How did North Korea and Iran exchange ballistic missile technology?

North Korea has no aircraft carrier. North Korea has a main missile; After North Korea acquired the Scud B short-range ballistic missile, it first carried out reverse imitation work. 1In April 1984, North Korea launched its first domestic ballistic missile in Huacheng County, south of North Hamgyong Province. Traditionally, American intelligence agencies named it the prototype "Huasong -5" missile in Huacheng County, where its launch site is located. The missile is about1.2m long and 0.8m in diameter, which is basically a simple replica of the R- I paint E missile. It is generally believed that the production of Huacheng 5 is very small, mainly used for testing and training, and accumulated experience in development and use. 1984, the basic range -5 missile was tested on land with mixed success or failure. The production-oriented Chenghua-5 missile only appeared in 1985. Some minor improvements have been made to the original design of the R- I paint E missile, such as increasing fuel, and increasing the range from 20 km to 320 km when using a ton of warhead. In September, Huacheng -5 missile entered the stage of full-speed production, and American intelligence agencies believed that its production speed reached ~ 10 missiles per month. North Korea continues to improve the follow-up production of Huacheng-5 missile, replacing the original imitation strapdown inertial navigation system with self-developed inertial navigation system, improving 9D2 1 rocket engine, and trying to develop a variety of warheads, such as high-explosive warheads, cluster warheads and biochemical weapons warheads. Although Huacheng-5 short-range ballistic missile can strike two-thirds of the northern part of South Korea, it is still beyond the strike range of southern South Korea. 1998, North Korea improved its missiles. Due to the lack of advanced ballistic missile technology and development experience, North Korea only extended its range by reducing the mass of warheads and increasing the mass of propellants. 1999, American intelligence agencies analyzed that this new type of missile began to be produced at a low speed and numbered it Huacheng Road. 1990, North Korea conducted a test launch of Huacheng land-based missile and began mass production. On the basis of Huacheng 5, Huacheng surface-to-surface missile has a longer body to hold more propellant, and the weight of warhead is reduced to 0 kg, and the improved inertial navigation system also improves the attack accuracy. Huacheng surface-to-surface missile has a range of 500~ 000 kilometers, which is enough to cover the whole territory of South Korea and strengthen its deterrent to South Korea and the US troops stationed in South Korea. In the 1990s, North Korea's economy was in trouble. While equipping its own army, it also exports a large number of land-based missiles to Iran, Syria, Sudan and Myanmar to earn foreign exchange. Western intelligence agencies speculate from the export volume that the number of land-based missiles made by North Korea by 1999 may be close to 1000. Iran also introduced Huacheng 5 and Huacheng land-based missile technologies and made them in China, which were named Meteor I and Meteor II ballistic missiles respectively. [2] Ludong Medium-range Ballistic Missile After mastering the imitation of Scud missile, North Korea further developed a ballistic missile with a longer range, which is the labor medium-range ballistic missile. The development of Ludong missile can be traced back to 19. It is the first ballistic missile independently designed by North Korean engineers. Hong Kong media, Taiwan Province media and some domestic media called Ludong missile "Labor" missile. It is estimated that this is caused by the direct transliteration of Nodong, which is not familiar with the naming rules of American intelligence agencies. Like the Scud missile, Ludong missile is designed with a single-stage single-liquid engine, but the missile size, engine thrust and launch weight are larger. Compared with multi-engine parallel or multi-stage design, this simple amplification design is less difficult to realize and is conducive to shortening the research and development time. Ludong missile is about one meter long, with a diameter of about 1.3 meters, with a total mass of about one ton, and a range of 1000-1300 km when the warhead weighs1000 kg. When launched from North Korea, it can cover most of Japan's territory. 1990, an American reconnaissance satellite found Ludong missile on the launcher, but according to the evaluation of the photos of the launch site, it is likely that the launch failed. It was not until1May 1993 that North Korea successfully launched the Ludong missile. It is said that Iranian officials were invited to visit the test launch, and the missile was launched in the direction of the Sea of Japan. This is probably a high ballistic test, because the range of this test is only 500 kilometers, instead of the standard range of 1000 kilometers. It is estimated that the range has been shortened to avoid external attention and pressure. After the successful test of Ludong missile, the technology was transferred to Iran, which localized it and named it "Meteor -3" medium-range ballistic missile. Until today, Meteor -3 missile is also one of the most important equipment of Iranian ballistic missile force. 1994, north Korea further conducted ground tests of ludong missiles. 1995, the Korean people's army officially began to deploy ludong missiles. Ludong missile technology was also transferred to Pakistan and became Pakistan's Ghauri- 2 missile. Although North Korea has never conducted the test of Ludong missile itself, Iran and Pakistan have accumulated a lot of test data, which laid the foundation for the perfection and improvement of Ludong missile. On April 25, 2000, North Korea exhibited the Ludong missile in the military parade of the 5th anniversary of the founding of the Korean People's Army, but there was no lens of the Ludong missile in the released video. The clear photos taken by American reconnaissance satellite show that the vehicle is a 5-axle transport vehicle, which confirms the appearance of Ludong missile. On 20 10/0/month 10, the ludong medium-range missile was unveiled in the missile phalanx for the first time in the military parade of the 5th anniversary of the founding of the Workers' Party of Korea, which indicated that ludong missile had developed quite well and was equipped with sufficient quantity. This long-range missile is an edited and enlarged Ludong missile with a range of more than 1000 km. Adding propellant and using lighter warheads can further increase the missile's range to 1500 km or even higher. If a 250 kg warhead is used in the future and a lighter aluminum alloy body is used, the range can be increased to 2000 km. On 20 12 12 12, North Korea successfully launched the "Yinhe III" carrier rocket carrying the "Bright Star III" satellite. According to the analysis report of South Korea's Ministry of National Defense, the satellite launched by North Korea this time is equivalent to launching a long-range guided Taepodong, the first multi-stage ballistic missile with a range of 1 10,000 km. 1On March 3, 9991,North Korea announced the successful launch of the "Bright Star-1" satellite, but no other country detected the satellite. According to American observation and after-the-fact analysis, the first stage of the North Korean rocket fell into the Sea of Japan, and the second stage fell into the Pacific Ocean east of Japan. The first stage and the second stage burn and separate smoothly. At this time, the rocket had flown all over the land for four kilometers, but the third stage engine failed to enter the orbit. The launch over the Japanese archipelago caused a lot of panic under the deliberate rendering of the Japanese media, and the Japanese public began to support the development of the missile defense system. American intelligence agencies believe that North Korea actually tested a new type of ballistic missile on the grounds of satellite launch, and named it Taepodong-1 /TD- 1 missile according to the rocket launch site. External analysis tends to think that the Taepodong-1 missile is a secondary liquid medium-range trajectory, the primary missile is Ludong missile, and the secondary missile is Huacheng-land missile. A missile in Taepodong has a mass of about two or three tons, can carry a warhead of 00 kilograms and has a range of about 2,500 kilometers. Taepodong 1 missile is not advanced. It was only launched once, but it was the first attempt of North Korea's multi-stage missile, which is of great significance in the history of North Korea's ballistic missile development. Since then, North Korea has also developed a more advanced Taepodong-2 missile. On September 5, 2000, North Korea conducted the launch test of Taepodong -2 missile. According to the observation of the United States, it deviated from the orbit about 40 seconds after launch and failed. North Korea also developed the Galaxy launch vehicle based on the Taepodong II missile. On April 5, 2009, North Korea launched the Bright Star II satellite with the Yinhe II carrier rocket. After the rocket was launched, the Aegis warships of South Korea, Japan and the United States were monitored, and the long-range early warning radars of Japan and the United States also tracked the whole process. Judging from the orbit data released by the United States, the orbit of Yinhe-2 really conforms to the characteristics of space launch, but the launch still had a third-stage engine failure and the satellite crashed 50 kilometers away from the launch site. According to the relevant public videos and images launched by Yinhe II carrier rocket, it can be confirmed that the length of Yinhe II carrier rocket is about 3 1m, the diameter is about 2.2, and the take-off mass is about 0~ 5 tons. According to the analysis report of the U.S. government, the first stage of Yinhe-2 rocket used four Ludong missile engines in parallel, and the takeoff thrust was about100t. The second stage uses a Ludong missile engine, and the third stage uses a small solid engine. On 20 12 12 12, North Korea successfully launched the "Yinhe III" carrier rocket carrying the "Bright Star III" satellite. This design is so familiar to China military enthusiasts that it is simply a replica of the Long March-1 carrier rocket. However, the length of the first stage of Yinhe-2 rocket may be slightly shorter than that of Long March-1 rocket, and the technologies such as shell, engine and control of Long March-1 rocket are also better than that of Taepodong-2 missile, which means that even if Taepodong-2 missile adopts a three-stage design, its range and throwing ability will not greatly exceed that of China's Dongfeng-4 long-range missile (the predecessor of Long March-1 carrier rocket is a two-stage design). Based on comprehensive judgment, the second-stage version of the Taepodong -II missile has a range of 3,500-3,000 kilometers, reaching Hawaii. The three-stage version of the Taepodong-2 missile is expected to have a range of 10000 km, covering Alaska and parts of the west coast of the United States. However, this is only a pure ballistic analysis. Considering the difficulty of thermal protection and control system, it is still far from North Korea to develop practical long-range and intercontinental missiles. Musudan medium-range ballistic missile North Korea enlarged Scud missile into Ludong missile and further developed Taepodong multi-stage ballistic missile, but the basic technology of missile is still not high. After the end of the Cold War, North Korea obtained the information of the Soviet R- II submarine-launched ballistic missile in some way, thus developing the BM- 25 Musudan medium-range missile. The Musudan missile was given the number of Ludong B missile in the early days, but it was not until 20 10/0 10 that North Korea officially exhibited the missile in the military parade. The outside world still did not know the actual number of the missile, so it could only continue to be named after the place name Musudan. The Soviet R- II submarine-launched ballistic missile is 9. 5 meters long. However, North Korea arranged the Musudan missile on a land-based launch vehicle, and estimated the missile length to be about one or two meters according to the surrounding objects. This may be because the Musudan missile launched on land does not need submarine-launched engine design to shorten its length, or it may be that North Korea changed its design according to its own technical level, resulting in a longer missile length. The Musudan missile is also a single-stage liquid missile, but the engine design is more advanced and the specific impulse is higher by using nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine propellant. In addition, the heat protection technology of missile shell and warhead is much better than that of North Korea's Ludong missile. The size of the Musudan missile is smaller than that of the Ludong missile, and its survivability is stronger by using a three-car motor for vertical transportation. Advanced heat protection technology of artillery shells and warheads has improved the success rate of launching, with a range of 3,000 kilometers, which can be deployed in the northern mountainous areas to complete the coverage of Japan. It can be said that the equipment of Musudan missile makes North Korea's deterrent ability to Japan and US military bases in Japan reliable. The advanced Musudan missile of the "Yinhe II" carrier rocket will also become a new basis for the launch of North Korean ballistic missiles, which is also an important reason why many analysts believe that the second stage of the Yinhe II rocket is the Musudan missile. Although the US government does not accept this analysis, it also believes that the Taepodong -2/ Yinhe -2 second stage may use Musudan missiles to improve its performance in the future. At present, there is no credible test record of Musudan missile, but Musudan missile has been exported to Iran. The flying engine of the second stage of the Messenger rocket launched by Iran obviously uses the flying engine of the R paint missile, and the second stage of the Messenger rocket also uses UDMH and N2O4 propellant, which is also the technology of the R paint missile.