Poems about the way ancient people sent messages

1. What are the ancient ways of transmitting messages?

my country is one of the first countries in the world to establish an organized information transmission system.

Information transmission has been recorded as early as the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago. Riding a horse to pass people by horse was an early form of organized communication.

The "Post Envoy" sculpture located in the square of Jiayuguan Railway Station is based on the mural tombs of the Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. The Post Envoy holds slips and documents in his hands, and the post horse is flying with all four legs in the air at a very fast speed. This brick mural was used as the theme pattern for small stamps by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation in 1982. This shows that Jiayuguan is one of the birthplaces of China's information culture.

The emergence of ancient information transmission is inseparable from the Great Wall, which is "five thousand years up and down and one hundred thousand miles across". The word "Great Wall" first appeared in the literature records of the Warring States Period.

In ancient times, there were different construction forms in different dynasties, so the names of this kind of defense projects were also different, such as: Le city, square city, fortress, temporary Luo, boundary moat, side wall, etc. In fact, The above all refer to the "Great Wall". In fact, the Great Wall in a broad sense refers to all the giant military engineering systems in ancient China. The basic principle followed in the construction process of the Great Wall in the past dynasties is to "adapt measures to local conditions and create obstacles according to dangers."

First, construct the project according to the terrain type. The second is to make full use of geographical natural dangers to defend against enemies.

The Great Wall is composed of walls as the main body, including city barriers, passes, barracks, guard posts, piers, beacons, and comprehensive functions such as observation and communication, forming the most rigorous military defense system in ancient times. Among them, the beacon tower located inside the Great Wall is an important part.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to prevent enemy invasion, the "beacon tunnel" was used as an emergency communication signal for border defense. There is a record in the ancient history book "Zhou Li": "On the passage from the frontier to the hinterland of each country, beacon towers were built at regular intervals, one after another, with oranges on the towers, and firewood on the heads of the oranges. When the enemy invades, the beacon towers set off fireworks one after another to convey the warning.

During the night warning, the watchmen light the firewood in the cage and raise it high, relying on the firelight to convey messages to the podium. , called "beacon". During the daytime warning, the firewood accumulated on the platform was lit to indicate urgency, which was called "sui". In order to make the smoke straight and not curved, so that it could be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolves. Dung replaced firewood, so it was also called Wolf Smoke.

The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that when the emperor raised beacons, the princes from all over the country must immediately lead troops to rescue and jointly resist the enemy. It can be seen that the implementation of the beacon system. This means that as early as the Zhou Dynasty, a large and complete military information contact network had emerged.

Chinese archaeologists obtained more than 30,000 Han Dynasty wooden slips through excavations in Juyan from 1972 to 1976. , and excavated beacon sites, which provide us with rich information about beacons in the Han Dynasty. According to the wooden slips, we can see that during the Han Dynasty, beacons were set up from the four counties of Hexi (now Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, and Dunhuang in Gansu Province) to Yanze. It is very large in scale and has extremely strict management. It is known as "the beacons are facing each other thousands of miles away". It is said that "one fire is five miles away, one pier is ten miles away, one castle is thirty miles away, and one city fort is one hundred miles away". The beacons are set off day and night, and smoke is released during the day. Fires are set off at night.

In addition, various codes are used to indicate the number of attacking enemies. If the enemy is less than 500 people, one beacon fire is set, and if the enemy is more than 500 miles away, two beacon fires are set off. The unearthed "Beacon Fire Products on the Fortress" records the regulations formulated by the imperial court at that time for warning the enemy and setting off beacon fire, namely the "Joint Defense Convention"

This article stipulates the different positions and number of people who should be attacked by the Huns. , time, intention, changes, weather abnormalities, etc., the types, quantities, delivery methods of each beacon fire, and how to correct errors, etc., even if the chief is sick and asks for leave, this kind of information must be approved by the superior. This method played a certain role in defending the border and resisting the enemy.

The beacon fire conveyed information very quickly. In 119 BC, generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led hundreds of thousands of troops to attack in separate directions. The beacon fire was used as a signal to march. In just one day, the signal was spread from Hexi to Liaodong, which was thousands of miles away. Due to the rapid and timely response of the beacon fire alarm, it was still used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Yantai City in Shandong Province got its name because the Ming Dynasty set up a beacon tower there to prevent Japanese pirates from invading.

Although beacon fire conveys military information quickly, it cannot fully express the profound and complex military content. With the development of society and political and military needs, the communication method that relies on animal power to transmit information gradually takes a dominant position, forming a newer method of transmitting official documents. It is used in conjunction with the strict relay system and beacon alarm.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to meet the needs of communication between the Zhou king and the princes, a post station was set up every 30 miles on the road, equipped with excellent horses and carriages, and was specially responsible for delivering official documents, receiving officials and transporting goods. wait. Confucius once said: "The popularity of virtue spreads faster than orders sent by post."

This means that the moral doctrine he advocated spread faster than orders sent by post. It can be seen that the postal communication at that time was not only quite complete, but also very fast.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, a complete set of relay system was formed. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents to be delivered were divided into levels, and documents of different levels were delivered by special persons and horses in the specified order and time.

The sending and receiving of these documents must be registered, and the time must be noted to clarify responsibilities. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the relay industry achieved unprecedented development.

The official mail transportation line of the Tang Dynasty centered on the capital Chang'an and radiated in all directions, reaching directly to the border areas. There was a post station approximately 30 miles away. According to the "Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty", at its peak, there were 1,639 post stations across the country, with more than 20,000 people specializing in post services, including 17,000 post soldiers.

There are three types of postal posts: land post, water post, and waterway combined post. Each post station has a post house, equipped with post horses, post donkeys, post boats and post fields. The Tang Dynasty also had clear regulations on the itinerary of postal stations. A fast horse in Luyi could travel 6 stations or 180 miles a day, and it would go up to 300 miles a day. The fastest requirement was 500 miles a day; people on foot could travel 50 miles a day; when sailing against the current, the river The length of travel is 40 miles, the length of the river is 50 miles, and the rest is 60 miles; when traveling along the river, the limit is 100 to 150 miles.

The poet Cen Shen wrote in the poem "On the way to Longshan for the first time, I submitted a letter to the judge": "One post passed by another, and the post riders were like stars; they left Xianyang in the early morning, and the curtain reached the head of Longshan." Here he compares Yiqi to a shooting star.

On November 9, the 14th year of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled in Fan Yang. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in the Huaqing Palace, and the two places were three thousand miles apart. Within 6 days, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty knew the news, and the transmission speed reached 500 miles per day.

It can be seen that the organization and speed of postal communication in the Tang Dynasty have reached a very high level. Song Dynasty. 2. The ancient people’s method of transmitting messages

The ancient people’s method of transmitting information. Specific substitutes (1) Knotting.

Knotting knots to record events is a common primitive method of information transmission. The practice of tying knots to record events in ancient Chinese society has been described in many history books. The Book of Changes records: "In ancient times, people tied knots to rule, and later generations of sages Yi It is written and deeded. All officials are in charge, and all the people are in charge. ""Zhuangzi" records: "In the past, the Rongcheng family...the Zhurong family, the Fuxi family, and the Shennong family were all at that time. "History of the North" also mentioned: "hunting is a profession, simplicity is a custom, and it is simple, not for writing, just carving wood and tying ropes."

The method of tying ropes is here. It has been widely used in ancient Chinese history and has a long history. Taiwan's Gaoshan people record dates by tying a number of knots according to the number of days and untying one knot every night.

The Tibetan Lhoba people cut a knot with a knife every day. Cutting to the last knot indicates the expiration date, and untying the knot indicates the date of the appointment. When people from Dulong, Yunnan go out alone, they often tie a hemp rope around their waist and tie a knot once a day to record the number of days they have left.

When two people have a dispute, the Yao people often get a decision in front of the leader. The method is that the disputants each hold a rope, and whoever tells a reason will tie a knot until he has finished speaking. There are many knots in the rope. The one who wins the case wins. In class society, the tradition of knotting was also inherited by merchants and changed in form and use.

In shops, hotels, teahouses and merchant stalls, various banners or signboards are often decorated with various ornaments, strung with ropes, and decorated with silk and colorful strips. Fabrics, beads or rows of various materials, and many unique shapes are also available, which are made of knotted and woven hemp ropes. Here, rope knots become a new medium for delivering advertising messages.

(2) Carved wood. Engraved wood is another symbolic language.

Historical books have also recorded the historical facts of wood carvings in various parts of our country. For example, the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" records, "If the adults have a call, they will carve wood as a letter." Although there is no writing, they dare not violate it. .

"Lingwai Daida" also records: "The Yao people have no writing, so their offer is carved on two wooden boards. People hold one of them and keep it with great faith."

"Yunnan Tengyue Prefecture Chronicle" also records Mentioned: "The Yi people have a custom of borrowing money on credit and making financial arrangements. They don't know the writing, so they only use wood carvings as symbols, and each holds half of it. If they pay as promised, they will get nothing." The custom of carving wood as a record is in In the process of commodity production and exchange, it evolved into the inscription of official workers or the marking of celebrity goods, that is, the names of official workers or celebrities were stamped on the goods sold.

If you go back further, carved wood can even be regarded as the source of product trademarks and label advertising. (3) Wolf smoke.

During the Spring and Autumn Period of our country, there are records of using firelight and beacon smoke to convey military warnings. After Qin Shihuang, a beacon tower was built every ten miles on the Great Wall, using dry wolf dung as fuel. After it was lit, the fire and smoke would rise into the sky, and emergency warnings could be sent to far away places.

The sentence in the ancient poem "The sun sets on the flat sand in the west of the desert, the stars on the Long Mountain rise and fall again; the beacon fire can be seen from several places on the isolated mountain, and the strong men's camp is waiting for the drums", which is the true application of this primitive information transmission method. Portrait. This kind of communication media was also used in the business activities of merchants in ancient society. For example, in different periods, there are records of night-walking caravans and caravans "raising fire as a signal."

(4) Drums. The original information transmission method affects both vision and hearing.

The information transmission that affects hearing is mainly carried out with the help of sound communication tools, among which signal drums are the most common. The cowhide wooden drum of the Jinuo people in my country is made by hollowing out both ends of a thick tree, then tying it with furry cowhide, hanging it on the tree and beating it with a wooden mallet. During the New Year, when the drum is heard, men and women gather together. Young people gathered together, singing and dancing.

(5) Bamboo number. The Nu people in my country use bamboo trumpets to spread information during funerals, and announce the funeral to the whole village by blowing different numbers of bamboo trumpets.

The number of bamboo trumpets increases or decreases according to the status of the deceased: one bamboo trumpet is played for the unmarried deceased, two for the married, and five or six for the elderly and the leader. After hearing the news, the tribe members rushed to the deceased's house and brought eggs to express their condolences.

Entering the class society, with the differentiation of merchants and merchants, merchants walked through the streets and alleys, creating a variety of information dissemination tools such as blowing, playing, playing and singing. For example, merchants in the Han Dynasty played flutes and sold sugar candies. records. (6) Audio equipment.

The pottery bells and pottery xun unearthed from the Miaodigou site in my country's Neolithic Age, and the three-hole pottery xun from the Jiangzhai site all have the function of producing music. After entering class society, with the development of commodity production and commodity exchange, the forms of sound advertising have become increasingly rich and colorful. Various utensils in daily life may become the communication media of sound advertising, such as bowls and lamps that are closely related to daily life. , pots, etc., and entertainment-related flutes, harps, harps, drums, gongs, etc., have also become tools for transmitting advertising information.

For the purpose of advertising, many businessmen also specially made rattles and utensils to express the characteristics of the industry. Typical examples include the rattles of the shopkeepers, the tweezers and forks used by the barbers, and the copper forks used by the knife sharpeners. Making clapper boards, etc. The widespread use of specific substitutes shows that the methods and approaches of advertising communication have changed greatly.

With the frequency of communication activities and the advancement of communication technology, people are borrowing all available tools or objects to deliver advertising messages more effectively and more targetedly. The richness of media forms enables human advertising to spread over a wider area and convey richer ideas, culture and business information.

2. Life substitutes (1) Cursive mark. Also called grass mustard.

This is a naturally growing thing, but when it is inserted into an item for sale or for sale, it has a symbolic meaning. In different historical periods of ancient Chinese society, grass mustard was used in everything from daily necessities to poor families selling their children due to hunger and cold.

"Water Margin" has mentioned straw marks many times. The most famous one is the record about Yang Zhi selling knives: "Yang Zhi took the sword that day, inserted the straw mark, and put it on the market for sale." The grass mark here has the function of advertising media.

(2) Grain ears, fences, and wickers. It often appears in front of restaurants in rural areas. Hanging it randomly in front of the door or on the fence not only serves as a sign, but also shows the simplicity and hospitality of the store. Small fences and wickers can immediately bring the store closer. The distance between customers, businesses and passers-by is also a low-cost advertising medium with excellent communication effects.

(3) Bottles, scoops and brooms.

The straw broom is also called "grass brush", "grass pole" and "broomstick".

After the Song Dynasty, after the market restrictions were broken, shops could not only be opened in residential areas, but also in markets and countryside. As an advertising logo, straw brooms often appear in restaurants and restaurants. There are many records of these things in the literature of the Song Dynasty. Hong Mai of the Song Dynasty. 3. What are the methods of communication used by the ancients

1. Beacon fire to convey military information

"Beacon fire" is a communication method used to transmit border military information in ancient my country. It began in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Extending to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they have been familiar with each other for thousands of years, among which the scale of the beacon fire organization in the Han Dynasty was especially large. On the heights of border defense military fortresses or transportation hubs, high platforms are built at regular intervals, commonly known as beacon towers, also known as beacons, piers, smoke piers, etc. There was a garrison on the high platform waiting for the enemy to invade. During the day, firewood was burned to raise the alarm with "burnt smoke", and at night, firewood was burned to raise the alarm with "beacon" (light of fire). When one tower lights up beacon smoke, neighboring towers will also light up their fires one after another when they see it. They will pass it from tower to tower, thousands of miles away, in order to achieve the purpose of reporting the enemy's situation, dispatching troops and generals, seeking reinforcements, and defeating the enemy.

2. "Hongyan Chuan Shu"

The allusion of "Hongyan Chuan Shu" comes from the story of "Su Wu Shepherding Sheep" in "Hanshu Biography of Su Wu". According to records, in the first year of the Han Dynasty (100 BC), the envoy of the Han Dynasty, Zhonglang Jiang Su Wu, was detained by the Shanyu, the Marquis of Tutankhamun. He was brave and unyielding, and the Shanyu exiled him to Beihai (today's Baikal). Lake) Shepherding sheep in no man's land. Nineteen years later, Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and the Han Dynasty reconciled and got married. Envoys from the Han Dynasty came to threaten Su Wu and demanded that Su Wu be released. However, the Chanyu refused and could not say so, so he lied and claimed that Su Wu was dead. Later, Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty sent another envoy to Jinnu. Chang Hui, the deputy envoy who went to Jinnu with Su Wu and was detained, secretly met with the Han envoy one night with the help of the jailer and told the Han envoy about Su Wu's situation. , and came up with a plan to ask the Han envoy to tell Shan Yu: "When the emperor of the Han Dynasty was hunting in Shanglin Garden, he shot a wild goose, and tied to his foot was a letter written on silk, which said that Su Wu was not dead. , but in a large swamp." After hearing this, the Han envoy was very happy and blamed Shan Yu according to Chang Hui's words. Chanyu was greatly surprised after hearing this, but could not deny it, so he had to let Su Wu go.

3. Fish transmits rulers

In ancient Chinese poetry, fish is regarded as the messenger of letters, and the words "fish", "fish book", "carp", " "Double Carp" and so on are used as a proxy for letters. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin wrote in his poem "Send to Linghu Langzhong": "Songyun Qin Shu has been away for a long time, and the two carps are far apart and have a piece of paper." In ancient times, people often used silk to write letters. In the Tang Dynasty, weaving became more popular Letters were written on silk from Jie Dao. Since people in the Tang Dynasty often wrote letters on silk one foot long, letters were also called "Chi Su" ("Su" refers to white raw silk). Because when sending letters, people often form the ruler into the shape of two carps, so there is a saying by Li Shangyin that "two carps are far away and a letter is written on paper". Obviously, the "double carp" here are not really two carp, but just the ruler element forming the shape of a double carp.

4. Bluebird Biography

According to the ancient Chinese book "The Classic of Mountains and Seas", there are three bluebirds, named Zhaolan and Ziyan (there is also a bluebird) (The author has not found the name), they are followers and messengers of the Queen Mother of the West. They can fly across thousands of mountains and rivers to deliver messages, delivering good news of auspiciousness, happiness and joy to the world. It is said that the Queen Mother of the West once wrote a letter to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The Queen Mother of the West sent a blue bird to deliver the letter, and the Blue Bird delivered the letter of the Queen Mother of the West to the Chenghua Hall of the Han Palace. In later myths, the blue bird gradually evolved into the Phoenix, the king of birds.

5. Huang Er Chuan Shu

There is no clear statement yet about the exact start time of pigeons delivering letters, but as early as the Tang Dynasty, pigeons were already very common. . There is a record of "passing pigeons" in Wang Renyu of the Five Dynasties in "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao": "When Zhang Jiuling was a boy, his family raised a group of pigeons. Whenever he corresponded with relatives and friends, he would only tie the pigeons' feet with books and fly according to the instructions. "Jiuling Mu is a flying slave, which is surprising to everyone at that time." Zhang Jiuling was a politician and poet in the Tang Dynasty. He not only used carrier pigeons to deliver letters, but also gave the carrier pigeons a beautiful name - "Flying slaves." . Since then, in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, pigeons have always played an important role in people's communication life.

7. Kite Communication

Legend has it that as early as the late Spring and Autumn Period, Gongshu Pan (Lu Ban), a craftsman from the state of Lu, imitated the shape of a bird, "cutting bamboo wood to make a magpie, and then it flew." , three days without falling." This flying "wooden magpie" made of bamboo and wood is the predecessor of the kite. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun invented papermaking technology. People used bamboo strips to make frames and then papered them to become "paper kites". In the Five Dynasties, when people were making paper kites, they tied a bamboo whistle on them. When the wind blew the bamboo whistle, it sounded like a kite, and the word "kite" came from this.

8. Bamboo tubes to pass messages

The story of bamboo tubes to pass messages can be told from the eleventh year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (590). In November of that year, people all over the south began to A rebellion broke out. In order to quell the rebellion and stabilize the country, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty issued an urgent edict, appointing Yang Su as the commander-in-chief of the march and leading the army to crusade.

Yang Su led the navy to cross the river and enter the south of the Yangtze River. At the same time, he assigned Shi Wansui, the commander-in-chief of the march, to lead an army of 2,000 people and cross the mountains and ridges to penetrate behind the rebels to launch an attack. ...One day, Shi Wansui stood on the top of the mountain and looked into the wind. He saw the dense bamboo forest in front of him dancing in waves with the wind. He suddenly realized something and immediately sent someone to cut a section of bamboo and put the war report in it Go in, seal it, put it in the water, and let it float down. A few days later, a villager who carried water saw the bamboo tube, salvaged it, opened it, and found the report sealed by Shi Wansui inside. He followed the instructions on the report and delivered it to Yang Su. ...Then, Yang Su led a large force and continued to pursue the anti-Sui stragglers in pursuit of the victory. It didn't take long to completely put down the rebellion. 4. The way ancient people sent messages

Hello!

How did ancient people deliver messages?

Drumming: In ancient my country and Africa, drumming was the earliest and most convenient way to send messages. Africans used large drums made of logs to transmit sounds as far as three or four kilometers away.

Beacon Tower: A military communication facility built to prevent enemy invasion. In case of enemy situation, smoke is emitted during the day and lighted at night. The towers are connected to each other to transmit messages.

Flying Pigeon to send messages: Bundle the message on the pigeon’s leg and send the message to the destination through the carrier pigeon.

Horse riding: passing through the inn. Post station: also known as "Postal Station", it was a place where people delivering official documents or officials could rest and change carriages and horses on the way in ancient times. According to records, in the Zhou Dynasty of China, buildings were set up on traffic thoroughfares to provide food and accommodation for passing officials and post envoys. The post post has a history of more than 3,000 years, but there are not many remaining sites and cultural relics. 5. Methods of transmitting messages (ancient, modern and contemporary)

The ancients mainly used the following methods to transmit messages: flying pigeons, beacons, fast horses, secret signals, sign language, letters, flags, etc.

Mainly include flying bird biography (flying pigeon biography, Hongyan biography, flying goose biography), Yi Zhuan (quick horse whip), beacon fire, wolf smoke, flag language, light (three dozen Zhujiazhuang, Kongming lantern), etc. etc.

Our country is one of the first countries in the world to establish an organized information delivery system. As early as the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, information transmission has been recorded. Riding a horse to pass people by horse was an early form of organized communication. The "Post Envoy" sculpture located in the square of Jiayuguan Railway Station is based on the mural tombs of the Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. The post envoy holds slips and documents in his hands, and the post horse is flying with all four legs in the air at a very fast speed. This brick mural was used by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation in 1982 as the theme pattern for the small stamps of "Playing with the Princes by Beacon Fire", "We Victory", and "Letter in a Bottle". From this, it can be seen that Jiayuguan is one of the birthplaces of Chinese information culture with "The Beacon Fire Plays on the Princes", "We Victory" and "Letter in a Bottle".

The emergence of ancient information transmission is inseparable from the Great Wall, which is "five thousand years up and down and one hundred thousand miles across". The word "Great Wall" first appeared in the literature records of the Warring States Period. In ancient times, different dynasties had different construction forms, so the names of this kind of defense projects were also different, such as: Lecheng, Fangcheng, Sai, Jiuluo, boundary moat, side wall, etc., which actually all refer to the "Great Wall". In fact, the Great Wall in a broad sense refers to all the giant military engineering systems in ancient China.

Beacon communication

As far back as the Zhou Dynasty, my country had the method of transmitting information through beacons. As a primitive means of sound and light communication, beacons served ancient military wars. From the border to the capital and the border defense line, beacon towers were built at regular intervals.

Firewood is stored inside. When the enemy invades, beacon fires are lit one after another to alarm. When the princes see the beacon fire, they immediately send troops to help and resist the enemy.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to prevent enemy invasion, the "beacon tunnel" was used as an emergency communication signal for border defense. There is a record in the ancient history book "Zhou Li": "On the passage from the frontier to the hinterland of each country, beacon towers were built at regular intervals, one after another, with oranges on the towers, and firewood on the heads of the oranges. When the enemy invades, the beacon towers will set off fireworks one after another to send warnings. At night, the watchmen will light the firewood in the cage and raise it high, and use the firelight to send messages to the podium, which is called a "beacon". During the daytime warning, the firewood accumulated on the platform was lit to indicate urgency, which was called "sui". In order to make the smoke straight and unbent so that it could be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolf dung instead of firewood, so it was also called "sui". Also known as Wolf Smoke. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that the emperor must immediately lead troops to rescue and resist the enemy together. It can be seen that the implementation of the beacon system means that there was a large and complete system as early as the Zhou Dynasty. Military Information Contact Network