Outdoor sports concept and outdoor self-help

The basic idea of outdoor sports is safety, science, rationality, unity and environmental protection, which is the basic condition to ensure the smooth progress of outdoor sports.

(1) Safety: Outdoor sports are more about self-challenge and adventure. Outdoor sports venues generally have harsh natural environment and changeable climate, so try to avoid dangerous situations when traveling. At ordinary times, we constantly increase the basic knowledge of outdoor sports and constantly strengthen the basic skills training of outdoor sports.

(2) Science: In the face of nature, human beings are insignificant, so it is necessary to master the laws of nature, use equipment scientifically, and conduct scientific technical operations.

(3) Rationality: In the face of natural temptations and dilemmas, we should treat the crisis rationally, plan calmly and handle it reasonably.

(4) Unity: The participants in the activity have good physical quality, stable psychological quality, good moral standards, and teamwork spirit is very important. Only excellent teams can complete high-quality activities.

(5) Environmental protection: When we are active in the natural environment, we gain empathy and inductive communication with nature, and at the same time we should shoulder the obligation to protect the original appearance of nature accordingly. This is the most basic quality requirement for a qualified outdoor sports enthusiast.

Second, outdoor self-help methods

In struggle for existence, some key items can play a decisive role. Therefore, when faced with danger, it is very important to prepare the following items, although they are usually not noticed.

1. life-saving necessities

(1) match. It is easier to live where there is fire. All human civilizations originated from the pursuit of fire. Matches can ignite other fuels, keep warm, drive away diseases, ward off evil spirits and avoid the attack of wild animals. The matches mentioned here can be waterproof matches or lighters. Ordinary matches are prone to spontaneous combustion, loss of characteristics and failure. Waterproof matches can ensure efficiency. In order to save space, the second half of the long match can be cut off. But at any time, you can't throw away the matches that haven't burned out.

(2) candles. It is necessary to bring only a short candle. Candles burn for a long time and can replace torches, flashlights and so on. Critical moments can help lifeguards grasp the exact position and direction of people in distress more quickly and accurately. Candles made of animal oil can even be used for cooking food and oil, but paraffin or other candles must not be eaten.

(3) small medicine cabinet. There must be some commonly used oral drugs in the small medicine box, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers. Bleaching powder and potassium permanganate are also the best preparations when traveling. Bleaching powder can be used for disinfection and potassium permanganate can be used for sterilization.

(4) compass. The compass consists of Tianchi, inner disk and outer disk. Tianchi is also called the seabed, that is, draw a red line at the bottom (seabed) of the compass Tianchi, which is called the seabed line, and there are two red dots on each side of the northern end. When in use, the northern end of the magnetic needle should coincide with the seabed line. The inner disk is a rotatable disk next to the outside of the compass. Many concentric circles are printed on the inner disk, and one circle is called a layer. Each layer is divided into different equal parts, some layers have more grids, some layers have less grids, the least is divided into 8 grids, and the layer with the most grids has 384 grids. Different characters are printed on each grid. The outer disk is square, which is the tray of the inner disk. There is a small hole at the midpoint of the outer side of the four sides, and the red line penetrates into the ten meridians of Tianxin, which is used to read the contents of the inner disk. The compass must be held horizontally and away from the objects below to avoid confusion of the magnetic needles. The compass should be about 10 meter away from the barbed wire, about 55 meters away from the high-voltage line, about 20 meters away from cars and planes, and about 10 meter away from magnets such as magnetic containers.

It is an excellent helper to carry a compass with clear scale and button size when going out. Some mini compasses are extremely confusing, so it is necessary to find out whether there is enough liquid to fill them before use, and there must be no bubbles in them before use. Make sure that the pointer can rotate freely on the shaft, otherwise it will rust easily.

(5) needle and thread. Prepare several different types of needles, at least one of which should be large, and the eye of the needle should be able to pass through the suture or thick thread of shell surgery, and then choose those tough and wear-resistant threads to wind on the needle. At the same time, fishing line can be used instead of ordinary line to sew the wound more professionally. Hooks are also a good choice for catching prey without food.

(6) Cutting tools. This refers to a professional Swiss army knife or a simple wallpaper knife, which can pass the security and customs inspection smoothly. Spare a few more blades or surgical blades. It can not only defend itself, but also resist injuries, cook food, cut wood and so on. , and has a wide range of uses.

2. Survival and rescue

(1) send signal

If you want to get help when you are in trouble, first let others know your dangerous situation and give your specific location as much as possible. Once you get in touch with others, send other effective information. Some international signals must be known, such as SOS (Saveour), which means "help us". Signals can be not only written on the ground, but also sent in different ways, such as wireless phones or flags. In short, the more ways to send signals, the greater the chance of being rescued.

(1) Vehicles and planes killed. If it falls or breaks down with vehicles and planes, it is much better than other situations. At this time, you can find waste fuel, gasoline or any flammable liquid. You can use car tires. The burning of rubber and insulating materials will form strong smoke, so that rescuers can find your location as soon as possible. Secondly, put brightly colored objects around, so that it is more convenient for others to find your geographical position and direction. If there is no lifesaver at night, try to keep facilities such as flashlights in a lighting state. At the same time, assist in using speakers and other facilities to attract the attention of others.

(2) Select the position of the signal. Take into account the surrounding terrain, and then send a signal, so there is a greater chance of success. When sending out the light signal, you should choose the commanding heights, or you can set up an unusual object on the ridge to attract the attention of rescuers. Generally speaking, distress signal signs are placed on relatively flat ground.

③ Transmitter. Rubber rafts, lifeboats, and even life jackets have transmitters that can send messages to indicate their position. Before using the transmitter, you should consult all the data and information in detail to fully understand the purpose and performance of the transmitter. It should be noted that the facilities of some transmitting equipment have been adjusted to the corresponding help channels, so it is best not to change the data of these channels easily. Many radio transmitters have a certain emission range, and beyond a certain distance, the transmitter is useless. When using the transmitter, be careful to protect the battery power to avoid waste, and send it at regular intervals.

④ General signal. There are three kinds of fires commonly used in the world, and SOS. The international mountain distress signal is to whistle six times a minute (which can be extended to wave six times, flash six times, shout six times, etc.). ). After sending these signals, stop for one minute, and then send the signals again.

(2) Attacks by dangerous animals

Outside the wilderness, you will go to places you have never been, see scenery you have never seen, such as ancient nationalities, flowing water and virgin forests, but you may also encounter rare wild animals. Methods to prevent dangerous animal attacks: ① Don't grope under crevice stones with your bare hands; ② Check the clothes, shoes and hats placed on the ground of the camp before wearing them; (3) Zip the tent close to the ground. If you feel something crawling on your body, you must shake it off quickly in an open place. ④ Don't actively attack and provoke animals, wear long-sleeved clothes and fasten the neckline and cuffs; ⑤ When walking in the grass, sweep the grass in front with a wooden stick, and the disturbed snakes and other animals will avoid it; Wild animals are very afraid of fire. We can use this feature to drive away wild boar, jackals, wolves and black bears.

Pinpoint the direction

(1) solar positioning

Use the change of the shadow of the sun shining on the same object at different times to judge the direction. The sun moves from east to west, but the shadow is just the opposite. For example, the sun rises in the east in the morning, and the shadows of all objects fall to the west. At noon 12, the sun is due south and the shadow points to the north. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, the sun is in the west and the shadow points to the east. Using this principle, a straight rod can be inserted into the ground and kept vertical. The shadow that appears at this time is set to A, and after ten minutes, the shadow that appears at this time is set to B. The direction of AB line is east-west, the direction perpendicular to it is north-south, the direction towards the sun is south, and the opposite direction is north (Li Yixin, 2007).

(2) Positioning with the characteristics of natural objects

During the day, if the clouds are thick, you can't see the sun, so you can use the characteristics of natural objects to identify the direction. For example, in the wilderness, the leaves of independent trees are dense in the south and thin in the north; It can be seen from the sawn stump that the tree rings are sparse on the south side and dense on the north side; Moss on tree trunks or rocks usually grows in the back light, and there are more mosses in the northern hemisphere, facing north or northeast; In the southern hemisphere, there are more mosses facing south or southeast; In the northern region, there are more snow and trees on the northern slope and less snow and trees on the southern slope; Wild geese fly south in autumn and north in spring, which can also be used to tell the direction.

(3) Use the stars to determine the orientation

In the northern hemisphere, it is easy to find the well-known spoon-shaped Big Dipper (the giant panda constellation). The little Big Dipper (little panda) is also shaped like a spoon, and the Polaris on the handle of the spoon is located in the north. This bright Polaris is about five times as long as the two stars in Ursa Major. If we find Polaris in the sky, the direction that Polaris faces is the north.

In the southern hemisphere, including southern China where the geographical latitude is low, the Big Dipper sometimes sinks below the horizon, or is blocked by trees, villages and peaks because it is close to the horizon. Since you can't see the North Star, you can use the Southern Cross to determine your position. The Southern Cross consists of four bright stars. If two diagonal stars are connected, a cross will be formed. The extension line connecting the two brightest stars points south. If you need to be more accurate, you can use Centauri next to the Southern Cross to make an imaginary line between the two bright stars, and make a vertical line in the middle of the line to intersect with the guiding line of the Southern Cross. The intersection point is only 1℃ from the real South Pole.

In addition, whether in the southern hemisphere or the northern hemisphere, Orion can be used to determine the orientation. Orion is composed of four bright constellations with three small stars side by side on the belt. An imaginary horizontal line passing through the little star is the celestial equator, and then a line passing through the little star perpendicular to the celestial equator is the north-south direction line. Orion's head points north and its feet point south.

Third, the survival strategies of different regions.

1. Gaoshan District

According to different mountain heights, it can be divided into low mountains, with an altitude of 500 ~ 1000m, Zhongshan, 1000m ~ 3000m, and high mountains, with an altitude of 3000m ~ 5000m. Extremely high mountains are areas over 5000 meters above sea level. Different areas have different climate, vegetation and surface morphology, and have different requirements for field survival. The alpine zone in the coastal area is not high in altitude, but it has large elevation difference, steep slope, many roads and humid climate, which will not cause great obstacles to the survival in the wild. Temperate areas with high latitudes are densely forested and sparsely populated, and it is very cold and freezing in winter, so it is difficult to survive in the wild (Li Yixin, 2007). The top of the mountain is cold and windy, often covered with snow. There is neither food nor shelter. Overcoming ice and snow obstacles and rock climbing require special skills. It's best to learn mountaineering skills and survival skills well before climbing, and inexperienced people should never go alone easily. Unexpected disasters may put people in danger. If you have run aground, you must first ask for help in various ways. If you lose the possibility of being rescued, you must first look for food and habitat during the day. Don't move when visibility is low at night, you may fall down.

2. Cliff

Being on a hillside, it is sometimes difficult to know your geographical location and exact direction. Visitors can move around valleys or branches and observe their positions. The geographical features across the valley can also help you determine the geographical features of your location. If the front is facing a long and narrow slope and a cliff stands in the distance, it is likely that the end of the slope is the cliff. Gravel slopes are also easy to be fooled and may be mistaken for the smooth road ahead.

It is very dangerous to cross the cliff without rope protection. Although it is difficult to find a foothold on a steep cliff, if there is a slope, you can observe the corresponding foothold on it. When climbing down or on a not-too-steep cliff, adopt the strategy of side climbing and support it with your hands. When facing a relatively gentle cliff, bend your body, face outward and support your body with your hands.

3. Snow Mountain and Glacier

In the snow, some professional climbers' ice picks will also be temporarily used as crutches. If you don't have crutches, proper ice cones and soles, you should be very cautious. When climbing a mountain, an ice pick or crutch is supported on the snow to keep it stable. When climbing a steep rock wall, you should move your feet slowly and carefully. When climbing a less steep cliff, you can step on the rock with your heel and use crutches to help stabilize your body. Come down from the steep rock wall, with your back facing outwards, and insert the crutches into the snow to support your body, which can also play a braking role when you slip.

When the team crosses the glacier, each member should be tied together with the same rope, and the interval between them should not be less than 9 meters. Guides should use crutches to explore in the snow and ice, because any concave-convex collapse may indicate a big crack. If you have to cross a small piece of ice, tie the ends of the rope firmly and move on. If it is difficult to find a strong fulcrum to fix the rope, you can also use ice as a raised fixing point. Depending on the shape of natural icicles, it is polished into mushroom-shaped fixed points with a diameter of 40 cm and a height of 15 cm. If there is a slight possibility that icicles will collapse, we should give up the idea of columns and find a fixed point again (Wiseman, 1986).

4. seaside

Most coasts have food sources, and their living conditions are more optimistic than others. Even in desolate and barren areas, there will be plenty of food. Coastal waters are the habitat of many microorganisms and organisms. In addition to rivers with high salinity and high pollution, inland lakes and other waters are full of life.

Seaside is most likely located on cliffs or gently extending beaches. Seen from the sea, the beach on the cliff is useless. Although there is a flat beach under the cliff, it will soon be submerged at high tide. The only advantage is that the beach can provide a temporary safe resting place.

5. Beach

The beach is warm and mild, and most of the places where the tide goes are the habitats of cave animals. At low tide, a large number of these animals will stay on the beach, including worms and mollusks, which will attract many other animals to look for food. When food can't be found, you can identify the traces left by mollusks crawling in the sand looking for food. On the shallow beach, the trajectory of bivalves is easy to identify.

6. Tides

Tide is caused by the relative gravity of the sun and the moon, and it will change greatly with different places and seasons. In inland seas, such as the Mediterranean, the tides fluctuate within a few meters. In the Bay of Fundy area between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the maximum tidal fluctuation range can reach 16m (Wiseman, 1986). The ebb and flow of the tide will leave a gravel on the beach. All these are helpful to identify the position of tidal fluctuation. Tides not only scour the beach, but also bring a lot of valuable floating creatures, which can be used as raw materials for fire. Sometimes you will be pleasantly surprised to find that besides some common creatures, there are fish and other creatures swimming unexpectedly in the gravel pool.

7. Tropical areas

Everything in the tropics is full of vitality, including various diseases and parasites, and bacteria will multiply in large numbers. The most important task in tropical areas is to prevent diseases. For thousands of years, local aborigines only lived by hunting and collecting wild fruits, but as tourists, it takes time to adapt. The climate in tropical rain forest area is similar, with annual average rainfall of 65,438+0,500mm to 3,500mm, and high temperature at night. If you want to build a shelter, the key is to use double-layer insulation facilities, most of the heat is absorbed by the upper layer, and the air convection between the two layers can keep the ventilation fresh. It is wise to choose a well-ventilated area as a place to set up tents.