How many types of flanker fighters did China import from Russia?

1992 Russia delivered the first batch of Su-27s to China, including 20 SK and 4 UBK.

These fighters use the Su -27 standard SUV-27 fire control system and are equipped as follows:

RLPK-27 radar, using 0 1E antenna.

OEPS-27E photoelectric tracking system

ILS-3 1 head-up display

Shchel-3UM helmet sight

TS 100 fire computer

SEI-27 data link system

(Soviet-Russian military electronic naming system: SUV is the code name of airborne integrated fire control system, RLPK is the code name of radar system, and what we often say is actually the number of radar antennas, and E stands for export type).

The fire control system of Su -27 has a searching distance of 80- 100 km and a tracking distance of 60-70km (RCS = 3m2) for fighter targets. It can track 10 targets at the same time, but it can only attack 1 targets at the same time due to the ability of data processing hardware/software.

Although Su -27 is also equipped with early data link, due to its data processing ability and transmission speed, it can only transmit simple information such as target course and scheduled interception point to peer friendly aircraft.

China's Su -27SK and Russian Air Force's Su -27SK avionics systems are basically the same (including L006 radar warning machine), but the active jammers with confidentiality are different: Su -27SK is L005 and Su -27SK is L203/L204, which is also a common example of military aircraft export in the world.

The second and third batches of Su-27s

1996 Russian delivered the second batch of Su-27s to China, including 16 SK and six UBK.

Compared with the first batch of Su -27SK, the improvement of these Su -27SK is that its radar adopts NO0 1P antenna, which improves the accuracy of TWS and can attack two targets at the same time. A737 has been added to the integrated navigation system.

GPS system.

After 2000, the third batch of 28 Su -27UBK was delivered one after another, and its equipment was basically the same as that of the second batch of Su -27SK. In addition, it is said that the fire control system has limited ability to attack the ground, and can guide каб-500L/KR, Kh-29T and other precision-guided weapons. But there is no actual configuration.

Modification of Su -27

According to foreign media, in 200 1 year, China purchased 20 sets of passive phased array antennas and transmitters of ZHUK-MS radar with NO 10M passive phased array antennas from Russian NIIR company for refitting Su -27 fighter. Its transmitter has a peak value of 6 kW and an average power of 1.5 kW. The head-on search distance for the 5 m2 air target is 140- 150km. The rear-end search distance is 55-60 kilometers respectively. It has 16 working frequencies, and can accurately track 12 targets and attack 4 targets at the same time. This will greatly improve the air combat capability of the Su -27.

Please note that this is the passive phased array version of Hayabusa, not the Sokol active phased array version that is still being tested. And the news has not been confirmed.

Su -27SMK

In 1990s, China purchased the production license of Su -27 from Russia. According to the report of that year, the model recommended by Russia to China is the single-seat multi-purpose Su -27SMK, which mainly strengthens the ground attack capability of Su -27, and its improvements mainly include;

ZHUK-27 fire control radar is adopted.

Vitrified cockpit with MFI-68 multi-function display

Strengthen the fuselage structure to adapt to the increase of bomb load and oil quantity

Two pylons with a load of 2000 kg are added to the wing, which can mount large air-to-ground weapons.

It is equipped with weapons such as P-77E air-to-air missile and Kh-59ME air-to-air missile.

Installation of aerial refueling system

But China finally didn't accept this plan. Modern air combat brings a lot of workload to pilots, and it is often very hectic for a single person to control airborne electronic equipment and airborne weapons (especially ground-to-ground weapons). Long-term blank space caused by long voyage is also easy to fatigue pilots, which is not conducive to coping with complex combat situations. Therefore, fighters and bombers need to join a second pilot, also known as a weapon controller, who is responsible for operating various fire control systems such as radar and communication on the aircraft and launching attacks with weapons. Another pilot is in charge of specific navigation control and self-defense air combat. This also gave birth to Su -30MKK on the basis of this scheme.

The first and second batches of Su -30 s

The first and second batches of Su -30MKK were delivered from 2000 to 2003, with a total of 76 aircraft.

The fire control system of Su -30MKK consists of two parts: SUV-VEP air-to-air fire control system and SUV-P air-to-ground fire control system. The fire control system of SUV-P is a newly added part of Su -30MKK, and its main task is to ensure that fighters can detect ground/sea targets. Identification and strike, SUV-P air-to-ground fire control precision guidance system and SUV-VEP share detection equipment, but the processing methods are different. It can communicate with precision guided weapons in broadband, and can display the target data attacked by precision guided weapons and the navigation data of weapons on four displays in the cockpit. SUV-P is also combined with the TV guidance device in the airborne photoelectric pod to launch TV guidance weapons such as Kh-59ME.

The system is mainly equipped with:

RLPK-27 radar system, equipped with NO0 1VE antenna.

OEPS-30E-MK photoelectric tracking system

MVK fire control computer

1553B data bus

TKS-2 high-speed data link

NO0 1V series radar antenna is a multi-purpose radar antenna with air-to-ground/sea detection function in Su -27 series airborne radar that has been finalized and put into use in Russia. It can provide a complete air-to-ground mode, including DBS, SAR and GMIT.

Russia is refitting the existing Su -27 with NO0/KOOC-0/V radar antenna, and the head-on search distance for fighter size target (RCS3m2) is/KOOC-0/35-/KOOC-0/50km. The NO0 1VE antenna used by Su -30MKK is a simplified exit type of NO0 1V, with a head-on search distance of only 80- 100 km and a backward search distance of 40 km. When using air-to-air TWS mode, it can track 10 targets at most, and guide two RVV-AE (export model of P-77 active radar guided medium-range air-to-air missile) to attack two targets at the same time. The airborne fire control computer has the ability to guide six missiles at the same time, but it needs to replace the radar antenna with phased array.

TKS-2 (Russian name R098) tactical encryption high-speed data link can support the joint operation of 16 formation. It can fully support Su -30MKK to carry out joint networking operations and realize information sharing within the formation. For example, the formation radar can be turned on alternately to interfere with the other party's electronic reconnaissance system. The wingman can carry out a "covert" attack without turning on the radar at all, that is, the captain provides the wingman with fire control data, and the wingman uses these data to conduct radio command and guidance on the launched missiles.

It has an efficient and high-speed data link, which greatly improves the information perception and sharing ability of Su -30MKK. From aircraft and single-machine confrontation to system confrontation, it lays the foundation for getting out of the network-centric warfare that is in line with China's reality.

Generally speaking, the avionics system of Su -30MKK has basically reached the level comparable to that of western advanced fighters, and the combat troops have realized the transformation from individual combat to system combat.

The third batch of Su -30 s

The first and second batches of Su -30MKK are still in MK- 1 standard. Since the beginning of this year, China Naval Air Force has received 24 Su -30MKK with MK-2 standard.

Russian media said that compared with Su -30MKK, Su -30MKK installed 150 sets of new equipment, including air-to-ground weapon control system, fire control system, optical locator, radio reconnaissance device, video recording system, helmet sight, TV guidance equipment, etc. , with stronger target recognition and indication ability.

The radar adopts antenna NO0 1VEP, and the detection distance to air is slightly increased to 90- 1 10 km, which increases the radar air-to-ground channel and can attack two ground targets at the same time. The use of air-to-ground weapons has been further expanded. It can guide extended-range Kh-59MK and Kh-3 1A anti-ship missiles. It is said that Su -30MK2 has successfully completed the missile launch test for low-resolution targets at sea. However, these radars will still be simplified versions of NO0 1V of the Russian Air Force, and some of the most sensitive technologies, such as tracking range enhancement and multi-target resolution, will be omitted.

As an enhancement to the precision strike mission of Su -30MKK, Su-30K2 will be equipped with SAPSAN-E forward-looking infrared/laser target indicator pod developed by Ural Optical Instrument Consortium. The pod is 3 meters long, 0.39 meters in diameter and weighs about 250 kilograms. It is equipped with a TV camera, a laser rangefinder, a target illuminator and a laser spot azimuth detector. It can provide fighters with the ability to search, track and lock ground/sea targets; Control the launch of precision guided weapons; Auxiliary navigation and air-to-air auxiliary tracking, etc.

The working pitch angle of the working head is+10 degree to-15 degree, and the rolling angle is+180 degree. In this way, when the plane flies in a large maneuver, it still has enough ability to ensure that the target is locked in the field of vision. Before this pod was equipped, the Su -30MKK's precise attack on the ground was completed by OEPS-30 mkk-E (also produced by Ural Optical Instrument Consortium). Although it has the ability to search and track large ground targets such as airports and command centers, it is not enough for small maneuvering targets such as vehicles. The equipment of Falcon-э will effectively improve the attack power of Su -30MK2.

Su -30MK2 will also have the M400 reconnaissance pod developed by Dome Design Bureau (installed between the air intakes of two engines). This large pod can be loaded with various sensors including airborne synthetic aperture radar, TV, infrared device and long-distance tilt camera, including:

Synthetic aperture radar, the plane search distance can reach 100 km, and the accuracy can reach 2 meters.

TV/infrared scanner, the search distance can reach 70km, and the accuracy can reach 0.3m..

Long-range tilt camera, the combat distance can also reach 70 kilometers, and the accuracy is 0.4 meters.

M400 system can accurately lock targets such as sea surface and provide target search assistance for long-range attack weapons. Its information can not only be shared in the formation through the data link, but also be transmitted to the ground command post.

In short, Su -30MK2 will have sufficient anti-ship capability and limited all-weather ground combat capability.

The legendary "Su -30MK3"

According to the usual statement, the airborne radar will be upgraded after Russian delivered all Su -30MKK fighter-bombers ordered by China Air Force. Russia will replace Su -30MKK with the world's most advanced airborne active phased array radar. At this stage, Su -30MKK will be in the MK-3 standard.

However, the specific model of the radar has not yet been determined, and there are different opinions. Moreover, due to the shortage of Russian military funds, the relevant design bureaus have to frequently launch various products to explore the international market, which makes the corresponding relationship between radar numbers and names quite confusing. We will explain the details in the attachment.

At present, two kinds of radars being promoted in Russia are ZHUK-MSFE (Hayabusa) with SOKOL active phased array antenna by NIIR and RLSU-27 (Panda) with Pero active phased array antenna by NIIP. However, both Hayabusa and Panda are still in the experimental flight stage, and it is too early to discuss who will be carried on the Su -30MKK.

The prototype of Zucker -MSFE radar with Sokol active phased array antenna was exhibited for the first time at the Moscow Air Show in 20001year. In the distributed materials, it is claimed that it will be developed into a series: an improved Su -27 series with an antenna diameter of 980mm (called "Hayabusa") and a MiG -29 series with an antenna diameter of 700mm (called "Pharaoh"). Judging from common sense, Zhuke -MSFE is likely to have a model with an antenna diameter exceeding 1000mm to compete for the forward-looking main radar of Russian next-generation fighters.

The 980mm active phased array Hayabusa is currently being tested on the prototype No.502 of Russian Su -30MKK, and its performance will be improved compared with the passive phased array version: about 1000 X-band T/R modules are integrated, with a peak power of 8kW and an average power of 2kW, and the scanning and pitching range reaches +56 ~-40. The frontal detection range of fighter targets is increased to 170- 180 km, and the tail tracking detection range is 60-80 km, which can track 30 targets and attack 6 of them at the same time.

It is estimated that Hayabusa will not be finalized and equipped until after 2006. It is estimated that the "panda" will be at least until 2008. This is not surprising. The RBE-2 used in French gust is still passive phased array radar, and the typhoon in western Europe is even using Doppler radar ECR-90. It is estimated that the AMSAR active phased array jointly developed by Marconi, Thomson and Daimler Aerospace will not be replaced until after 2006 at the earliest.

In any country's arms commercial export, the problem of "monkey type" will always exist, but the degree varies with geographical relations.

Even in allies with close cooperation, before the technology of self-use equipment is fully mature and can be installed in troops, this technology is often used to manufacture export-oriented weapons with a slightly lower grade and sell them to allies, and the allies will complete the technical verification and use verification; Or simply continue to improve the performance of successful export-oriented weapons and develop them into weapons of our own troops. This can avoid risks and share development costs. Aren't FC- 1 fighters and 85 series tanks similar examples?

And the real key technology will not be easily sold, and no one will easily take it out and share it with others. Therefore, we should treat the international arms trade with a mature attitude, and don't be overjoyed when manufacturers say that Su -30MKK is the most advanced, and extremely annoyed when they hear shortcomings.