Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel accommodation - Who knows the earliest origin of paste?
Who knows the earliest origin of paste?
The origin of "New Year's Eve" is related to the ancient custom of "exorcising evil spirits at the end of the year". Legend has it that in ancient times there was a tall and brave warrior named Fang, who was said to be able to exorcise ghosts and pave the way. Xuanyuan Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, made him hold a halberd for self-defense at night to protect the spirit in order to prevent wild animals from invading his dead wife. Later, at the end of the twelfth lunar month, when people held a "big sacrifice ceremony", they invited Fang to preside over it. Dressed in bearskin, red clothes and black trousers, and holding a Levin shield, he led many people to jump around alleys and grassy graves in the countryside with peach branches to drive away ghosts. This custom was still popular in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but it was presided over by a etiquette officer named Fang Xiang. With the changes of the times, the custom of "exorcising evil spirits at the end of the year" is constantly changing. The large exorcist is getting smaller and smaller, and people pay less and less attention to it. It even disappeared among the people. Instead, every household hung exorcism ornaments on their doors to avoid disaster. According to Ying Shao's "Custom Righteousness" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, people at that time "often decorated Taoren with wax on New Year's Eve, and hung reed painting tigers at the door, all chasing after the past and hoping to avoid evil". Since then, "New Year's Eve", as the name of the day when a year ends and a year begins, has appeared among the people and gradually passed down. After the Song Dynasty, celebrating "New Year's Eve" began to become a major event. According to Wu's Dream in the Song Dynasty, this day is a day when "all ordinary people, big or small, have to sweep the floor, clean their houses, change their door gods, hang Zhong Kui, nail peaches, stick spring cards, offer sacrifices to their ancestors, prepare fragrant flowers at night and pray for peace in the new year". In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent a message to officials, bureaucrats and ordinary people. Before New Year's Eve, a pair of Spring Festival couplets should be added to the door. On New Year's Eve, Spring Festival couplets made of red paper are pasted on the doorframes, and auspicious couplets are pasted on them. On the lintels and window sills, there are "Guaqian" (commonly known as "Guaqian" in some places) engraved with auspicious words in red paper, and "Fu" is pasted on the utensils.
On New Year's Eve, Chaoshan people are commonly known as New Year's Eve. New Year's Eve and Spring Festival are connected, with different customs but connections. The theme of Chaoshan New Year's Eve dinner is to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and to celebrate together. The main customs and activities are ancestor worship, posting Spring Festival couplets, cooking around the kitchen, giving lucky money, keeping the old age, saying goodbye and so on.
First, worship God.
On New Year's Eve, in addition to ancestor worship, other gods are also worshipped. For example, the water tank at home is filled with water, and the wellhead is covered with bamboo poles, commonly known as well sealing, and then sacrifices are made to worship the mother of the well, and the well is not opened until the New Year and the Spring Festival. That night, the farmer's water tank should be full of water, and the rice tank should also be full of rice, and the lights should not be turned off, which symbolizes the good omen of "more than one year old" and "more than one year old".
Second, post Spring Festival couplets.
After offering sacrifices to ancestors, people began to tear off the old couplets on the doorways, halls and doors and put up new Spring Festival couplets. As a result, the home portal has taken on a new look.
Spring Festival couplets, Chaoshan commonly known as door symbols. Sticking on both sides of the door frame is called couplet; Sticking to the door frame is a horizontal shawl; Door net attached to two door leaves; If it is a small door with a single door, put a bucket on it. According to "Song History? "Shu Family" contains: Meng Chang, a master at the end of Shu Dynasty, named the bachelor as a peach symbol, and pretended to be a poem because of his non-merit: "New Year's Qing Yu is a wild festival. Changchun. "It is said that this is the earliest Spring Festival couplets in China. Later, Spring Festival couplets stipulated that red lead paper, ink or gold pigment should be used to write auspicious words. Judging from the Spring Festival couplets posted by every household in Chaoshan, they reflect different aesthetic tastes and values. Many of them embody the characteristics of industriousness, unity, progress and harmonious coexistence of hipsters, such as "a harmonious family adds a hundred blessings, and the word peace is worth a thousand dollars", "diligent production of five grains, good management of six livestock and prosperity" and so on. The most popular Spring Festival couplets, Lin Daqin, the champion of the Ming Dynasty hipsters, wrote: "People are in the sky, spring is full, and work and rest are combined." . There is such a record in the Ming Wanli block-printed Textual Research on the Top Scholar: "(Lin Daqin) was clever since childhood, and his composition was extraordinary. Weng Wanda changed her mind, so please take him as her husband. On Yue's birthday, a pair of congratulatory letters from Daqin Book Association read:' As time goes by, people will live a long life, full of spring and flourish.' It means to be wide-ranging and open, and Weng said,' Only the top scholar can be talented'. Sure enough, 22-year-old Lin Daqin won the top prize. This pair of birthday couplets he wrote was later changed into Spring Festival couplets, which became popular all over the country. In Chaoshan Spring Festival couplets, you can often see a single door or shrine with the word "Spring" written on it. The word "spring" has two meanings: first, it means that spring returns to the earth, and everything recovers and is full of vitality; The second is to skillfully use the harmony between "spring" and "existence" to express the good wishes of having more than one year. This is similar to eating fish at a northern wedding banquet, and the homonym "fish" has the same effect.
Third, the door god
In addition to posting Spring Festival couplets, Chaoshan folk New Year's Eve also has the custom of posting portraits of door gods. Door gods have a long history. According to legend, as early as the era of the Yellow Emperor, Shen Tu and Lei Yu were door gods. The Book of the Yellow Emperor is quoted from Ying Shao's Custom Yi Tong in the Eastern Han Dynasty: In ancient times, two brothers, Shencha and Lei Yu, lived on Dushuo Mountain. There is a peach tree on the mountain, and the shade is like a cover. Every morning, they will review the ghosts under the tree. If an evil spirit harms the world, tie it up and feed it to the tiger. Later, people painted the portraits of Shen Tu and Lei Yu on two mahogany boards and hung them on both sides of the door to ward off evil spirits. However, the real guardian recorded in the history books is not Shen Tu and Lei Yu, but an ancient warrior named Cheng qin. Ban Gu Han Shu? Biography of the King of Guang Chuan: The door of the King's Palace in Guang Chuan is painted with the portrait of Cheng qin, a short coat and trousers, and a long sword. In the Tang dynasty, the position of the door god was replaced by Qin's harmony. Journey to the West: The Dragon King of Jinghe made a bet with the fortune teller, and as a result, justice was broken and he was to be punished. The Jade Emperor appointed Wei Zhi as the supervisor. King Jinghe pleaded with Taizong in order to survive. Emperor Taizong agreed, and when the dragon was killed, he summoned Wei Zhi to fight with him. Unexpectedly, Wei Zhi took a nap in the rain and went to heaven to behead the Dragon King. The Dragon King complained that Taizong had broken his word and cried outside the palace day and night for his life. Emperor Taizong told his ministers that General Qin Baoshu invited Wei Chijingde to "stand outside the door in uniform". Emperor Taizong agreed. Nothing happened that night. After Taizong, because he couldn't bear the hardships of the two generals, he ordered the skilled painter Dan Qing to draw the true faces of the two generals and stick them on the door. Later generations followed suit, so the two generals became gatekeepers of thousands of families.
After the Republic of China, there were portraits of people holding iron maces and Qin holding iron maces. There are four statues of heavenly kings, tiger helmet, big waist and bright sword; There are also portraits of Zhao Yun and Xue. With the development of society and the change of consciousness, the door gods posted by the people not only require avoiding evil spirits, but also hope to gain fame and fortune. So deer, magpie, treasure, bat, bottle, god of wealth, longevity star, harmony, etc. appeared, and prayed for auspicious reception by the beauty of objects and images. After liberation, the door paintings posted by Chaoshan people on New Year's Eve were once mainly heroes, celebrating the harvest and making a fortune with omens.
No matter what kind of door gods are posted on New Year's Eve, the two door gods should face each other, which conforms to the law of eliminating disasters and welcoming auspicious. If the left and right door gods are pasted wrong and their backs are facing each other, something will happen this year, which will bring bad luck. Therefore, when putting up door paintings, people in every household carefully put up portraits of door gods, hoping that the whole family, men, women and children, will have good luck in the new year.
Fourth, paste the word "Fu"
On New Year's Eve, almost every household in Chaoshan has to put a few words written in red on the door, window, niche or wall. In recent years, some families have followed the example of the North and pasted the word "Fu" upside down.
What do you mean by "Fu"? The word "Fu" is a knowing word, which is reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's worship of the altar with both hands and pouring wine on the altar, which is a portrayal of ancient sacrifices. "book? Hong Fan said: "Five Blessingg: First, long life, second, wealth, third, corning, fourth, kindness, fifth, the end of the exam. "Therefore, getting the test of' wealth and longevity' in the new year is the first meaning of the word' fu' in the Spring Festival." Shuowen? Shi Bu said, "Fuye." Explain that the word "fu" has the meaning of "fu". People should paste the word "Fu" to pray and turn misfortune into luck. In ancient times, the sacrifice was to bow down, so the word "fu" can be interpreted as "worship". The novel "The Edge of a Mirror Flower" goes back to 85: "So I am blessed facing the stage." The word "fu" in the sentence means "worship". To achieve the above-mentioned purpose of affixing the word "blessing", it is necessary to worship the god and spirit of heaven and earth.
The word "fu" is posted backwards, indicating that it is blessed. There is a story about the custom of reversing the word "fu" in our country. It is said that on the eve of the Spring Festival one year, in order to win the favor of the master, the general manager of Gongwangfu in Qing Dynasty wrote several words of "Fu" and asked his servants to post them on the warehouse and the gate of Wangfu. A servant can't read, so he put the word "Fu" upside down on the door. Prince Gong Fujin was very angry and wanted to punish him with flogging. Fortunately, the butler is an eloquent man. When he saw something bad, he was afraid to involve himself. He quickly knelt down in front of his master and said, "I have often heard that Prince Gong lives to be a hundred years old, and now Dafu has really come. This is an auspicious sign. " After listening to this, Prince Gong is also reasonable. He thought, no wonder passers-by said that Prince Gong's family was blessed (healthy) and rewarded the housekeeper and servant with 50 taels of silver each. Since then, the custom of putting the word "Fu" upside down has spread from Wang Fu to the people. "Dao" and "Dao" in Chaozhou dialect are not harmonious, so there was no custom of "Fu" in Chaoshan area in the past, which was introduced from the north after the reform and opening up.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) surrounds the furnace.
After worshipping their ancestors, men are busy posting Spring Festival couplets and door gods, and housewives are busy preparing to make the most abundant and meaningful reunion dinner in a year, also called the stove.
In the form of New Year's Eve, in ancient times, a stove was placed in the middle of the hall, and the whole family ate dinner around the fire to warm up and talk. The Records of Haiyang County in Guangxu of Qing Dynasty said: "On New Year's Eve, there is a kitchen in the hall to eat around it, which is called' around the kitchen'." With the development of the years, the stove has evolved into a small stove with a copper stove core and a tin dish basin, which can not only hold vegetables and hot soup, but also add charcoal to the banquet. In recent years, it has evolved into a gas stove or an induction cooker, which is more convenient. No matter what method is adopted, the family eats around the table, which is also called "around the stove". The dishes around the stove like to take homophonic characters symbolizing auspiciousness, such as Nostoc flagelliforme taking homophonic "getting rich" and fish taking homophonic "more than enough". Eating pork intestines and fried garlic with pig blood means "it can be counted as long." Eating cockroaches is a special food for people who can buy cockroaches in coastal areas. Clams are also called Quelu, Que Clam and Varongzi. Because it is a combination of two shells, Chaoguan is also called "double profit" and "shell money", which can not only make money but also save money. Around the stove early, the sooner the better, "eat early and deliver early." When you are around the stove, you should say auspicious words, and the person in charge should wish the elders health and longevity, and hope that their children will be smart and polite, and future generations will work hard. When eating, if children accidentally drop plates and bowls, adults will say auspicious words such as "open your mouth to make a fortune".
New Year's Eve dinner, also called "reunion dinner", embodies the folk culture of China people's longing for reunion and happiness and its inseparable cohesion. No matter how many places your family is usually scattered, you should come back in front of the stove and get together with your family for a drink. Even if a few families have had such contradictions because of financial difficulties, dissatisfaction with life, or mental troubles and imbalances, they will generally put aside their differences on New Year's Eve and let things like gratitude and resentment dilute in the atmosphere of family laughter.
"I miss my relatives every holiday." On the occasion of New Year's Eve surrounded by lights, the atmosphere of family reunion in Chaoshan, the hometown of overseas Chinese, is particularly strong. Many overseas Chinese, compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and their relatives who work outside the home have made every effort to come back to reunite with their families and enjoy family happiness. People in the hometown of overseas Chinese also miss their relatives far away, pay New Year greetings to their relatives at home and abroad, reflect the great changes and ever-changing new life in their hometown, and send them to their hometown.
Now the custom of surrounding furnaces in cities has changed. Many brothers and sisters live in two places, but they all have the traditional concept of reunion. For convenience and benefit, they often go to hotels around the stove. Old people in rural areas like to take turns eating at their children's homes. As the saying goes, "food is thorough and prosperity is thorough."
Sixth, give lucky money.
Giving lucky money is an important custom of Chaoshan New Year's Eve. The elders at home should give their children lucky money. As the saying goes, "pressing your stomach and waist" means that your pockets will be filled with money from beginning to end all year round. The younger generation who can earn money should also send money to their elders. Ordinary stores will also give money to the clerk at the end of the year. The amount depends on the quality of the business and the size of the position. Relatives and friends living abroad often send money at the end of the year, which is of course limited to economic prosperity. When sending lucky money, you can't send it directly. You have to wait a while. You can put it in a profitable bag or wrap it in red paper. In ancient times, copper coins were woven with red lines.
Adults give lucky money to their children, and as usual, there are some auspicious words of encouragement and blessing. In the evening, this gift is literally "pressed" under the children's pillows to spend a happy and peaceful New Year's Eve with them and welcome the arrival of the New Year. The purpose of giving lucky money to children is to seek good luck and avoid evil. It is generally believed that evil spirits will come to the door to eliminate disasters on New Year's Eve, and children's blood gas is weak and unbearable. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on coins with the function of suppressing evil spirits to subdue furtiveness or bribe them to turn evil spirits into good fortune. Therefore, the original meaning of lucky money is "lucky money", and its source is a kind of monetary mascot specially used to exorcise evil spirits and pray for blessings-lucky money. The idea that money can connect the gods and then serve the ghosts and gods originated very early. In the pre-Qin period, people sacrificed money to ghosts and gods, which already contained the meaning of money. Among the five-baht coins handed down from the Han Dynasty, there are some popular auspicious words, such as "get out of the way (choose) for future generations" or "call out the enemy's soldiers and go to China (disaster)". Obviously, it was specially cast to ward off evil spirits, so it is generally believed that winning money first appeared in the Han Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the phenomenon of blessing with ordinary coins appeared in the Spring Festival. It took some time to give children lucky money on New Year's Eve, but it didn't become a popular custom until the end of the Ming Dynasty. There is a special article "lucky money" in Lu in the ancient Qing dynasty, which quotes many predecessors' works, such as Guo? "Huaiyin years jia apart? The poem "chanting lucky money" says: "red rope bronze penetration"; The preface to Wu Manyun's "Jiang Xiang Festival Ci" says: "Hanging customs, children celebrating the New Year, elders and money, always in red, put on the bed, called' lucky money'".
Seven, shou sui
Supporting the aged is one of the traditional customs of the Chinese nation. In the old society, it meant that on New Year's Eve, the whole family gathered by the fire in front of the lamp, drinking wine and delicacies, catching up with the old and bringing forth the new, and staying up all night. There are two sources: one is that people love life and cherish time, because after New Year's Eve, it means that a year has passed, and time is gone, which is a little reluctant; On the other hand, it is considered to be related to the prevention of the legendary "Nian beast" attack.
The custom of observing the age has a long history. Liang Zong of the Southern Dynasties wrote: "At the end of the year, home furniture and dishes were left in the old year to welcome the new year." Later generations noticed that "staying in the position of the times" means keeping the times. Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem, "Continue to urge the New Year candles in the Ming Dynasty and keep a long feast in the New Year". In the poem, "Candle urges old age" refers to "Candle keeps old age" (see Zhang Si's TuFeng Record clearly). It can be seen that what the ancients kept was actually a pair of "old candles". In this regard, Lu Gu in Qing Dynasty recorded it in detail in Jia Qinglu. He said that on New Year's Eve in Suzhou (which can also be said to represent the south of the Yangtze River), "double rafters are burned in the dormitory, and the night is endless, and bloom gives birth to good news, and the morning light shines red glory, which is called" the candle for keeping old ". "Double rafters" refers to a pair of big red candles, and the rafters are red and long, so they are used to describe big red candles. Look at the red candle knot and think that the candle flower will give good news; "Red glory" means red light, and candlelight should be connected with the morning light, indicating that candles burn all night.
The custom of observing age still exists today. On New Year's Eve, the family chatted about the past while drinking tea until late at night. At present, watching CCTV Spring Festival Gala programs has become a national fashion. Some young people call at home, or send text messages on their mobile phones, or send "Yi Meier" to relatives and friends to pay homage to their early years; There are also about three or five friends around the table to play poker games such as "upgrade" and "tractor" or leisure mahjong activities to celebrate the New Year.
VIII. Resignation
At midnight, every household will set off firecrackers, light lanterns and burn incense to welcome the New Year and usher in the New Year. This is called "resignation".
In recent years, due to the government's ban on setting off firecrackers during festivals, the annual bell of CCTV has replaced the firecrackers that many people like on the city's New Year's Eve and has become an old habit throughout the ages. However, in remote rural areas, there are still firecrackers at 0: 00 on New Year's Eve.
After the end of the old year, the curtain of the memorial activities on New Year's Eve is slowly falling, and people are eager to join the ranks of celebrating the "Lunar New Year"-the Spring Festival.
People in the yellow land attach great importance to festivals. There are many festivals in a year, but people are most concerned about the Spring Festival. Those who have worked hard for a year have added joy and hope to the new year. Every year when the twelfth lunar month comes, people start to get busy. Speaking of being busy, it's actually women who are busy. Busy with food and clothing, busy with washing, all the work must be done by the aunts themselves. Push the roller to press the cake noodles, catch up with grinding bean curd, donkey, steaming yellow steamed bread, brewing yellow wine, rolling noodles and frying oil cakes to prepare for the New Year's Eve dinner. During the Spring Festival, the whole family, old and young, should put on new clothes inside and outside. No matter how poor a family is, everyone should make a new coat. In addition, all bedding and clothes should be washed clean. There is also a custom to make "jujube cards" for children in the New Year. "Jujube brand" is to put red dates and straw with red lines on it, hang a copper coin on it, and hang a firecracker on the child's back. This is a mascot to ward off evil spirits. Here, I also saw some people put on the "thimble" for needlework with red thread and hang it around the child's neck. This is also the mascot of blessing, called "aging thimble". Add one every year until you are twelve.
It's New Year's Eve, and everything is ready, such as putting up couplets, playing vinegar and charcoal, hanging red lights and cleaning the courtyard. Playing vinegar charcoal is a unique custom, that is, putting a red-hot charcoal on an iron spoon and pouring vinegar on it. "Burning vinegar and charcoal" should be carried out in every corner of the house, which means exorcism. In fact, this is a scientific disinfection method. As night falls, the old man always worships God, burns incense and paper, and leads his curious grandchildren to kowtow. The older children are busy shooting and lighting the tower. The careful aunt put charcoal blocks and ice cubes by the door, and set up a rolling pin and a knife and axe behind the door. It is said that this is evil, and it is called "guarding the old" here. People always go to bed on New Year's Eve. Generally, the lights are not turned off at home all night, which indicates peace and longevity in the four seasons. Put some food in the pot, which is called "according to the pot", which means that there is no shortage of food for a year. Some old people can't sleep this night. They climbed to the top of the mountain quietly in the dark and looked east. This is called "Pintian". According to the old man, we can see the abundance of crops and the good and bad luck in the village from the colorful roads in Xiaotian this year. Whether it works or not, no one will delve into it. On the first day of the first month, people get up at dawn. The first thing to do is to open the door, that is, open the door. Then, the old people were busy meeting God and the Kitchen God. The children have gone out to pay a New Year call. Here is called "seeking health" to pay a New Year call. When the younger generation meets their elders, they should "greet", like "Grandpa is in good health!" "Grandma is strong!" The elder replied, "Be a good doll!" It means praising children's health and progress. This custom of greeting the New Year is not limited to children, but also applies to men who have married and adopted children, and it is also true when they meet their elders.
Yangko is a unique custom in northern Shaanxi. During the Spring Festival, every village organizes yangko teams to pay New Year greetings from door to door, which is commonly called "along the door". Yangko pays homage to God in the temple first, praying for good weather and abundant crops for a year, and then pays a New Year call to every household. Every time the Yangko team went to a family, the umbrella head touched the scene and improvised lyrics to bless the owner. For example, "When you enter the gate and look up, the six-hole stone kiln will be in full bloom, and the grain will be abundant, and people will be safe all year round."
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