Kneel for three authoritative books on giant pandas

The giant panda is an ancient animal, which is called "living fossil" by zoologists. Its contemporaries, such as the saber-toothed tiger, have long been extinct and become fossils. The giant panda is distributed in northern Sichuan, Shaanxi and southern Gansu, and it is a protected animal in China.

The giant panda, also known as' panda', is a kind of mammal. It is fat, looks like a bear but slightly smaller, has a short tail, and its eyes, ears, front and rear limbs and shoulders are black, while the rest are white. Thick and shiny, cold-resistant. I like to eat bamboo leaves and bamboo shoots.

Bamboo in the living area of giant pandas once blossomed and died in a large area, threatening the survival of giant pandas. The whole world is very concerned about the rescue and transfer of the rare animal giant panda.

Babies are very young, generally only 100.

Gram weight, the smallest is only more than 50 grams, the largest.

Only over 200 grams. With such a small weight,

Only about one thousandth of mother's. )

Up to now, the almost extinct giant pandas in more than 200 countries and regions in the world can only be found in the deep forests of China, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu. At present, the total number of giant pandas in the world is only below 1000, and the number is still decreasing.

According to scientific statistics, 78% of female giant pandas are infertile, and 90% of male giant pandas are infertile, which brings many difficulties to the breeding of giant pandas.

In zoology, giant pandas belong to the order Carnivora. According to research, the ancient names of giant pandas are tapir, tapir, and panda. From the pre-resurrection period of more than 2 million years ago to the middle and late resurrection period of 6.5438+0 million years ago, giant pandas have been widely distributed in the southern half of China, forming a giant panda-saber-toothed elephant fauna; Nowadays, many species in this fauna have been extinct, but the giant panda has survived, so the giant panda is called a "living fossil".

What is the reproductive ability of giant pandas?

Giant pandas have gone from prosperity to extinction in millions of years. The reason is not only the deterioration of the external environment, but also the problem of its own fertility.

According to the long-term study of anatomy, histology, physiology and endocrinology of giant pandas by relevant experts, the reproductive function of giant pandas is extremely low. Due to genetic and environmental reasons, the reproductive system of many giant pandas is seriously underdeveloped, and the reproductive endocrine function of adults is disordered, and they cannot ovulate or ovulate normally, or even become infertile for life.

Giant pandas like to live alone and only want to have contact with the opposite sex after estrus. Female giant pandas are in heat only once a year, so they are very selective. Unless they meet Prince Charming, they won't throw hydrangeas. In the wild, male animals often have to compete through cruel fighting, and the final winner can win the favor of female animals. If there are not enough excellent males in a small population, it will obviously greatly reduce the chances of normal mating between males and females and reduce the pregnancy rate after mating.

Most of the cubs of giant pandas are singletons, and even if they give birth to twins, they can only raise one. Giant panda cubs are very fragile, and they are easy to die due to nutritional deficiency, disease, bad weather or natural enemies.

Female giant pandas seldom eat during pregnancy and lactation, and are extremely tired and exhausted because of feeding their young alone, which has a great impact on their health and longevity. After breastfeeding, the mother will continue to raise her children and teach them various feeding and survival skills. In this case, the mother animal will instinctively "restrain" herself, stop estrus and suspend childbearing until her child grows up and flies away.

The wild habitat of giant pandas is severely isolated into small areas, but they must monopolize a large territory to ensure their survival, so the number of giant pandas that can be accommodated in small habitats is very limited. If the population is too small, it will inevitably lead to inbreeding, reduce genetic diversity and cause the overall degradation of genetic performance, fecundity and viability.

Artificial breeding of giant pandas can reduce the harm of natural enemies and diseases in the wild, ensure nutrient supply and eliminate the invasion of bad weather. In addition, it can greatly improve the reproductive ability of giant pandas: through reasonable pairing, inbreeding can be avoided intentionally and reproductive and genetic functions can be improved; Through artificial insemination, the chances of mating can be increased and the pregnancy rate can be improved; Through careful nursing and adequate nutrition supply to the mother, the survival rate of larvae, especially twins, can be improved, and their normal development can be promoted, which is also beneficial to the health of the mother, so that she can quickly recover her physical strength and prepare for the next delivery. Years of practice have proved that artificial breeding and ex situ conservation of giant pandas are one of the important strategies to save giant pandas.

Are giant pandas "herbivores"?

Giant pandas mainly feed on bamboo, and it seems that they should be classified as "herbivores" in terms of feeding habits. But according to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of digestive tract and the viewpoint of species evolution, they are all carnivores. In scientific classification, giant pandas belong to mammals and carnivores. You see, such a lovely giant panda is a big family with tigers, leopards, jackals and other wild animals. The ancestor of the giant panda is a veritable carnivore: it has sharp and developed canine teeth, short intestines and digestive physiological characteristics of carnivores, and the giant panda still retains these characteristics of its ancestors during its evolution. Just because the living environment has changed a lot, they have to adapt to the environment to survive. Gradually, they retired to the depths of the bamboo forest, adapted to the bamboo with low nutrition and low digestibility, and lived a recluse life without competition. As a result, the modern giant panda has become a "carnivore" who eats grass. In fact, in the evolutionary history of carnivorous families, many people changed their eating habits with the change of environment. Have bears that are very close to giant pandas also become omnivores?

The world influence of giant pandas

100 for more than a year, in the western world, from 1869, when the French priest David discovered the giant panda in China, to the 1930s, when Mrs. harkness exhibited the giant panda "Su Lin", and then to 1972, when US President Nixon visited China, China presented the giant panda as a national gift-the panda craze in the world became more and more popular, and the giant panda became famous all over the world. A Soviet zoologist praised: "The giant panda is a unique real treasure in the wild animal world, and it is a very beautiful, unconventional and amazing animal."

The giant panda is a rare animal on the verge of extinction.

After a long historical development, the giant panda can survive to this day, which shows its tenacious vitality. However, due to the adverse impact of historical development factors, it is now in an endangered state. Among all kinds of unfavorable factors, the internal reason is the high specialization of eating habits, reproductive ability and parenting behavior. The external reason is that the habitat is destroyed and isolated islands are formed, which leads to population division, inbreeding and species degradation. Coupled with the periodic flowering and death of staple bamboo, man-made killing, the harm of natural enemies and the problem of diseases. This poses a serious threat to the survival of giant pandas and puts them in an endangered situation.

How is the fund used to protect giant pandas?

China government has long been aware of the grim situation of giant pandas, so it has taken a series of measures to protect them.

1. A lot of work has been done to protect giant pandas through legislation, and various laws and regulations have been formulated to protect wild animals such as giant pandas. Article 9 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "the state protects precious animals and plants" and the Law on the Protection of Wild Animals lists the giant panda as a class of protected animals, which makes detailed provisions on the protection of wild animals. The Forest Law and the Environmental Protection Law also clearly stipulate that in order to effectively combat and punish the illegal acts of killing and smuggling giant pandas, the Supplementary Criminal Law passed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) 1987 further emphasizes that the illegal acts of killing and smuggling giant pandas should be severely punished. "Will be sentenced to more than 10 years in prison, and may also be fined and confiscated. If the circumstances are serious, they may be sentenced to life imprisonment and death. The formulation of these laws and regulations provides a legal basis for the protection of rare animals such as giant pandas and plays an important role in the protection of giant pandas.

2. Establish a giant panda "nature reserve" for protection. Since 1963, the government of China has successively established 14 giant panda "nature reserve" in six mountain systems, including Qinling Mountain, Minshan Mountain, Daxiangling Mountain and Xiaoxiangling Mountain, with a total area of 6,000 square kilometers, effectively protecting areas and habitats with dense giant pandas. In nature reserves, it is necessary to patrol and inspect all the year round to help the sick and hungry giant pandas, and to stop and punish criminal acts that endanger giant pandas. At the same time, control mountains and water, restore vegetation, prevent various natural disasters, reduce the interference of human activities on the wild life of giant pandas, and provide a good ecological environment for the survival and reproduction of giant pandas.

The future prospect of giant pandas

Judging from the fossils that have been found, in the long historical development process, the development of giant pandas has experienced initial stage, growth stage and peak stage, and now it is beginning to enter a recession.

At present, people are deeply worried about its survival in an extremely rare number, and its future fate will also touch the hearts of hundreds of millions of people. Faced with this grim situation, the government and people of China, as well as relevant international organizations, scientific organizations and scientists, are actively engaged in the protection and scientific research of giant pandas, exploring scientific and effective methods, and opening up a new situation, so that giant pandas can get rid of the endangered situation, reproduce permanently and live together with mankind.

After years of efforts, the protection of giant pandas has made gratifying achievements. The declining trend of giant panda population has been basically controlled, and the population of some protected areas has increased slightly. The research results of giant panda population ecology show that the reproductive rate of giant panda population is greater than 1, which means that the population will continue to develop slowly. This research result encourages scientists to make greater efforts to promote this benign process from all aspects. The implementation of the giant panda and its habitat protection project will play an important role in the continuation of the wild population of giant pandas. Great progress has also been made in the protection project of giant pandas in different places, and the survival rate of breeding giant pandas has been significantly improved, from the previous average survival rate of 3 1.8% to 67.74% after 1.998, which proves that the existing artificially raised giant panda population can be maintained and developed. The implementation of the giant panda protection project in different places can also effectively promote the growth of artificially raised populations.

Generally speaking, the protection of giant pandas in situ and in other places in China is advancing in depth. As a systematic project to protect giant pandas, it is gradually forming its comprehensiveness, scientificity and continuity. People's awareness of protecting giant pandas and the ecological environment is also deepening and popularizing. All these are strengthening our confidence and determination to protect giant pandas and promoting the cause of protecting giant pandas.