What folk customs are there in Datong, Shanxi?

One of Datong customs-marriage custom In ancient times, young men and women were bound together by the orders of their parents and the words of matchmakers, and their marriage etiquette was quite complicated. As described in Datong County Records: "The matchmaker told both parents that they agreed, and then sent Geng Tie to get married, get married and get a job. Changing the name means asking the ancient name and giving the bride price; One day, when you get married, you will give a gift, which is called: tea; That is to say, it is attached to the invitation letter, which is called the General Book, that is, Goonaki and Zheng Na. Please invite the ceremony; The day before the wedding, the husband prepared the meat and brought it to the woman's house. It is said that meat is: meat from mother, and face is: face from mother, named: makeup; The woman's family married her husband's family with what she invested; On the due date, my husband's family prepared epaulettes. He chose two famous prostitutes to greet his daughter and named them: marriage. The bride's family also chose two famous prostitutes to visit her husband's house and named them: seeing off the bride; A gentleman's family went to the wedding, but Shu Ren didn't. He only takes pictures of his wife, and her husband is outside the door. Since we entered nave, we have been treated with courtesy from external incense tables, worshipped by our husbands, but not by women. Call it: worship heaven and earth, and tie the knot like the ancient system; The next day, the couple paid homage to their ancestors, parents and distant relatives. They are called: visiting the church, that is, seeing their aunts and uncles in ancient temples; On that day, women's furniture was sent to her husband's family, that is, ancient gifts were also given to her aunt; Seeing my husband's wife's parents, I was a hiker for three days and a Buji hiker for three to five days. Daughters also follow their husbands' wives. Their names are: Huimen; The same is true of the next month, when women live in January, which is also called "living in the month". This is also a common courtesy. " After liberation, with the changes of the times, the wedding etiquette in Datong area is much simpler than before, but in order to get lucky in marriage, the groom usually wears red flowers when welcoming the bride. The groom's brother-in-law or friend is the best man, and the groom will bring the bride a red cloth belt called "tie the knot"; Take a bottle with you and put an onion in it, which is called "after taking root"; There is also a piece of pork belly, called "mother's meat" and "five auspicious parties". When the bride gets on the bus, her family must give the groom a plate of jiaozi, and the jiaozi is covered with paper-cut red hi characters, which is called "Happy Family"; At the same time, the woman's family will chop off a few ribs from the mother's meat and return them to the groom, indicating that the husband and wife are harmonious after marriage, which is called "inseparable bones and muscles." When the bride and groom hold a wedding, a five-star red flag will be hung in the yard. The wedding procedure is as follows: (a master of ceremonies sings the ceremony)

First, the wedding begins;

2. The groom, bride and guests are seated;

Third, present flowers and colors to the bride and groom;

Fourth, fire guns and play music;

Verb (abbreviation of verb) witness speaks (reading marriage certificate);

6. Speech by the officiating person (parents thank the guests);

7. Presenter's speech;

8. Guest speeches;

9. The bride and groom bow three times to the host, witness, introducer and guests;

Ten, the bride and groom bow to each other;

Eleven, the bride and groom introduce love stories;

12. Temporary motion: People attending the wedding can ask the bride and groom all kinds of jokes, mostly jokes such as "getting married and having children". No matter how embarrassed the bride and groom are, they can't lose their temper;

Thirteen, courtesy;

14. When the guests sit down for dinner, the bride and groom respect the guests one by one. Couplets: Decorating lanterns to celebrate a happy occasion, dancing dragons and phoenixes, practicing Yuanyang music in spring, pouring amber cups, drinking yellow flowers and raising a glass on a moonlit night. For example, Qi Mei said it was a pleasure, and the bird screen witnessed a good marriage, and the wedding banquet was filled with wine, and the new house welcomed people. The new house was beaming, and the wedding ceremony was celebrated and played Fengming.

★ Datong custom ★2- Mourning the ancient Datong custom, the etiquette is quite complicated.

Generally, it is divided into three procedures: small gathering, big gathering, burning paper, sending lights, farewell, funeral and recovery. As described in Datong County Records, "When I started to die, I cried countless times, finished my work and entrusted myself to my friends. All great achievements are made of hemp, which is called "dividing my head"; The family split the cloth and wrapped it from the beginning. After three days, it became mourning, and the clothes below were taken and began to be collected; Funeral in the nave, drinking at night; Every meal has to be sacrificed. On this day, relatives and current friends learned to mourn with paper, named: burning paper; That night, I cried in the Chenghuang Temple, named: Send a lamp; On the seventh day, relatives and friends offered wine, which was called "Sheng Xin" and "Kai Hang". You Biyan gave birth to an expert to drink; Most of the poor people were buried in 1979, and some rich people were buried years later, which was indecent. Only those gentlemen and ordinary people who know courtesy will be buried within 100 days. A few days before the burial date, you will be buried with relatives and friends. Three days ago, relatives and friends made a drink named Ciling. Yan is like a crane, so is the burial. Everything such as setting up a mourning platform, setting up a soul silk, setting up an inscription, painting statues, making funerary wares, serving as the Lord of the gods, moving coffins, setting up coffins, and offering sacrifices to the earth gods was made. However, Shu Ren worshiped Buddha and was buried for three days. His master offered a sacrifice to the tomb, which was called "Fu San, and then returned to the round tomb". There are also people who cry in the grave for three or five days. " After liberation, with the changes of the times, funeral customs have been greatly simplified, especially after 1966 Datong built a crematorium, burial was gradually eliminated. Generally, people only hold a memorial service, where relatives and friends mourn and then send the deceased to the crematorium for cremation. This civilized and simple form of funeral has gradually been widely accepted by the people. The procedure of the memorial service is: (an emcee singing ceremony)

First of all, the memorial service began, and everyone stood still;

Second, offer wreaths and eulogies;

Third, play funeral music; Fourth, silence (three minutes of silence);

Fifth, make a eulogy; Sixth, bow to the dead three times;

Seven, burning wreaths, burning eulogy;

Eight, courtesy.

Mourning elegies drive cranes westward, and the sound is still there. The old days are true, the morality is always bright, the hard work lasts forever, the mourning is deep, the unfinished ambition is revealed, the self-denial is revealed, the life-long hard work is carried out, and the death is to pay tribute to the revolution, to be simple for the people, to praise the village, to return to China in spirit, to shine on future generations on Hanukkah, to be full of blood and tears, to fly in clouds, to convey bad news, to lament, and to see the sound empty. The building is sad and the beam is bad, the fairy smell is fragrant, and the thick clouds are shocking. Mount Tai is crazy to enjoy the hearse in Jiuquan, and half a child is sad.

★ Datong custom ★3- Birth custom In Datong area, after a baby is born, its grandparents must give the newborn baby clothes, bedding, pillows, shoes and socks and other gifts. When the child is born 12 days, women among relatives and friends will come to visit the child's mother, which is called "inquiring". It is necessary to bring some gifts such as brown sugar, dried noodles and cakes to express condolences to the parturient. There should also be a light meal at the maternal home to entertain guests. During childbirth, outsiders are forbidden to enter the delivery room, especially men from other families. In order to prevent anyone from trespassing, a red cloth strip is hung on the door, indicating that there are parturients at home and outsiders are not allowed to enter. Before the full moon, the baby's parents or other elders should give the baby a name. At the beginning, there should be a "birth name", also called "nickname", and there should be no surname to call it. In a few days, another name will be called by surname, also called "official name", which will be used for registration and school. One month after the baby is born, parents should give it a "full moon", a hundred days as a "hundred days" and the first anniversary as a birthday.

When celebrating the "full moon", "centenary" and birthdays, parents' relatives and friends should bring gifts to celebrate and hold a banquet to entertain guests. Now the number of only children is the largest. Babies will solemnly celebrate their "full moon", "centenary" and birthdays, and some even entertain guests. When the child reaches the age of 12, it will be celebrated. It is called "round lock". Birthday greetings: Thousands of miles away, beautiful pony, God-given stone forest, fragrant osmanthus, auspicious unicorn, happy daughter, pearl in the palm of your hand, celebration in Nongzhang, beautiful birds, auspicious tiles with tiny tiles, swallows with wings and melons in your mouth. Happy birthday. ★★★★ Four major customs-famous customs Every child is born, parents have to give up. There is also the custom of naming children in Datong area. Every parent or parents should name their children according to their own values, aesthetics, hobbies and expectations. The standard requirements are: pleasant to read, loud to shout, beautiful to write and profound to remember. Being able to meet the requirements of these four standards is a good name. Any good name must be your favorite, loved by your family, and even won the favor of others. So, how can we meet the above four standards? With this problem, the author visited some predecessors, celebrities, experts and scholars. Taken together, there are roughly the following five rules:

First, named after genealogy: As early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Confucianism had developed in Datong area, and some famous families gradually appeared. In order to show off their family prestige and pass it on from generation to generation, they wrote down their genealogy, hoping that it would last forever. When writing a genealogy, write your name, official position, political achievements, etc. Ancestor records are generally recorded according to the number of generations, and each generation can continue to record them. This trend of continuing to write genealogy became more popular in Ming and Qing dynasties, not only among famous families, but also among ordinary well-off families, especially in rural areas. Whenever a child is born, we must first find out which generation his father is. What are the names of the children's peers? What should a child be called next to his brother and sister? It was named. This family, which pays the most attention to its name according to its seniority, belongs to four famous Confucian families (namely, Kong Qiu, Meng He, Zeng Shen and Yan Hui). According to Records of the Historian, in the twelfth year of Emperor Gaozu, Liu Bang "returned from Huainan, crossed Shandong and sacrificed Confucius (a pig, a Niu Yi and a sheep) in Thai prison". Later, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tang Gaozong Li Zhi, Xuanzong Li Longji, Taizu Guo Wei of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Heng of Song Zhenzong, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and Emperor Qianlong all went to Qufu to offer sacrifices to Confucius to show their respect for Confucianism. Xingyu is widely circulated, and the signs are auspicious. Let Devi look down on you, Qin Shao did. 1920, Kong Lingyi, the 76th great-grandson of Confucius, continued in 20 words: build a road, make it stable, plant oranges and benefit the people. Huan, forever. Since Emperor Qianlong gave the word, not only Confucius' people got their names from it, but also Meng Fu, Zeng Fu and Yan Fu got their names from it. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, these four descendants have multiplied a lot, all over the country and abroad, and there are also many in Datong. When they met in a foreign land, they knew which generation they were when they mentioned their surnames. When they decided on their names, they drank and entertained, asked about the situation, and helped each other when they were in financial difficulties.

Second, name according to expectations: every child is born, and parents have expectations for the child's personality, temperament, behavior, occupation, etc. Some expect fame and fortune, some expect wealth, some expect loyalty and filial piety, some expect benevolence, wisdom, courtesy and faith ... and so on. Use these words when naming; For girls, they expect her to be gentle and virtuous, as beautiful as flowers and pure as jade. Therefore, when naming, words such as flower, grass, orchid, Jane, English, ling, branch, plum, moth, phoenix, Qin, Qin, summer, chrysanthemum, peach and fairy are often used.

Third, naming by place: parents' ancestral home, children's birthplace, birth time, parents' wedding place, memorable time and place can all be used as names. For example, the son of a PLA chief was born in the battle to advance into Taihang Mountain. In order to commemorate the years of fighting in Taihang Mountain and express his infinite affection for the people of Taihang Mountain, he gave his children a resounding name-Taihang; A child was born in 1960. It was when the country was in trouble and the family was poor. In order to impress him deeply, his parents named him Lu Ling. There is a child whose father's native place is Shaanxi and his mother's native place is Shanxi, so he named the child Qin Jin. Another parent gave birth to a first girl named Lingling, and wanted to have a boy when she gave birth to a second child. But when she gave birth to a girl, her parents hoped to have another girl in the future, so she named the girl Lexus. In order to cultivate this girl's promise, she will give off a flower-like fragrance in the future, and add a cursive prefix to the forbidden word, which happens to be A Zhi. According to the meaning of this word, it is an open one. This incident sounds funny at first, but it also reflects a way of thinking about names.

4. Accidental naming: What good dreams parents had before and after the child was born, what happened when they went out, and what was memorable were all named materials. For example, when a child's mother was in labor, she dreamed of a snake and named her child magnum. A child's father dreamed of a leafy tree, so she named her child Big Tree. Some parents dream of gold and give their children names. No matter how bad things are in the dream, in order to get good luck, think of good luck, turn them into good omen, and comfort yourself with the phrase "nightmare for good dream"

5. Name it according to the scenery you enjoy: Everyone has his own aesthetic view and enjoys some scenery, such as tigers, leopards, cows, dragons and horses. Plants are pine, cypress, forest, flowers and poplar. Liu et al; Mountains and rivers include mountains, seas, rivers, peaks, rocks and water. Mineral deposits include gold, silver, iron, tin and jade. Colors are red, yellow, blue, white and so on. It even includes natural phenomena such as light, bright, bright, sun and moon. According to these scenes, the effect is also good, especially in recent years, with one more child, there is no need to consider the arrangement of their brothers and sisters. With the change of society, the concept of family is gradually indifferent, not to mention the arrangement of cousins' names. Parents can give their children a satisfactory name at will.

★ Datong style ★ V-The prosperous Datong area is rich in coal resources, which is bound to have various connections with the local people's food, clothing, housing and transportation. Therefore, the role of coal has penetrated into the customs as early as ancient times, and it is a local custom to make a fire. On New Year's Eve, every household should build a tower in front of the courtyard with large pieces of coal, which is called Wanghuo, in order to be auspicious and congratulate the prosperity all year round. Firewood was put in it, and a big red note was written on it, "Anger to heaven".

At midnight, when firecrackers are ringing, light a strong fire. After being ignited, the flame spouted from countless small holes, just like a floating picture, which is both warm and spectacular. Adults and children gather in a circle, some play games, some set off firecrackers, and men, women and children will come to keep warm in order to "soar". Children can also walk up and down the street, observing and commenting on the size of the fire. Whoever has a big fire is prosperous, and whoever has a strong spirit. As the Qing Dynasty's "Datong County Records" said: "On the first day of the New Year's Day, every family cuts firewood and bases, which looks like a small floating picture. Delivered in time, that is called Wanghuo, which is the provincial capital Dadahuo. " Nowadays, the prosperous custom has developed again in Datong. Not only during the Chinese New Year, but also during weddings and funerals on weekdays or major festivals, and some are born in winter to keep warm; Some people are lucky in summer. If Wang Huo is grand in scale and exquisite in shape, then Huairen Wang Huo should be the most important. It has four characteristics:

First, excellent coal preparation. Pre-select high-quality raw coal before the Lantern Festival, dig it out mechanically or manually, and then carefully cut it into neat squares;

Second, the shape is beautiful. Master Gao Ming must be hired to turn Wanghuo into a vase with a small bottom and a big belly, a top and an empty inside. Only in this way can it burn thoroughly and not collapse.

Third, it is increasing year by year. In order to achieve a better metaphor year after year, it is required to make a fire every year higher than the previous year. The specific increase depends on the expectations of the owner.

Fourth, the scale is huge. Every year, 50 or 60 huge fires are built in the streets and alleys of Huairen County, the largest of which is made of 80 tons of coal and 30 feet high, which is enormous. At the beginning of the Lantern Festival, these flourishing fires spit out long tongues and lick the sky of the earth. The red light is dazzling and brilliant, just like a flying dragon swallowing a cloud, inviting it to swim in the splendid world will bring people a sign of "good luck" and "making a fortune". Therefore, hundreds of people will come to watch Wanghuo in Fiona Fang, and some people will turn around the biggest Wanghuo three times and turn it upside down three times, so as to make the whole family safe and auspicious, and all their wishes come true. These prosperous scenes once caused a sensation abroad, and some overseas Chinese from Hong Kong and Macao and international friends also came to feast their eyes on them, which was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records and added a new color to Datong tourist area. ...

When people talk about Datong, they will soon think of coal and Yungang Grottoes. These are naturally prestigious. People who know Datong better have also been to Upper and Lower Huayan Temple, Jiulongbi and Drum Tower. But as a Datong who has lived here for more than 30 years, I just want to talk about my feelings about Datong.

Every year when I go to primary school after June 1st, I go to Yungang Grottoes. I can't see any way out, so I'm used to its grandeur and grandeur. As for coal, this black carbon is produced where I live. I have to smash carbon first every day, and I always turn a blind eye to its existence.

Datong City is located at the northern end of Shanxi Province, and Luoxing is divided into seven counties and four districts. In my understanding, the difference between Datong people is based on pronunciation.

Datong people have a characteristic in speaking. If you don't roll your tongue, you don't roll your tongue. There is no difference between the front nasal sound and the back nasal sound. However, although people in datong county also speak Datong dialect, they don't roll their tongues, with special emphasis. If you buy something in Datong, people tell you: four dollars. To find out, you need to add body language and gestures: are there four? Or ten? Because the four tones and ten tones from Datong common dialect are the same.

Datong county City is not far from the urban area, so you can grow some fruits and vegetables to supplement your family and live a good life. Yanggao and Tianzhen, which are far away from the urban area, will not work. The land there is barren, the farmers' life is very poor, and they are saved to the point of engraving books.

Zuo Yunren, who grew up eating oatmeal and yam eggs, used to speak with an accent. Zuo Yun's men always have a simple and honest smile on their faces, rarely speak, and silently bear everything. Zuo Yun's woman seems to have a glib tongue. I have always admired Zuo Yun's women. They can dig out so many kinds of oat noodles to eat: pushing nests, rubbing fish, rubbing jiaozi, stuffing, rolling jiaozi, stirring cakes and pressing cheese ... If it weren't for the authentic Zuo Yun who was born and raised here, it would be really difficult.

Hunyuan has the famous Mount Hengshan in Beiyue, the wonders temple in the sky, and the delicious bean jelly of kannika nimtragol. Hunyuan is also a place where beautiful women come forth in large numbers, so it is delicious. Hunyuan people have a habit of talking: a noisy jar. That's what it means.

In my mind, Huairen is also a part of Datong, although Huairen belongs to Shuozhou now. People who love benevolence really cherish "benevolence" Men are sensitive, steady and kind-hearted, while women are tolerant, hardworking and hardworking. Huairen's famous "sugar stove" is also a must.

People living in the south of Datong are used to calling themselves "Sichuanese". The human land in Sichuan is around the city and the land is fertile. It can also increase other incomes near some cities and has its own special cultural heritage. Although Sichuanese also belong to the suburbs, Sichuanese are used to distinguishing themselves from suburban people. Sichuanese like to build a neat and wide courtyard with a flower pond for growing canna and roses. They don't serve onions and other dishes to people in the suburbs. They have vegetable fields. Sichuanese are also very frugal. When you walked into the yard, you were greeted by a woman in patched clothes. Don't be surprised. She is the hostess of this yard.

Men in the suburbs generally show indifference, indifference to spending money, indifference to eating and indifference to making friends, but they are not lacking in interest. What they usually say is: Go home and tease your wife and children. Putting his wife and children together also shows their male chauvinism. Women in the suburbs are particularly capable. They kept the house in good order inside and outside. Although men put them on the same level as their children, they are all women in their bones.

Brother's colleagues like to tamper with the ancients. If you ask for directions, they will have four streets, seven hutongs and seventy-two consecutive alleys. Opening your mouth means East Street, West Street, South Street and North Street. The word "street" here is pronounced "street". The most popular department store in the last century is also deeply rooted in their hearts. The department store is not called a department store, but a red flag mall.

Men in Datong are very generous. They drink steel cups and then beer after drinking white ones. When to say, "I haven't drunk yet! Mr. Ober! Bring wine again! " That's drunk. Men in Datong are very handsome and handsome. They are used to spitting. If you stare at him, he will say indifferently, "Don't spit fast, spit fast."

There are many beautiful women in Datong. Walking in the street, you are busy looking back. Tall, small, white, charming, fashionable, simple and generous ... suddenly you almost hit the beauty in front. Just when you were in a panic, the beautiful woman gently opened her lips and whispered with a charming smile, "Chen Se!" " Your beauty can last about ten days and a half months.

Datong people eat a kind of food at weddings, funerals, round locks and opening ceremonies, that is fried cakes. Cake, the moral is: high promotion and wealth, high taste, high official and generous. Anyway, it's all good wishes related to Gao. Cake is the most exquisite food. If you come to Datong and the host treats you as a staple food, you may not be used to it, but you should know that only when the host thinks you are a VIP will the distinguished guests make fried cakes for you.

This cake is very complicated to make. Peel the millet first, then grind it into flour, spread it evenly on the steamer with cold water and steam it. After steaming, guess by hand (after searching the dictionary for a long time, I can't find a word that matches the pronunciation of this dialect). Guess the cake is the hardest job, but I still can't learn it. It's too hot. A good cookie guesser just cools his hands with cold water, and there is not much water on his hands. The cake made has a strong flavor. Then, put some sesame oil on the surface of the guessed cake, and a layer of small oil bubbles will soon appear. This is called vegetarian cake. Some people like vegetarian cakes, scrambled eggs or broth and snoring. Cut the vegetarian cake into small pieces, wrap it with stuffing and fry it in a pan. It's called a doughnut. There are many kinds of cake fillings, such as eggs, leeks, bean sprouts and carrots, rose bean paste and so on. Making bean paste stuffing is also very complicated. Use specially selected adzuki beans, boil them over high fire and simmer them over low heat. The stuffing made should look red and have a continuous taste. It's convenient now. I can buy a bag of bean paste stuffing in the supermarket, which saves a lot of working procedures. You can also wrap it in sugar, or fry it, and sprinkle with sugar after frying. There is already a plate of red and green pressed vegetables on the table: mung bean sprouts mixed with vermicelli. How's it going? Are you greedy?

On February 2, the dragon looked up, which is one of the main folk customs in Datong.

On the second day of the second lunar month in Datong, early in the morning, every household put money into the teapot according to the amount of dragon money for water control in that year. The so-called dragon money for water control refers to how many dragons are used to control water on the first day of the first lunar month; Then, it is to use the money of the water dragon to predict the quality of a year. Every household carries a pot to draw water from the well, fills it up, sprinkles it, stops at the door of the house, and pours the remaining water and money into the water tank together. This is called "dragon money". At noon, every household eats noodles or potato vermicelli, which is called "picking the dragon's tail". On this day, men, women and children have to trim their hair, which is called "the dragon looks up".

With the development of society, every household uses tap water, and activities like "drawing dragon money" lose their function. In my memory, on this day, my mother bought a piece of white tofu, peeled off an onion planted in the first month, and put it in a water tank or pool as a dragon to fetch water from home.

At present, the traditional custom of February 2 is to push your head and trim your hair. On this day, the barber shop welcomed more guests into the door and came out radiant, giving people the feeling of starting from scratch. But most of them are pushed by men, praised by women, and rarely trimmed.

On February 2, there is always the feeling that one year ends and the next year begins. Psychologically, I always feel that it will be over after February 2. However, the accelerated pace of life, the weakness of the Spring Festival, traditions and folk customs are not so important in people's minds.

Source: folk magnetic guide