History of sports anatomy

In the 3rd-2nd century BC, Grofeld (344- 280 BC), alastair (birth and death unknown) and Galen (131-201) in ancient Greece began to study anatomy.

Grofeld's pioneering work in human anatomy is the first in human anatomy research and is recognized as the founder of anatomy by later generations.

During the Renaissance, the outstanding Italian scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) analyzed the human body structure from the perspective of mechanism performance, and put forward the viewpoint that human body movement obeys mechanical laws.

At the same time, he also made a detailed study of the attachment points of muscles and drew many brief anatomical maps.

Leonardo da vinci is the founder of the theory of human motion, because he first described the coordination of limbs during walking and the mechanical principles of standing, standing and jumping.

1543, Belgian A. Vesaliua, the most outstanding anatomist and pioneer of human body structure and function in human history (15 14- 1564) published his representative work "The Structure of Human Body" (7 volumes).

This book corrects many wrong anatomical views of Hippocrates (460 BC-377 BC) and Galen, and systematically describes the human body structure.

Vesaliua's outstanding contribution made him the founder of modern anatomy.

The establishment of sports anatomy began in17th century.

Italian anatomist G.A. Pauli (1608-1679) used mechanical principles and mathematical methods to study the leverage of bones, muscle movement and the position of the total center of gravity of human body.

1680, he published the article "On the Movement of Animals", expounding the size and structure of various muscle forces and the resistance of air and water.

He is known as "the real founder of modern dynamics" and "the father of biomechanics of motion system".

/kloc-In the second half of the 7th century, Danish anatomist Niels Statham (1648-1686) published an epoch-making masterpiece on muscle function, Principles of Muscology, which made an incisive exposition on the general structure and contraction of muscles and was recognized as the founder of muscle mechanics.

In the 1 8 and 19 centuries, many outstanding anatomists made great contributions to the establishment of sports anatomy viewpoints and theories.

German anatomists Weber three brothers first studied the shortening of the length of a single muscle during muscle contraction; Germans Brown (183 1- 1892) and Fischer (186I- 19 17) created a method for measuring the position of the human body's center of gravity, while Englishman Charlie Beaver (17)

At the end of 19, three great Russian anatomists and physiologists, Pironov (1810-1year) and Sechinov (1839-/kloc-0)

Among them, Lesgaft is also the founder of theoretical anatomy, and he has made immortal contributions to the formation of sports anatomy.

After entering the19th century, due to the improvement of microscope technology and the invention of photography, the study of anatomy has also entered the micro world from the macro world, from the static state to the active state.

The development of sports puts forward urgent requirements for establishing and enriching the theory of sports anatomy, and creates favorable conditions.

During this period, American E. Marbridge wrote books such as Animal Movement and Human Movement.

Lesgaft, a Russian, has published many works, describing materials about human proportions, human postures and movements.

He also wrote the anatomy foundation, the relationship between anatomy and physical education, the basic task of physical education class in school and the theory of human motion.

These scholars have contributed to the formal establishment of sports anatomy.

Since the 1940s, sports physiology, sports biochemistry, sports medicine, sports biomechanics and sports psychology have developed one after another, and sports anatomy has become a new discipline.

The development of advanced technology, such as electromyography, electron microscope, dynamic strain gauge, high-speed movie camera, fluoroscopy and photoelastic force measurement technology, provides favorable conditions for in-depth study of mechanical parameters, action link analysis, deep structure movement of human body, changes of bone microstructure and stress during human movement.

The main achievements of this period, such as Human Kinematics in Normal and Pathological States written by American A. Steindler, are considered as classic reference books of human kinematics in the medical field.

Ivanitski of the Soviet Union wrote Human Anatomy, which was translated into Chinese and published in 1956.

He is regarded as the pioneer of sports anatomy in the Soviet Union. After 1960s, he absorbed the contents of anthropology and experimental biology, and developed sports anatomy into sports morphology.

In recent years, with the development of molecular biology theory and technology, the research of sports anatomy has expanded from cellular and subcellular research to molecular and genetic research, and great progress has been made, especially in the research of sports heart, sports micro-injury, sports fatigue and fatigue mechanism.

This paper puts forward the special significance of the difference between pathological changes and physiological changes of tissues under exercise.