Dai people in China in Dai history

Dai area has a long history. Up to now, many Neolithic cultural sites have been found in Dai inhabited areas, and hundreds of relics have been unearthed. Neolithic sites such as Manbangdong, Manyun, Manjinglan and Man Ting were found on the terraced fields along the Lancang River in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, and stone tools such as stone axe, Shi Mao, stone knife and fishnet pendant, as well as pottery, bones, shells and other relics were cleared up. Dehong found red pottery with sand, black pottery with sand, printed pottery pieces, stone axes and other relics at Mangyue and Mangdan Neolithic sites on the Ruili River. Neolithic sites have also been found in Mengyang of Lianghe River and Wucha Road of Luxi in Longchuan River Basin. A large number of double-shouldered stone axes were unearthed at Manghuai site in Yunxian county in the middle reaches of Lancang River. Five Neolithic sites have been discovered along the Nanlei River next to the ancient city of Nayun in Menglian, and precious historical relics such as stone tools, handmade pottery and animal fossils have been excavated.

According to the historical records of Dai language, in the second year of Wei Liewang (424 BC), there was an account of the Dai tribal war.

BC 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty developed the southwest and established Yizhou County. In 69 AD, Yongchang County was added. At that time, the leaders of the Dai ancestors sent messengers many times, taking musicians and magicians to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to dedicate music and perform novel skills, which was appreciated and welcomed by the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was given gold seals and purple ribbons, and its leader was also named "a captain of the Han Dynasty". Shu Han belongs to Yongchang County, and seven southern counties are under the jurisdiction of the governor. The Southern Jin Dynasty belongs to Yongchang County, Ningzhou.

According to the historical records of China in the 9th century, the Dai people cultivated fields with cattle and elephants, planted a lot of rice and had a large-scale irrigation system. Handicraft industry has also developed to a certain extent, weaving with kapok, digging for brine to cook salt, making weapons with metal, and punching gold and silver sheets on teeth as decoration, so since the Tang Dynasty, Dai people have been called "gold teeth" and "silver teeth".

With the development of production, Pa Zhen, the leader of Dai nationality in Xishuangbanna, unified all ministries. In the seventh year of Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 180), the local government of "Menglong" was established with Jinglong (now Jinghong) as the center, which was called "Jinglong Jindian State" with a population of one million. Jinglong takes Emperor China as its * * * owner. When Ba Zhen ascended the throne, he was also awarded the titles of "Golden Seal of Tiger Head" and "Life is the Master of One Party" in the Southern Song Dynasty. His father was Queen Jinglong, and Pa Oscillator was also named "King of Jiujiang (Lancang River)" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Jinglong has always maintained a subordinate relationship with the mainland.

The Yuan Dynasty established the Cheli Military and Civilian General's Office in the Dai area in southern Yunnan, in charge of Xishuangbanna and other places. In the western Dai areas, the Golden Teeth Propaganda Department was established to govern the Dai people in Dehong and other places. The Ming Dynasty consolidated it on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty and set up a propaganda comfort station in the West. In the south, we will set up a military and civilian propaganda department in the car, and set up a smaller toast area to fully implement the toast system. The appointment of hereditary chiefs and local officials in the vast Dai areas greatly strengthened the rule of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties over the Dai areas. During this period, the economic and cultural exchanges between Han and Dai became closer, especially a large number of Han people moved to the frontier, and the advanced production technology and cultural science in the mainland were widely spread in Dai areas, which quickly promoted the social and economic development of Dai people.

Records in the early Yuan Dynasty show that the Dai people in Dehong still use slave labor. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Dai areas all over the country successively entered the feudal lords society, and social production further developed. The use of iron has become quite common. New varieties of crops have been increased and cotton has been widely planted. Handicraft industry has also made new progress, and precious and exquisite handicrafts such as "dry cliff brocade" and "silk curtain" have appeared. Business is active, and there are large commercial towns such as automobiles. 1570, which led Wei to divide its jurisdiction into "Twelve Banna" (called "Xishuangbanna" in Dai language, and "Banna" means thousand fields, and the administrative unit that collects feudal burden per thousand fields is 1), hence the name "Xishuangbanna".

The Dai people in the west once established the local regime of Mengmao, that is, the kingdom of Mengmao Guozhan Wall, centering on today's Dehong Lijiang River Basin, and once dominated the world in the 5th century A.D. 1 1. During the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1 1 century), Mengmao, Mengshengwei, Mengxinggu and Mengxingse jointly established the kingdom of "Mengmao Fruit Occupy the Wall". From the Yuan Dynasty to the 13th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), the chieftain system was established in Dehong today, and Si Hanfa, the leader of the Dai nationality, was enfeoffed as the general manager of the military and civilian headquarters of Luchuan Road, and was later given the title of ambassador to Luchuan Road. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (13 10), the second son of Korea succeeded to the throne in accordance with the Han Dynasty. After leaping over his head, Tiger claimed to be "thinking of Han Dynasty" and made Lan Jie his capital. In the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1340), Si Kefa succeeded to the throne as "Meng Maowang" and once established his capital in Lan Jie and Guanghe Khan. He constantly conquered the surrounding territories and established a powerful "Luchuan Kingdom" (still called "Mong Zhanbi" in Dai language). Its jurisdiction extends to Chiang Mai, Thailand in the east, Assam, India in the west, Mandalay in the south and most parts of Lancang River in the north. Since Xuande (1426-1435) in Ming Dynasty, the law of Wang Siren in Luchuan has been expanding to all parts of the country, and the stability of Yunnan's frontier and the rule of Ming Dynasty were once threatened. During the period from 144 1 to 1448, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to Sichuan for three times, and the national war was doomed. In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), based on Luchuan City, Lucheng (now Mengmao City) was built, and land was reclaimed in Daxing, and generals were sent to guard it. After the defeat, the company retreated. Until the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), the Burmese army invaded on a large scale, and Sihong was defeated and sacrificed in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. His descendants let the fourth ancestor escape to the mainland and send food to the dry cliff. At this point, with a history of nearly 500 years, the power of the Mongolian and Maoguo Zhanbi Kingdom has completely ended.

In the Qing Dynasty, the old system of Yuan and Ming Dynasties was basically followed, but the policy of "changing the soil into the stream" was implemented in the Dai areas in the mainland where the social economy was developed, and the stream officials were appointed to rule directly. By the time of the Republic of China, the remote Dai areas in Yunnan basically maintained the Tusi system since the Yuan Dynasty. There is a propaganda and appeasement department in the car, and its jurisdiction is equivalent to today's Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture. There are officials such as Xuanwei Ambassador (called Zhao Qingling in Dai language), Dulong Eight Ministers (Zhao Jingha, Dulong Gao, Dulong Saba, Dulong Cloister Man, Dulong Cloister Quite Prosperous, Dulong Cloister Wang, Dulong Cloister Full of Flowers and Dulong Bamboo Shoots). Silk Room, also known as "Deliberation Chamber", is the highest administrative body, with a presiding judge, namely Jingha, and a faint shell and Zhang Han. The administrative units under Xuanwei Company in the car are divided into three levels: Meng, Huoxi and Guan. In addition, there are ambassadors from Nandian Fu Xuan, Ganya Fu Xuan, Longchuan Fu Xuan, Meng Mao, mangshi, Shefang, Zhan Daan, Lujiang, Gengma Fu Xuan and Menglian Fu Xuan. During the rule of the Kuomintang government, counties and administrative offices were set up in the frontier Dai areas, and the policy of ethnic oppression was implemented, which deepened the suffering of the Dai people. 1949 years ago, the Dai people in Dehong had entered the feudal society under the rule of Nandian (now Lianghe), Ganya (now Yingjiang), Zhanda (now Yingjiang), Longchuan, Mengmao (now Ruili), Shefang and mangshi.

The Dai region is located in the frontier and bears the brunt of imperialist invasion. Imperialism not only carried out economic aggression, plundered resources and dumped a lot of goods, but also carried out political, military and cultural aggression, sending spies and special agents to go deep into China's border areas in the name of exploration, investigation, tourism and missionary work, collecting intelligence, drawing maps, wooing the upper classes of ethnic groups, undermining ethnic relations and even carrying out naked armed aggression, which further plunged the Dai people into the abyss of suffering. In order to defend the sacred territory of the motherland, at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, Dai, Han, Jingpo, Wa and other ethnic groups waged many armed struggles against the aggression of British and French imperialism. These struggles cooperated with the anti-imperialist movement of the people of the whole country, effectively dealt a blow to the aggressors and foiled the imperialist plot to occupy China's borders and embezzle Yunnan.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Dai people, together with the people of the whole country, participated in the armed struggle against Japanese fascism and made contributions to defending the sacred territory of the motherland's frontier. 1938, the Yunnan-Myanmar railway was completed. The leaders of Dai and Wa nationalities under their jurisdiction, headed by Gengma Tusi Han Futing and Mengding Tusi Han Wanxian, personally directed migrant workers and participated in the construction of railways. From May 3, 65438 to May 3, 0942, the Japanese invaders successively occupied about 30,000 square kilometers of land in Wan Ding, mangshi, Longling and Tengchong to the west of the Nujiang River. At this point, Yunnan has changed from the rear of the Anti-Japanese War to the front of the Anti-Japanese War. After the Japanese army occupied western Yunnan, the anti-Japanese guerrillas of all ethnic groups fought tenaciously against the enemy, including the Dai-Han Youth Salvation Corps headed by Yang Bingnan, the Western Yunnan Frontier Self-Defense Force led by Dai Tusi Daojing Class, and the Gengcanghuai detachment formed by Gengma Tusi Han Yuqing. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression-China-Yunnan-Myanmar Highway is the most important channel for China to receive foreign aid materials, which is called "the artery of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China". Dai people have participated in the emergency repair of Yunnan-Myanmar highway many times, ensuring the smooth flow of the highway. 1944 The anti-Japanese war in western Yunnan turned into a big counter-offensive, and finally1945 65438+1October 20th drove the Japanese invaders out of Wan Ding, and finally won the anti-Japanese war in western Yunnan. The anti-Japanese war in western Yunnan is known as "a model of adowa defending the enemy and a precedent of recovering lost territory", which laid an important foundation for the victory of the national anti-Japanese war.

From the frontier to the Dai inhabited areas in the mainland, the historical conditions are different, the social development is unbalanced, and the social organizational structure and political form are also different. In Jingdong, Xinping, Yuanjiang and other areas, Dai and Han lived together, absorbed the advanced production tools and technologies of Han nationality, developed rapidly in productivity, and entered the feudal landlord economy earlier. The Dai society in the border areas such as Xishuangbanna and Dehong developed slowly, especially in Xishuangbanna, which still maintained a relatively complete feudal Lord economy before the founding of New China.

Since the feudal dynasty established the chieftain system in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xishuangbanna has been honored by the central dynasty as "the leader of the calling film" (meaning "the Lord of the vast land") and has become the supreme Lord and ruler of Xishuangbanna from generation to generation. Here, all the land, mountains, water sources, etc. It belongs to the opening credits. Zhao Zhaoling also divided his clan and cronies into the rulers of a region, called "Zhao Meng" (meaning "the owner of a place"), and inherited the land and people of China. Under the feudal lords' big land ownership system, part of the land was directly occupied by the lords, becoming private villages and salary fields for retainers, and the other part was the land of serfs. The land belongs to the village collective, and the lords use the form of land distribution by rural communes left over from history, and distribute the land to serfs for farming through village leaders. Serfs must bear all kinds of feudal burdens when they receive seed land, which is the main means for lords to exploit serfs.

Before the founding of New China, the lords group was composed of leaders at all levels, such as Zhao Zhi-ling, Zhao Meng, Bolang (officials sent by Zhao Zhi-ling or Zhao Meng supervised officials at all levels in the jurisdiction and forced farmers to bear the feudal burden), and even the leaders in power in village communities accounted for about 7% of the total population. In rural areas, except Zhao Zhuang, a "free farmer" who accounts for 5.7% of the total number of farmers, the lords divided the serfs into two grades: Damon and Zhao. Damon (meaning "indigenous" or "the earliest person who built the village") accounts for about 55% of the total number of households and is the earliest resident. Its status is higher than other serfs, and it occupies more land-"Zhaigongtian". Roll hate Zhao (meaning "the official family" or "the master family") accounts for about 39% of the total number of households. This is a serf collective subordinate to the Lord for various social reasons, with the lowest social status and the heaviest exploitation. Dai and Mongolian serfs not only paid heavy official rent and cultivated the private and paid fields of the lords for free, but also undertook various unpaid public services such as building roads, bridges and water conservancy projects. The serfs who hated Zhao were forced to bear all kinds of housework of the lords, such as raising horses, elephants, cooking, sedan chairs, boating, even cutting stools and sticks and crying. There are more than one hundred names, all of which have been handed down from generation to generation.

In order to suppress the resistance of serfs, the Lord had a political system to maintain feudal rule. There is a "deliberative court" under the calling card, which is the organ of power and the deliberative body, and is responsible for handling all daily affairs. Every Meng has a "deliberation court". Under Meng is "Huoxi", which manages several village societies, and the leader is called "Pahuoxi". Below "Huoxi" is a village community with leaders at all levels, such as "Pa", "Tai" and "Xian". In addition, it has an army, a court and a prison.

The Dai areas in the border areas such as Dehong, Menglian and Gengma outside Xishuangbanna are basically the same as Xishuangbanna, and basically belong to the feudal Lord economy. However, new changes have taken place in the social economy of these areas, and the land occupied by farmers has gradually stabilized, even hereditary, and land rent in kind has also generally appeared. In mangshi, Yingjiang and other places, due to more contact with the Han nationality, the landlord economy developed rapidly, and the rich peasant economy also developed. The development of landlords and rich peasants' economy promoted the disintegration of large land ownership and village organizations, and its social and economic form was a step forward compared with Xishuangbanna.

The oppression and exploitation of the feudal system caused the continuous resistance of the Dai people. The Dai people cursed the feudal system with great hatred: "you are water, we don't drink it;" You are the way, we don't go; You are the sun, we don't bask in millet; You are a Buddha, we don't worship! " /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the Dai, Jingpo and other ethnic groups in Xuangangba, Dehong, under the leadership of Buxing Emen, held a joint uprising against the brutal rule of mangshi Tusi. The struggle lasted for three years and was finally suppressed by the chieftain and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, but the flame of people's resistance did not go out. Soon, a joint uprising of people of all ethnic groups led by the famous singer "Hunyi Han Hai" broke out in mangshi. He exposed the crimes of feudal lords with his own songs, aroused the class hatred of farmers and called on everyone to rise up and resist. Farmers around him heard his songs and joined the uprising team one after another, refusing to pay official rent. After the failure of the uprising, the toast killed "Han Hai in the faint city". But the Dai people will always remember this heroic singer and regard him as the "God of Songs". In the past hundred years, the struggle between Dai people and feudal chieftain and chieftain is not uncommon.