Why is there always foggy weather in winter? What are the countermeasures?

Hazy weather leads to low visibility in a large area of the city. When the relative humidity is high in the morning or at night, fog forms; During the day, the temperature rises, the humidity drops, and it gradually turns into smog. This phenomenon has both meteorological reasons and pollution discharge reasons.

Haze, also known as haze, refers to dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic hydrocarbons and other particles in the air that make the atmosphere turbid, blurred vision and visibility worse. If the horizontal visibility is less than 65,438+00,000 meters, the visual distance obstacle caused by the aerosol system composed of non-aquatic products is called haze or dust haze, and the Hong Kong Observatory calls it haze. The difference between haze and fog is that the relative humidity is small when haze occurs, but it is saturated in fog (if there are a large number of condensation nuclei, the relative humidity may not reach 100%, and saturation may occur). Generally speaking, the visibility deterioration caused by atmospheric haze blurred vision is caused by haze when the relative humidity is less than 80%, while the visibility deterioration caused by atmospheric haze blurred vision is caused by fog when the relative humidity is more than 90%. The visibility deterioration caused by atmospheric haze blurred vision is caused by a mixture of haze and fog when the relative humidity is between 80 and 90%, but its main component is haze. The thickness of haze is relatively thick, which can reach about 1-3 km. Haze is different from fog and clouds, and there is no obvious boundary between haze and clear sky. Smog particles are evenly distributed, and the particle size is relatively small, ranging from 0.00 1 micron to 10 micron, with an average diameter of about 1-2 micron. Floating particles are invisible to the naked eye. Because the smog is composed of dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other particles, the longer the scattering wavelength, the more the light ratio, so the smog looks yellow or orange-gray.

Fog weather [1] Fog is an aerosol system composed of a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the near-surface air, and it is the product of water vapor condensation (or condensation) in the near-surface air. The existence of fog will reduce air transparency and worsen visibility. If the horizontal visibility of the target drops below 1000 meters, the weather phenomenon of water vapor condensation (or condensation) suspended in the air near the ground is called fog. The phenomenon that the horizontal visibility of the target is 1000- 10000 meters is called light fog or mist. When fog is formed, the atmospheric humidity should be saturated (if there are a large number of condensation nuclei, the relative humidity may not reach 100%, and saturation may occur). As far as its physical essence is concerned, fog and cloud are the products of condensation (or condensation) of water vapor in the air, so fog becomes a cloud when it rises from the ground, and it is called fog when it falls to the ground or moves to the mountains. Generally, the thickness of fog is relatively small, and the thickness of common radiation fog is between tens of meters and one hundred and two hundred meters. Fog, like clouds, has obvious boundary with clear sky area, and the droplet concentration distribution is uneven. The droplet size is large, ranging from a few microns to 100 micron, with an average diameter of about 10-20 micron. The naked eye can see the droplets floating in the air. Because the light scattered by fog composed of liquid water or ice crystals has little to do with wavelength, the fog looks milky white or bluish white.

With the deterioration of air quality, the phenomenon of cloudy weather has increased, [2] aggravated. In many areas, haze weather phenomenon is combined with fog as an early warning and forecast of disastrous weather. Known as "smog weather." [3]

Every autumn and winter, there will always be a few days shrouded in fog. Fog weather, not only has low visibility, seriously affects road traffic, but also has a great impact on people's health. At the same time, it also opens the door for various diseases. Smog weather will not only affect the heart and respiratory tract, but also harm the lungs. In this foggy day, how do we deal with it?

Haze, why?

With the increasing impact of human activities on the environment, the "invisible killer" group of particulate matter has gradually become huge, its composition has become complex, and its "lethality" has gradually increased. Whether it is the common gray sky or the hazy weather that appears from time to time, these are actually a large number of extremely fine dry dust particles floating in the air, which makes the visibility of the air generally turbid, which is essentially caused by ubiquitous particulate pollutants.

In recent years, the sky in many cities has become more and more turbid, and the number of haze days has increased year by year. The reason is that the compounds in automobile exhaust, a large amount of dust released by fuel combustion, waste discharged in industrial production, and all kinds of particulate matter made by building materials and other industries have become new members of the atmospheric particulate matter family. In addition, various compounds in the environment interact with atmospheric particles, resulting in a series of chemical reactions, resulting in a brand-new "second generation of particles", some substances with more complex components and stronger toxicity to human body.

Fog is a condensation phenomenon, which occurs when water vapor is abundant in the air. Fog seems mild, but it contains various harmful substances such as acid, alkali, salt, amine, phenol, dust and pathogenic microorganisms. Its content is dozens of times that of ordinary atmospheric water droplets, which poses a great threat to human health. Fog has the greatest influence on the respiratory system, which can cause acute upper respiratory tract infection, acute tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma and other diseases. In addition, persistent fog will increase the burden on the circulatory system of the elderly, which may induce angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and heart failure. And cause pulmonary heart disease in chronic bronchitis.

Effects of Fog on Human Body

1, asthma! Rhinitis! I can't breathe. Hazy weather can easily make asthma relapse. Including bronchial asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, variant cough, etc., which are mostly related to the recent temperature drop and haze weather.

In foggy days, dust and smoke are floating in the air, and dust mites may also be suspended in the fog. Inhalation of these allergens by patients with bronchial asthma will stimulate the respiratory tract and cause asthma symptoms such as cough, sulking and poor breathing. Every time a person breathes, about 500,000 particles are inhaled into the depths of the lungs, but in polluted air, the inhaled particles are 100 times more than this.

2. Myocardial infarction accelerator. Heavy fog will aggravate the condition of cardiovascular patients. This is because, on the one hand, the air pressure in dense fog is relatively low, people will feel irritable and their blood pressure will naturally rise. On the other hand, in foggy days, the temperature is often low. Some patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease suddenly go from warm indoor to cold outdoor, and blood vessels expand with heat and contract with cold, which will also increase blood pressure, leading to stroke and myocardial infarction. Tangyou's morning exercise in foggy weather is easy to cause lung infection.

The air pollution is serious in foggy days, the fog is getting thicker in early winter, the air quality is poor, and the diabetic patients with poor resistance are very likely to have lung and trachea infections, which will aggravate the condition.

How to choose exercise time in foggy days

Work at sunrise and rest at sunset. First of all, morning exercise should not be too early, and it is best to take the sun as the standard. Even if the fog is heavy, it will dissipate in a short time when it meets the sun. If the sun never appears in foggy days, it is also feasible to cancel an exercise plan. Judging from the time when the sun comes out, the better time for winter exercise is 9 am. Pay attention to drink some boiled water properly and replenish water before morning exercise. In addition, don't do too much exercise in winter, and you'd better go quickly.

The most suitable healthy food to eat in foggy days

1. Because of the weak resistance of the elderly and children, Dr. Tong suggested that the elderly should keep a scientific life rule, avoid overwork and drink more water. Pay attention to a light diet, eat less irritating food, eat more tofu, milk and other foods, and supplement vitamin D when necessary.

2, the diet should be light as far as possible, and do not eat irritating foods such as onions, garlic and peppers. You can eat more foods rich in vitamin C and vitamin E to help your body get rid of dust particles, such as lemon, orange, kiwi fruit, green pepper, cabbage, potatoes, milk, eggs, spinach and so on.

3, a "fairy fruit" in the afternoon, happy like a fairy. It is not only dry but also foggy in autumn and winter. Drinking arhat fruit tea can prevent autumn dryness and throat itching caused by foggy days, and has a good effect of moistening the lungs. Especially in foggy days, it is better to drink in the afternoon. In the view of Chinese medicine, Siraitia grosvenorii is the first choice for clearing throat and benefiting lung, relieving cough and resolving phlegm. Tributes from the imperial courts in past dynasties have the reputation of fairy fruit.

A Siraitia grosvenorii can generally be brewed four or five times. Among them, the best time to drink Luohan fruit tea is in the afternoon, because the fog is thickest in the morning and almost disappears at noon. People inhale a lot of dust and impurities in the morning, and they can clear their lungs in time when they drink it in the afternoon.

Numbers and health

Wen | Ning Jun Enningning

88% A British slimming website recently published a novel research result, saying that Tuesday is the worst time to start dieting out of seven days a week, while Sunday and Monday are the best time to start dieting. According to the research results, women who have been dieting for three weeks since Sunday can lose an average of 8 pounds (about 3.6 kilograms), of which 88% will not rebound.

70% A foreign study on drinking habits and fracture risk of 3 170 Americans over 50 years old shows that people who drink 5 cups of strong tea every day have a 70% higher fracture risk than those who don't drink strong tea.

60% A new British study shows that taking aspirin for a long time can significantly reduce the risk of intestinal cancer. Most of these participants are patients with a disease called Lynch syndrome, which is a genetic disease. Due to genetic problems, patients are at high risk of developing intestinal cancer. However, the follow-up survey of 20 10 showed that the proportion of people taking aspirin was much lower than that of the control group, only about half of the latter, and the cancer risk of people taking aspirin for a long time could be reduced by more than 60%.

22.45% According to WHO statistics, 1 person in every 6 people in the world may suffer from stroke. In China, cerebrovascular diseases have accounted for 22.45% of all deaths, ranking first in the cause of death. And put forward five simple measures to the general public: understanding the risk factors of stroke such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia; Physical activity and regular exercise; Eat healthily to avoid obesity; Quit smoking and limit alcohol; Learn to identify early warning symptoms and coping methods.

Katerina Shpis, an expert from the Social and Economic Committee of the German Economic Research Institute, reported that after analyzing a database of the Social and Economic Committee, they found that if a pregnant woman stays in an environment with high carbon monoxide concentration in the air for a long time (such as a busy traffic area), her baby will be underweight at birth, with an average weight of 289 grams less than that of a normal baby.

A study conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on data from 2008 to 2009 found that women, whites and people under the age of 30 are more likely to have suicidal thoughts.

Allergists of Peking Union Medical College Hospital reported 15 cases of "anaphylactic shock induced by exercise after eating pasta" nationwide. This disease is medically called "anaphylactic shock induced by wheat-dependent exercise", that is, if the patient exercises within 6 hours after eating pasta, there will be serious allergic reaction symptoms, and if he does not exercise, there will be no allergic reaction symptoms.

Scientists at Oxford University in the United Kingdom said that proper current flowing through the brain can make people smart, and it only takes five years to launch a "thinking hood" with this function.

A new study by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health found that compared with children whose mothers supplemented folic acid before and during pregnancy, children whose mothers did not supplement folic acid were twice as likely to be unable to speak before the age of 3, and their language development was severely retarded.

Japanese scientists, while considering factors such as weight, sex, age, family history of diabetes, alcohol and tobacco intake, blood pressure and cholesterol, compared unhealthy eating habits such as eating snacks or eating in the middle of the night, and found that people who eat too fast have twice the risk of pre-diabetes as normal people.