and it was often difficult to get through the cold winter. Adequate warmth has become their most basic survival needs, and their heating methods are relatively simple.

What kinds of heaters were there in ancient times? The first is "warm curtain", which is the most commonly used word in Japan. Around the Muromachi era in Japan, warm curtains were introduced into Japan from China. At first, monks in monasteries, farmers in mountain villages, fishermen in coastal areas or vendors in small towns used to hang a curtain or straw mat made by themselves at the door, which was called "hanging banquet" or "hanging mat". In the middle of the 0/4th century A.D./KLOC, China's Zen book Xiubai Zhang Qing Rules, compiled during the Shunzong period of the Yuan Dynasty, spread to Japan, and Mr. Wudaozhong wrote in his notes: "Cotton cloth covers the curtain to prevent the atmosphere, so it warms the curtain." When the vernal equinox is revised, you should know that in April, when the weather is fine, the monk will put down the warm curtain and go to the summer sleeping mat. "It means that the curtain used to keep out the sun on weekdays is called' cool curtain', and a layer of cloth curtain is covered on the cool curtain in cold period, which is called' warm curtain'.

Ordinary people, when building a house, will connect the fire path in the kitchen with the bed kang, so that when cooking and burning wood at night, they will burn the kang together. This can heat the room to keep out the cold, and now this heating method is still retained in northern China.

In addition to these measures, ordinary people also wear "paper clothes" to keep out the cold. Making paper clothes began in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Paper clothes are not clothes made of paper, but thinner than fur and leather clothes of rich people, so they are called paper clothes. It is made of fiber, such as hemp, common bark or thick and strong paper. This kind of clothes has high fiber strength, strong tensile force, wear resistance and cold resistance, so it is also called "paper fur" by the people. In Song Dynasty, Yi Jian said in "Four Books in the Study: Paper Books": "Mountain people often take paper as their clothes, and those who don't wear silkworm clothes also cover them. However, these poems say that mountain people often wear paper clothes instead of silk, and paper clothes are very warm. Paper here refers to fibers used for papermaking.