Types of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang

Types of terracotta warriors and horses in Qin dynasty

1, sergeant figurines

Generally speaking, there are twenty soldiers on a chariot, that is, left figurines and right figurines. The figurine on the left side of the chariot wore a long raft, covered with armor, shin guards and a middle bow. The left hand holds long weapons such as spears, knives and halberds, and the right hand presses the chariot. The clothing of the right fighter is the same as that of the left fighter, but the posture is opposite. Are the main battle forces of chariots.

From the weapons found around the site of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, it can be seen that the left and right sides of Qin Dynasty chariots were equipped with long weapons such as swords and spears and long weapons such as crossbows, indicating that the division of labor between the left and right sides of chariots was not very clear at that time. On the chariot, in addition to the commander of spear soldiers and the figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there are also military attache figurines who command operations. Military attaché s are divided into high and low levels and have the responsibility of operational command.

2. Shoot the figurine vertically

It is a special unit among the terracotta warriors unearthed in the east of No.2 pit. The weapon it holds is a crossbow, which, together with the kneeling figures, forms the crossbowmen array. The vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the battle line, dressed in light combat robes, tied in a bun, tied with a belt at the waist, with sharp toes and light and flexible costumes. This posture is as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, "The shooting method is that the left foot is vertical and the right foot is horizontal. If the left hand supports the branch and the right hand holds the child, this is also the way to hold the crossbow. "

The posture of the vertical shooting figurines is consistent with the literature records, which shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized models, which have been inherited by future generations.

3. Kneeling statue

Like the vertical shooting figurines, it was unearthed in the east of No.2 pit, and its weapon was crossbow, which together with the vertical shooting figurines formed the crossbowmen array. Vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the array, and kneeling figurines are located in the center of the array. Archer figurines are dressed in battle robes and armor, with their heads tied in a bun on the left side, their feet all around, their feet tilted and pointed, their left legs crouched, their right knees touched the ground, their upper bodies turned slightly to the left, and their hands swung up and down on the right side of their bodies with bows, showing a solo exercise with bows.

In the sculpture art of kneeling figures, one thing is very valuable, that is, their soles are carefully portrayed by craftsmen with dense stitches, which reflects the extremely rigorous realism spirit and makes the viewers of later generations feel a very rich life atmosphere from Qin terracotta warriors.

4. Fighter Statue

That is, ordinary soldiers, with an average height of 1.8 meters. As the main body of the army array, the most unearthed terracotta warriors and horses pits can be divided into two categories according to their different clothes, namely warriors in battle robes and warriors in armor. As the main battle force, it is distributed in the whole army array. Warrior warriors are mostly distributed in the front, flexible and mobile; The figure of armored soldiers is distributed in the array. Both types of soldiers are armed with actual combat weapons, with high temperament and movement in silence.

5. Military officials and statues

In terms of identity, it is lower than ordinary figurines, and there are middle and low levels. From the appearance, there are several different forms of wearing double crown or single crown and armor. In the ranks of soldiers, junior officers command their positions with passwords.

6, cavalry figurines

1, 2 pits unearthed, there are 1 16 pieces, which are mainly matched with independent chariots. Because of the special arms, the clothing of cavalry is obviously different from that of infantry and chariots. They wear small round hats, jackets with tight sleeves and right lapels, tight cuffs, short boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no armor on their hands. The clothes are short and light, with a horse in one hand and a bow in the other.

From this special costume, we can clearly see that from the ancient cavalry tactics, the agility of knights is a basic requirement. The cavalry statue unearthed in No.2 Square is the earliest cavalry object found in the archaeological history of our country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for the study of cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.

7. Yu Shouren's figurines

In other words, chariot drivers were unearthed in three terracotta warriors and horses pits. They are wearing long rafts, covered with armor, with arm armor reaching to their wrists, hand armor, shin guards on their legs, neck armor on their necks, scarves and long crowns on their heads, and their arms raised in front of them to pull the rope. Because chariots are extremely lethal in ancient wars, the position of riders is particularly important in ancient wars, especially in chariot wars, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.

8, senior officer figurines

Commonly known as general figurines, there are very few Qin figurines in the pit, and less than ten pieces have been unearthed. They are divided into two categories: general figurines in battle robes and general figurines in armor. Their common characteristics are wearing a crown, tall and burly, outstanding temperament and graceful demeanor.

The samurai's clothes are simple, but his chest is decorated with flower knots, while his chest, back and shoulders are decorated with eight colorful flower knots, which are colorful and elegant, setting off his rank, status and majesty in the army.

9. Horse figurines

About the size of a real horse, with straight ears, big eyes and full of energy.

Extended data:

brief introduction

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty are also called the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qinling Mountains. Located in xiyang village, 5 kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi, Shaanxi Province, China.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, which lasted for 39 years. It is the first mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China, and the first imperial mausoleum in China with large scale, reasonable layout and good preservation. The existing mausoleum is 76 meters high, and the layout of the cemetery is similar to Xianyang, Qin Dou. It is divided into two cities, the inner city is 2.5 kilometers and the outer city is 6.3 kilometers.

The mausoleum is located in the southwest of the inner city, facing east from west, and houses coffins and funerary objects. It is the core of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum complex and has not been excavated so far.

According to the current research, the Terracotta Warriors Pit is located about 955.5 meters east of the wall of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. It is generally believed that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are located outside the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which means guarding the Mausoleum and are an organic part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List.

build

After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to build his own mausoleum (246 BC). The construction process runs through his life. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang covers a total area of 50 square kilometers, including the present Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the only mausoleum in the world. First of all, all kinds of raw materials are strictly sourced, and many of them are collected from specific producing areas and mined and processed by specialized craftsmen. A lot of manpower and material resources were used in the construction process. Some people think that up to 700,000 people will participate in the construction project.

Fighter statue painting

In fact, the original paint of Terracotta Warriors and Horses has ten colors, such as purple, black, red and green, but it often oxidizes and peels off after being exposed to air for less than five minutes. In 2009, Sino-German cooperative painting protection technology successfully preserved the colors of the unearthed terracotta warriors and horses. In the NHK special program of Japan on 20 15, soldiers with residual colors after treatment can be exposed to the air for display.

Among them, Han Zi is the most concerned. Before the appearance of synthetic violet in 1950' s, people used color mixing to make purple, but "Chinese violet" is a synthetic copper-barium silicate pigment (BaCuSi2O6).

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang